The impact of 'incubator' organizations on opportunity recognition and technology innovation in new, entrepreneurial high-technology ventures

International Small Business Journal

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 27-56

  Cooper, Sarah Y ^a   Park, John S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

^b PEPSICO INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Cluster; Entrepreneurship; High technology; Incubator organization; Opportunity recognition; regional development

Indexed keywords

EID: 39349094180     PISSN: 02662426     EISSN: 17412870     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0266242607084658     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Alvarez, S.A. and Busenitz, L.W. (2001) 'The Entrepreneurship of Resource-based Theory', Journal of Management 27(6): 755-75.
2. Amin, A. and Thrift, N. (1995) 'Globalisation, Institutional "Thickness" and the Local Economy', in P. Healey, S. Cameron, S. Davoudi, S. Graham and A. Madani-Pour (eds) Managing Cities: The New Urban Context, pp. 92-108. Chichester: Wiley.
3. Anderson, A.R. and Jack, S.L. (2002) 'The Articulation of Social Capital in Entrepreneurial Networks: A Glue or a Lubricant?', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 14(3): 193-210.
4. Anderson, A., Park, J. and Jack, S. (2007) 'Entrepreneurial Social Capital: Conceptualizing Social Capital in New High-tech Firms', International Small Business Review 25(4): 245-272.
5. Ardichivili, A., Cardonzo, R. and Sourav, R. (2003) 'A Theory of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification and Development', Journal of Business Venturing 18(1): 105-23.
6. Audretch, D.B. and Feldman, M. (1996) 'Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production', American Economic Review 86(3): 630-40.
7. Bandura, A. (1986) The Social Foundations of Thought and Action. London: Prentice Hall.
8. Baptista, R. and Swann, P. (1998) 'Do Firms in Clusters Innovate More?', Research Policy 27: 525-40.
9. Bell, J., Crick, D. and Young, S. (2004) 'Small Firm Internationalisation and Business Strategy: An Exploratory Study of "Knowledge-intensive" and "Traditional" Manufacturing Firms in the UK ', International Small Business Journal 22(1): 23-56.
10. Blackler, F., Crump, N. and McDonald, S. (2000) 'Organising Processes in Complex Activity Networks', Organization 7(2): 277-300.
11. Breheny, M. and McQuaid, R.W. (eds) (1987) The Development of High Technology Industry. London: Croom Helm.
12. Bygrave, W.D. (1988) 'The Entrepreneurship Paradigm (I): A Philosophical Look at its Research Methodologies', paper presented at the Entrepreneurship Doctoral Consortium, Babson Research Conference, University of Calgary, June.
13. Camagni, R. (1991) Innovation Networks: Spatial Perspectives. London: Belhaven Press.
14. Capello, R. (1999) 'Spatial Transfer of Knowledge in High-technology Milieux: Learning versus Collective Learning Processes', Regional Studies 33(4): 353-65.
15. Chamberlin,T. and De La Mothe, J. (2003) 'Northern Light: Ottawa's Technology Cluster', in A. Wolfe (ed.) Clusters Old and New: The Transition to a Knowledge Economy in Canada's Regions, pp. 213-34. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press.
16. Chandler, G.N. (1996) 'Business Similarity as a Moderator of the Relationship between Pre-ownership Experience and Venture Performance', Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 20(3): 51-65.
17. Chell, E. and Baines, S. (2000) 'Networking, Entrepreneurship and Micro-business Behaviour', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 12(3): 195-215.
18. Chell, E. and Oakey, R. (2003) 'Knowledge Creation, its Transfer, and the Role of Science Enterprise Education: A Research Agenda', paper presented at the High Technology Small Firms Conference, Manchester, Manchester Business School, June.
19. Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G. and Crick, A. (1998) 'Does Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy Distinguish Entrepreneurs from Managers?', Journal of Business Venturing 13(4): 295-316.
20. Chipika, S. and Wilson, G. (2006) 'Enabling Technological Learning among Light Engineering SMEs in Zimbabwe through Networking', Technovation 26(8): 969-79.
21. Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990) 'Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation', Administrative Science Quarterly 35(March): 128-52.
22. Cooney, T.M. (2005) 'Editorial: What is an Entrepreneurial Team?', International Small Business Journal 23(4): 226-235.
