Poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection for measurement of chemical warfare agent degradation products

Analytical Letters

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 335-350

  Ding, Yongsheng ^a   Garcia, Carlos D ^b   Rogers, Kim R ^a  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

Alkyl methylphosphonic acids; Chemical warfare agent degradation products; Contactless conductivity detection; Microchip capillary electrophoresis; Poly(dimethylsiloxane)

Indexed keywords

EID: 39049094595     PISSN: 00032719     EISSN: 1532236X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00032710701792943     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Becker, H. and Gartner, C. 2000. Polymer microfabrication methods for microfluidic analytical applications. Electrophoresis, 21: 12-26.
2. Bedair, M.F. and Oleschuk, R.D. 2006. Fabrication of porous polymer monoliths in polymeric microfluidic chips as an electrospray emitter for direct coupling to mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 78: 1130-1138.
3. Broyles, B.S. and Jacobson, S.C. 2003. Sample filtration, concentration, and separation integrated on microfluidic devices. Anal. Chem., 75: 2761-2767.
4. Choi, C.J. and Cunningham, B.T. 2006. Single-step fabrication and characterization of photonic crystal biosensors with polymer microfluidic channels. Lab Chip, 6: 1373-1380.
5. D'agostino, P.A., Hancock, J.R., Chenier, C.L., and Lepage, C.R.J. 2006. Liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometric and desorption electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis of chemical warfare agents in office media typically collected during a forensic investigation. J. Chromatogr. A, 1110: 86-94.
6. de Oliveira Marques, P.R., Nunes, G.S., Dos Santos, T.C., Andreescu, S., and Marty, J.L. 2004. Comparative investigation between acetylcholinesterase obtained from commercial sources and genetically modified Drosophila melanogaster: Application in amperometric biosensors for methamidophos pesticide detection. Biosens. Bioelectron., 20: 825-832.
7. Ding, Y. and Garcia, C.D. 2006. Pulsed amperometric detection with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-fabricated capillary electrophoresis microchips for the determination of EPA priority pollutants. Analyst, 131: 208-214.
8. Dou, Y.H., Bao, N., Xu, J.J., Meng, F., and Chen, H.Y. 2004. Separation of proteins on surface-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis, 25: 3024-3031.
9. Duffy, D.C., Mcdonald, J.C., Schueller, O.J.A., and Whitesides, G.M. 1998. Rapid prototyping of microfluidic systems in poly(dimethylsiloxane). Anal. Chem., 70: 4974-4984.
10. Flachsbart, B.R., Wong, K., Iannacone, J.M., Abante, E.N., Vlach, R.L., Rauchfuss, P.A., Bohn, P.W., Sweedler, J.V., and Shannon, M.A. 2006. Design and fabrication of a multilayered polymer microfluidic chip with nanofluidic interconnects via adhesive contact printing. Lab Chip, 6: 667-674.
11. Fracassi Da Silva, J.A. and Do Lago, C.L. 1998. An oscillometric detector for capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem., 70: 4339-4343.
12. Garcia, C.D., Liu, Y., Anderson, P., and Henry, C.S. 2003. Versatile 3-channel high-voltage power supply for microchip capillary electrophoresis. Lab Chip, 3: 324-328.
13. Hellmich, W., Greif, D., Pelargus, C., Anselmetti, D., and Ros, A. 2006. Improved native UV laser induced fluorescence detection for single cell analysis in poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices. J. Chromatogr. A, 1130: 195-200.
14. Hui, A.Y., Wang, G., Lin, B., and Chan, W.T. 2005. Microwave plasma treatment of polymer surface for irreversible sealing of microfluidic devices. Lab Chip, 5: 1173-1177.
15. Hutchison, J.B., Haraldsson, K.T., Good, B.T., Sebra, R.P., Luo, N., Anseth, K.S., and Bowman, C.N. 2004. Robust polymer microfluidic device fabrication via contact liquid photolithographic polymerization (CLiPP). Lab Chip, 4: 658-662.
16. Lagarrigue, M., Bossee, A., Begos, A., Varenne, A., Gareil, P., and Bellier, B. 2006. Separation and identification of isomeric acidic degradation products of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents by capillary electrophoresis-ion trap mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1137: 110-118.
17. Lai, S., Cao, X., and Lee, L.J. 2004. A packaging technique for polymer microfluidic platforms. Anal. Chem., 76: 1175-1183.
18. Las Vegas Valley Water District. 2006. Annual water quality report. www.lvvwd.com.
19. Lee, J.H., Chung, S., Kim, S.J., and Han, J. 2007. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) -based protein preconcentration using a nanogap generated by junction gap breakdown. Anal. Chem., 79: 6868-6873.
20. Lei, Y., Mulchandani, P., Wang, J., Chen, W., and Mulchandani, A. 2005. Highly sensitive and selective amperometric microbial biosensor for direct determination of p-nitrophenyl-substituted organophosphate nerve agents. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39: 8853-8857.
21. Liu, G. and Lin, Y. 2005. Electrochemical stripping analysis of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. Electrochem. Commun., 7: 339-343.
