Terminal sedation and the "imminence condition"

Journal of Medical Ethics

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 69-72

  Cellarius, Victor ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 39149086118     PISSN: 03066800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jme.2006.019224     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Enck RE. Drug-induced terminal sedation for symptom control. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1991;8:3-5.
2. Ventafridda V, Ripamonti C, DeConno F, et al. Symptom prevalence and control during cancer patient's last days of life. J Palliat Care 1990;6:7-11.
3. Greene WR, Davis WH. Titrated intravenous barbiturates in the control of symptoms in patients with terminal cancer. South Med J 1991;84:332-7.
4. Billings JA, Block SD. Slow euthanasia. J Palliat Care 1996;12:21-30.
5. Broeckaert B, Nunez Olarte JM. Sedation in palliative care: facts and concepts. In: Ten Have H, Clarke D, eds. The ethics of palliative care: European perspectives. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2002:166-80.
6. Quill TE, Lo B, Brock D. Palliative options of last resort: a comparison of voluntarily stopping eating and drinking, terminal sedation, physician-assisted suicide, and voluntary euthanasia. JAMA 1997;278:2099-104.
7. Jackson CM. Palliative sedation vs. terminal sedation: what's in a name? Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2002;19:81-2.
8. Jansen LA, Sulmasy DP. Sedation, alimentation, hydration, and equivocation: careful conversations about care at the end of life. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:845-9.
9. Chater S, Viola R, Paterson J, et al. Sedation for intractable distress in the dying - a survey of experts. Palliat Med 1998;12:255-69.
10. Cowan JD, Walsh D. Terminal sedation in palliative medicine - definition and review of the literature. Support Care Cancer 2001;9:403-7.
11. Baumrucker SJ. Sedation, dehydration, and ethical uncertainty. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2002:19:299-300.
12. Rousseau P. Palliative sedation in the management of refractory symptoms. J Support Oncol 2004;2:181-6.
13. Quill TE, Lee BC, Nunn S. Palliative treatments of last resort: choosing the least harmful alternative. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:488-93.
14. Morita T, Satoru T, Yasuo S. Proposed definitions for terminal sedation. Lancet 2001;358:335-6.
15. Morita T, Satoru T, Yasuo S. Definition of sedation for symptom relief: a systematic literature review and a proposal of operational criteria. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002;24:447-53.
16. Morita T, Tei Y, Inoue S. Ethical validity of palliative sedation therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25:103-5.
17. Sykes N, Thorns A. The use of opioids and sedatives at the end of life. Lancet Oncol 2003;4:312-8.
18. Morita T, Tsunoda J, Inoue S, et al. Effects of high dose opioids on survival in terminally ill cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001;21:282-9.
19. Portenoy R. Morphine infusions at the end of life: the pitfalls in reasoning from anecdote. J Palliat Care 1996;12:44-6.
20. Quill TE, Byock IR. Responding to intractable suffering: the role of terminal sedation and voluntary refusal of food and fluids. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:408-14.
21. Gauthier CC. Active voluntary euthanasia, terminal sedation, and assisted suicide. J Clin Ethics 2001;12:43-50.
22. Loewy EH. Terminal sedation, self-starvation, and orchestrating the end of life. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:329-32.
23. Smith GP. Terminal sedation as palliative care: revalidating a right to a good death. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 1998;7:382-7.
24. Chui T-Y, Hu W-Y, Lue B-H, et al. Sedation for refractory symptoms of terminal cancer patients in Taiwan. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001;21:467-72:
25. Rietjens JAC, van der Heide A, Vrakking AM, et al. Physician reports of sedation without hydration or nutrition for patients nearing death in the Netherlands. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141:178-5.
26. Morita T, Akechi T, Sugawara Y, et al. Practices and attitudes of Japanese oncologists and palliative care physicians concerning terminal sedation: a nationwide survey. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:758-64.
27. Morita T, Tsunoda J, Inoue S, et al. Terminal sedation for existential distress. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2000; 17:189-95.
28. Rousseau P. Existential suffering and palliative sedation: a brief commentary with a proposal for clinical guidelines. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2001;18:151-3.
29. Hallenback J. Terminal sedation for intractable distress: not slow euthanasia but a prompt response to suffering. West J Med 1999; 171:222-3.
30. Orentlicher D. The Supreme Court and physician-assisted suicide: rejecting assisted suicide but embracing euthanasia. N Engl J Med 1998;337:1236-9.
31. Orentlicher D. Letter to the editor. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1231.
32. Williams G. The principle of double effect and terminal sedation. Med Law Rev 2001;9:41-53.
33. McIntyre A. The double life of double effect. Theor Med 2004;25:61-174.
34. Sykes N, Thorns A. Sedative use in the last week of life and implications for end-of-life decision making. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:341-4.
35. Sneiderman B. Decision-making at the end of life. In: Downie J, Caulfield T, Flood C, eds. Canadian health law and policy. Markham and Vancouver, Canada: Butterworths, 2002:501-31.
36. Tännsjö T. Terminal sedation: a substitute for euthanasia? In: Tännsjö T, ed. Terminal sedation: euthanasia in disguise? Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004:15-30.
37. Meghani S. A concept analysis of palliative care in the United States. J Adv Nurs 2004;46152-61.
38. Fine PG. The evolving and important role of anesthesiology in palliative pare. Anesth Analg 2005;100:183-8.
39. Rousseau P. Existential distress and palliative sedation. Anesth Analg 2005;101:611.
40. Morita T. Sedation for psycho-existential suffering of terminally ill cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;28:445-50.
41. Boyle J. Toward understanding the principle of double effect. In: Woodward PA, ed. The doctrine of double effect: philosophers debate a controversial moral principle. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001:7-20.
42. Dickerson DL. Are medical ethicists out of touch? Practitioner attitudes in the US and UK towards decisions at the end of life. J Med Ethics 2000;26:254-60.
43. Rousseau P. Palliative sedation. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2002;19:295-7.
44. Mount B. Morphine drips, terminal sedation, and slow euthanasia: definitions and facts, not anecdotes. J Palliat Care 1996; 12:31-7.
45. Sheldon T. "Terminal sedation" different from euthanasia, Dutch ministers agree. BMJ 2003;327:465.