23. Cooper, A.C. (1970) 'The Palo Alto Experience', Industrial Research (May): 58-84.
24. Cooper, A.C. (1973) 'Technical Entrepreneurship: What do we Know?', R&D Management 3(2): 59-64.
25. Cooper, A.C. (1985) 'The Role of Incubator Organisations in the Founding of Growth Orientated Firms', Journal of Business Venturing 1(1): 75-86.
26. Cooper, A.C. and Folta, T. (2000) 'Entrepreneurship and High-technology Firms', in D. L. Sexton and H. Landstrom (eds) The Blackwell Handbook of Entrepreneurship, p. 348. Oxford: Blackwell.
27. Cooper, S., Lim, S.F., and Bottomley, C. (2007) 'The Impact of Regulatory Affairs on Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals SMEs: An Exploratory Study of e-Submission', International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 7(1): 29-50.
28. Cooper, S.Y. (1996) 'Small High Technology Firms: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Location Issues', unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Business Organisation, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh.
29. Cooper, S.Y. (1998) 'Entrepreneurship and the Location of High Technology Small Firms: Implications for Regional Development', in R. P. Oakey and W. During (eds) New Technology-Based Firms in the 1990s, pp. 245-67. London: Paul Chapman.
30. Cumbers, A. (2000) 'Globalisation, Local Economic Development and the Branch Plant Region: The Case of the Aberdeen Oil Complex', Regional Studies 34(4): 371-82.
31. Cumbers, A. and Martin, S. (1997) 'Creating Competitive Advantage in the Aberdeen Economy', mimeo., Department of Geography, University of Aberdeen.
32. Curran, J. and Blackburn, R.A. (2001) Researching the Small Enterprise. London: Sage.
33. Davidsson, P. (1995) 'Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions', RENT IX Workshop, Piacenza, Italy, November.
34. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) (2003) 'Competing in the Global Economy: The Innovation Challenge', DTI Economics Paper No.7. London: DTI.
35. Dew, N., Ramakrishna, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2004) 'Dispersed Knowledge and an Entrepreneurial Theory of the Firm', Journal of Business Venturing 19(5): 659-79.
36. Dorfman, N.S. (1983) 'Route 128: The Development of a Regional High Technology Economy', Research Policy 12(6): 299-316.
37. Dosi, G. (1988) Technical Change and Economic Theory. London: Pinter Publishers.
38. Drakopoulou Dodd, S. and Anderson, A. (2007) 'Mumpsimus and the Mything of the Individualistic Entrepreneur', International Small Business Journal 25(4): 341-360.
39. Druilhe, C. and Garnsey, E. (2000) 'Emergence and Growth of High-tech Activity in Cambridge and Grenoble', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 12(2): 163-77.
40. Eisenhardt, K. and Forbes, N. (1984) 'Technical Entrepreneurship: An International Perspective', The Columbia Journal of World Business 19(4): 31-8.
41. Garnsey, E. (1998) 'The Genesis of the High Technology Milieu: A Study in Complexity', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 22(3): 361-77.
42. Gartner, W.B. (1985) 'A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation', Academy of Management Review 10(4): 696-706.
43. Gartner, W.B. (1988) '"Who is the Entrepreneur?" is the Wrong Question', American Journal of Small Business 12(4): 11-31.
44. Glasmeier, A. (1988) 'Factors Governing the Development of High Tech Industry Agglomerations: A Tale of Three Cities', Regional Studies 22(4): 287-301.
45. Granovetter,M. (1985) 'Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness', American Journal of Sociology 91(3): 481-510.
46. Granstrand, O. (1998) 'Towards a Theory of the Technology-based Firm', Research Policy27 (5): 465-89.
47. Greve, A. and Salaff, J. (2003) 'Social Networks and Entrepreneurship', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 28(1): 1-22.
48. Hall, P. and Markusen, A. (eds) (1985) Silicon Landscapes. London: Allen and Unwin.
49. Hammersley, M. (1992) What's Wrong with Ethnography?: Methodological Explorations. London: Longman.
50. Hansson, F., Husted K. and Vestergaard, J. (2005) 'Second Generation Science Parks: From Structural Holes Jockeys to Social Capital Catalysts of the Knowledge Society', Technovation 25(9): 1039-49.