22. Liu, Q., Hu, X., and Xie, J. 2004. Determination of nerve agent degradation products in environmental samples by liquid chromatography-time-of- flight mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Anal. Chim. Acta, 512: 93-101.
23. Mulchandani, P., Chen, W., and Mulchandani, A. 2006. Microbial biosensor for direct determination of nitrophenyl-substituted organophosphate nerve agents using genetically engineered Moraxella sp. Anal. Chim. Acta, 568: 217-221.
24. Mulchandani, A., Mulchandani, P., Kaneva, I., and Chen, W. 1998. Biosensor for direct determination of organophosphate nerve agents using recombinant Escherichia coli with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase: Potentiometric microbial electrode. Anal. Chem., 70: 4140-4145.
25. Munro, N.B., Talmage, S.S., Griffin, G.D., Waters, L.C., Watson, A.P., King, J.F., and Hauschild, V. 1999. The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical nerve agent degradation products. Environ. Health Persp., 107: 933-974.
26. Nassar, A.E.F., Lucas, S.V., Jones, W.R., and Hoffland, L.D. 1998. Separation of chemical warfare agent degradation products by the reversal of electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem., 70: 1085-1091.
27. Nassar, A.E., Lucas, S.V., and Hoffland, L.D. 1999. Determination of chemical warfare agent degradation products at low-part-per-billion levels in aqueous samples and sub-part-per-million levels in soils using capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem., 71: 1285-1292.
28. Pardasani, D., Palit, M., Gupta, A.K., Kanaujia, P.K., Sekhar, K., and Dubey, D.K. 2006. Microemulsion mediated in situ derivatization-extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of alkylphosphonic acids. J. Chromatogr. A, 1108: 166-175.
29. Piao, H., Marx, R.B., Schneider, S., Irvine, D.A., and Staton, J. 2005. Analysis of VX nerve agent hydrolysis products in wastewater effluents by ion chromatography with amperometric and conductivity detection. J. Chromatogr. A, 1089: 65-71.
30. Pumera, M., Wang, J., Opekar, F., Jelinek, I., Feldman, J., Lowe, H., and Hardt, S. 2002. Contactless conductivity detector for microchip capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem., 74: 1968-1971.
31. Randall, G.C. and Doyle, P.S. 2005. Permeation-driven flow in poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102: 10813-10818.
32. Riches, J., Morton, I., Read, R.W., and Black, R.M. 2005. The trace analysis of alkyl alkylphosphonic acids in urine using gas chromatography-ion trap negative ion tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B, 816: 251-258.
33. Rosso, T.E. and Bossle, P.C. 1998. Capillary ion electrophoresis screening of nerve agent degradation products in environmental samples using conductivity detection. J. Chromatogr. A, 824: 125-134.
34. Shiddiky, M.J. and Park, H. 2006. Direct analysis of trace phenolics with a microchip: in-channel sample preconcentration, separation, and electrochemical detection. Anal. Chem., 78: 6809-6817.
35. Sia, S K. and Whitesides, G.M. 2003. Microfluidic devices fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) for biological studies. Electrophoresis, 24: 3563-3576.
36. Soo Ko, J., Yoon, H.C., Yang, H., Pyo, H.B., Hyo Chung, K., Jin Kim, S., and Tae Kim, Y. 2003. A polymer-based microfluidic device for immunosensing biochips. Lab Chip, 3: 106-113.
37. Tanyanyiwa, J. and Hauser, P.C. 2002. High-voltage capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for microchip capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem., 74: 6378-6382.
38. Tuma, P., Opekar, F., and Stulik, K. 2002. A contactless conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis: Effects of the detection cell geometry on the detector performance. Electrophoresis, 23: 3718-3724.
39. Vale, A., Bradberry, S., Rice, P., and Marrs, T.C. 2003. Chemical warfare and terrorism. Medicine, 31: 26-29.
40. Vermillion, W.D. and Crenshaw, M.D. 1997. In-line respeciation: an ion-exchange ion chromatographic method applied to the separation of degradation products of chemical warfare nerve agents in soil. J. Chromatogr. A, 770: 253-260.
41. Wang, J., Pumera, M., Chatrathi, M.P., Escarpa, A., Musameh, M., Collins, G., Mulchandani, A., Lin, Y., and Olsen, K. 2002a. Single-channel microchip for fast screening and detailed identification of nitroaromatic explosives or organophosphate nerve agents. Anal. Chem., 74: 1187-1191.
42. Wang, J., Pumera, M., Collins, G.E., and Mulchandani, A. 2002b. Measurements of chemical warfare agent degradation products using an electrophoresis microchip with contactless conductivity detector. Anal. Chem., 74: 6121-6125.
43. Wang, J., Krause, R., Block, K., Musameh, M., Mulchandani, A., and Schoning, M.J. 2003. Flow injection amperometric detection of OP nerve agents based on an organophosphorus-hydrolase biosensor detector. Biosens. Bioelectron., 18: 255-260.
44. Wiener, S.W. and Hoffman, R.S. 2004. Nerve agents: a comprehensive review. J. Intensive Care Med., 19: 22-37.
45. Zemann, A.J., Schnell, E., Volgger, D., and Bonn, G.K. 1998. Contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem., 70: 563-567.