51. Harris, A., Lloyd, M.G., McGuire, A. and Newlands, D. (1986) 'Who Gains from Structural Change?: The Distribution of Benefits from Oil in Aberdeen', Urban Studies 23: 271-83.
52. Harrison, R., Cooper, S. and Mason, C. (2004) 'Entrepreneurial Activity and the Dynamics of Cluster Development: The Case of Ottawa', Urban Studies 41(4-5): 1045-70.
53. Hayek, F.A. (1945) 'The Use of Knowledge in Society', The American Economic Review 35(4): 519-30.
54. Herron, L. and Sapienza, H.J. (1992) 'The Entrepreneur and the Initiation of New Venture Launch Activities', Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 17(1): 49-55.
55. Hung, S. and Chu,Y. (2006) 'Stimulating New Industries from Emerging Technologies: Challenges for the Public Sector', Technovation 26(1): 104-10.
56. Jaffe, A. (1986) 'Technological opportunity and spill-overs from R&D: Evidence from Firm's Patents, Profits and Market Value', American Economic Review 76(5): 984-1001.
57. Johannisson, B., Ramirez-Pasillas, M. and Karlsson, G. (2002) 'The Institutional Embeddedness of Local Inter-firm Networks: A Leverage for Business Creation', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 14(4): 297-315.
58. Keeble, D. (1989) 'High-technology Industry and Regional Development in Britain', Environment and Planning C, Government and Policy 7(2): 153-72.
59. Keeble, D., Lawson, C., Moore, B. and Wilkinson, F. (1999) 'Collective Learning Processes, Networking and "Institutional Thickness" in the Cambridge Region', Regional Studies 33(4): 319-32.
60. Keeble, D. and Wilkinson, D. (1999) 'Collective Learning and Knowledge Development in the Evolution of Regional Clusters of High Technology SMEs in Europe', Regional Studies 33(4): 295-303.
61. Keeble, D. and Wilkinson, F. (2000) High-Technology Clusters, Networking and Collective Learning in Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.
62. Kirzner, I. (1973) Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
63. Knight, F.H. (1921) Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
64. Kroll, H. and Liefner, I. (2007) 'Spin-off Enterprises as a Means of Technology Commercialisation in a Transforming Economy: Evidence from Three Universities in China', Technovation. DOI: 10.1016/ j.technovation.2007.05.002
65. Krugman, P. (1991) Geography and Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Lawson, C. and Lorenz, E. (1999) 'Collective Learning, Tacit Knowledge and Regional Innovative Capacity', Regional Studies 33(4): 305-17.
67. Linton, J. and Walsh, S. (2003) 'From Bench to Business', Nature of Materials 2 (May): 287-9.
68. Longhi, C. (1999) 'Networks, Collective Learning and Technology Development in Innovative High Technology Regions: The Case of Sophia-Antipolis', Regional Studies 33(4): 333-42.
69. Lucas, W.A. and Cooper, S.Y. (2004) 'Enhancing Self-efficacy to Enable Entrepreneurship: The Case of Connections', Working Paper No. 4489-4, MIT Sloan School of Management, May.
70. Lynskey, M.J. (2004) 'Determinants of Innovative Activity in Japanese Technology-based Start-up Firms', International Small Business Journal 23(2): 159-196.
71. MacKinnon, D., Chapman, K. and Cumbers, A. (2004) 'Networking, Trust and Embeddedness amongst SMEs in the Aberdeen Oil Complex', 16(2): 87-106.
72. Madill, J., Haines, G.H. and Riding, A.L. (2004) 'Networks and Linkages among Firms and Organisations in the Ottawa-Region Technology Cluster', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 16(5): 351-68.
73. Malmberg, M. and Maskell, P. (2002) 'The Elusive Concept of Localisation Economies: Towards a Knowledge-based Theory of Spatial Clustering', Environment and Planning A 34(3): 429-49.
74. Manolova, T., Brush, C., Edelman, L. and Greene, P. (2002) 'Internationalization of Small Firms: Personal Factors Revisited', International Small Business Journal 20(1): 9-31.
75. Marques, J., Caraça, J. and Diz, H. (2006) 'How can University-Industry-Government Interactions change the Innovation Scenario in Portugal?: The Case of the University of Coimbra', Technovation 26(4): 534-42.
76. Marshall, A. (1947) Principles of Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
77. Massey, D., Quintas, P. and Wield, D. (1992) High Tech Fantasies: Science Parks in Society. London: Routledge.
78. McAdam, M. and Marlow, S. (2007) 'Building Futures or Stealing Secrets? Entrepreneurial Cooperation and Conflict Within Business Incubators', International Small Business Journal 25(4): 25-42.
79. Monck, C.S.P., Quintas, P., Porter, R.B., Storey, D.J. and Wynarczyk, P. (1988) Science Parks and the Growth of High Technology Firms. London: Croom Helm.
80. Morgan, K. (1997) 'The Learning Region: Institutions, Innovation and Regional Renewal', Regional Studies 31(5): 491-503.
81. Naffziger, D.W., Hornsby, J.S. and Kuratko, D.F. (1994) 'A Proposed Research Model of Entrepreneurial Motivation', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18(3): 29-42.
82. Nelson, R.R. and Winter, S.G. (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
83. Neergaard, H. (2005) 'Networking Activities in Technology-based Entrepreneurial Teams', International Business Journal 23(3): 257-278.
84. Newbert, S., Walsh, S., Kirchhoff, B. and Chavez, V. (2006) 'Technology-driven Entrepreneurship: Muddling Through and Succeeding with the Second Product', in M. Minniti, A. Zacharakis, S. Spinelli, M. Rice and T. G. Habbershon (eds) Entrepreneurship: The Engine of Growth, Volume 3, pp. 291-312. New York: Praeger Perspectives.
85. Newlands, D. (2000) 'The Oil Economy', in W. H. Fraser and C. H. Lee (eds) Aberdeen: 1800-2000, A New History. East Lothian: Tuckwell Press.
86. Oakey, R.P. (1984) High Technology Small Firms. London: Frances Pinter.
87. Oakey, R.P. (1985) 'British University Science Parks and High Technology Small Firms: A Comment on the Potential for Sustained Industrial Growth', International Small Business Journal 4(1): 58-67.
88. Oakey, R.P. (2003) 'Technical Entrepreneurship in High Technology Small Firms: Some Observations on the Implications for Management', Technovation 23(8): 679-88.
89. Oakey, R.P. and Cooper, S.Y. (1989) 'High Technology Industry, Agglomeration and the Potential for Peripherally Sited Small Firms', Regional Studies 23(4): 347-60.
90. Oakey, R.P. and Mukhtar, S. (1999) 'United Kingdom High-technology Small Firms in Theory and Practice: A Review of Recent Trends', International Small Business Journal 17(2): 48-64.
91. Oakey, R.P., Rothwell, R. and Cooper, S.Y. (1988) The Management of Innovation in High Technology Small Firms. London: Pinter Publishers.
92. Oakey, R.P., Faulkner, W., Cooper, S.Y. and Walsh, V. (1990) New Firms in the Biotechnology Industry. London: Pinter Publishers.
93. Oinas, P. (1999) 'Voices and Silences: The Problem of Access to Embeddedness', Geoforum 30(4): 351-61.
94. Organisation for Economic and Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2001) Innovative Clusters: Drivers of National Innovation Systems. Paris: OECD.
95. Organisation for Economic and Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2003) The Policy Agenda for Growth. Paris: OECD.
96. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Délégation ̀ l'Aménagement du territoire et ̀ l'Action Régionale (OECD-DATAR) (2001) World Congress on Local Clusters. Paris: OECD.
97. Park, J.S. (2005) 'Opportunity Recognition and Product Innovation in Entrepreneurial Hi-tech Start-ups: A New Perspective and Supporting Case Study', Technovation 25: 739-752.
98. Pitt, L., Van der Merwe, R., Berthon, P., Salehi-Sangari, E. and Barnes, B. (2006) 'Swedish Biotech SMEs: The Veiled Values in Online Networks', Technovation 26(5-6): 553-60.
99. Pittaway, L. and Cope, J. (2007) 'Entrepreneurial Education: A systematic Review of the Evidence', International Small Business Journal, 25(5): 479-510.
100. Plummer, L.A. and Acs, Z. (2004) 'Penetrating the "Knowledge Filter" in Regional Economies', Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, Jena, Germany, Max Plank Institute for Research into Economic Systems.
101. Polyani, M. (1966) The Tacit Dimension. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
102. Porter, M. (1998) 'Clusters and the New Economics of Competition', Harvard Business Review 76(6): 77-90.
103. Rasmussen, E., Moen, O. and Gulbrandsen, M. (2006) 'Initiatives to Promote Commercialization of University Knowledge', Technovation 26(4): 518-33.
104. Roberts, E.B. (1991) Entrepreneurs in High Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
105. Sarason, Y., Dean, T. and Dillard, J.F. (2006) 'Entrepreneurship as the Nexus of Individual and Opportunity: A Structuration View', Journal of Business Venturing 21(3): 286-305.
106. Saxenian, A. (1985) 'Silicon Valley and Route 128: Regional Prototypes or Historic Exceptions', in M. Castells (ed.) High Technology, Space and Society, pp. 81-105. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
107. Saxenian, A. (1994) Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
108. Schumpeter, J.A. (1942) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper.
109. Scott, A.J. (2001) Global City Regions: Trends Theory and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
110. Scottish Executive (2001) A Smart Successful Scotland: Ambitions for the Enterprise Networks. Edinburgh: HM Stationery Office.
111. Shane, S. (2000) 'Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities', Organizational Science 11(4): 448-69.
112. Shane, S. and Cable, D. (2002) 'Network Ties, Reputation and the Financing of New Ventures', Management Science 48(3): 364-81.
113. Shane, S. and Somaya, D. (2007) 'The Effect of Patent Litigation on University Licensing Efforts', Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 64(4): 739-55.
114. Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000) 'The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research', Academy of Management Review 25(1): 217-26.
115. Shapero,A. (1981) 'Self Renewing Economies', Economic Development Commentary 5 (April): 19-22.
116. Shaver, K.G. and Scott, L.R. (1991) 'Person, Process, Choice: The Psychology of New Venture Creation', Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16(2): 23-45.
117. Simmie, J. (2002) 'Knowledge Spillovers and Reasons for the Concentration of Innovative SMEs', Urban Studies 39(5-6): 885-902.
118. Storper, M. (1997) The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy. New York: Guildford Press.
119. Tiesdell, S. and Allmendinger, P. (2004) 'City Profile: Aberdeen', Cities 21(2): 167-79.
120. Timmons, J.A. (1994) New Venture Creation. Boston, MA: Irwin.
121. Tötterman, H. and Sten, J. (2005) 'Start-ups: Business Incubation and Social Capital', International Small Business Journal 23(5): 487-511.
122. Tushman, M.L. (1977) 'Special Boundary Roles in the Innovation Process', Administrative Science Quarterly 22(4): 587-605.
123. Tushman, M.L. and Scanlan, T.J. (1981) 'Boundary Spanning Individuals: Their Role in Information Transfer and their Antecedents', Academy of Management Journal 24(2): 289-305.
124. Usher, A.P. (1929) A History of Mechanical Inventions, 1 stedn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
125. Utterback, J.M. (1971) 'The Process of Technological Innovation within the Firm', Academy of Management Journal 14(11): 75-88.
126. Venkataraman, S. (1997) 'The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research', in J. Katz and R. Brockhaus (eds) Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, pp. 119-38. Greenwich CT: JAI Press.
127. Walsh, S. and Kirchhoff, B. (2002a) 'Entrepreneurs' Opportunities in Technology-based Markets', Research in Entrepreneurship and Management 2 (June): 133-149.
128. Walsh, S. and Kirchhoff, B. (2002b) 'Technology Transfer for Government Labs to Entrepreneurs', Journal of Enterprise and Culture 10(2): 133-49.
129. Walsh, S., Kirchhoff, B. and Newbert, S. (2002) 'Differentiating Market Strategies for Disruptive Technologies', IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 49(4): 341-51.
130. Wolfe, D.A. and Gertler, M.S. (2004) 'Clusters from the Inside Out: Local Dynamics and Global Linkages', Urban Studies 41(5-6): 1071-93.
131. Yin, R.K. (2003) Case Study Research. London: Sage.