The physiology of triploid fish: Current knowledge and comparisons with diploid fish

Fish and Fisheries

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 67-78

  Maxime, Valérie ^a  

^a UFR SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES   (France)

Author keywords

Detection; Diploid fishes; Ecophysiology; Growth; Immunocompetence; Induction; Stress resistance; Triploid cell; Triploid fishes

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; DETECTION METHOD; DISEASE RESISTANCE; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; FISHERY PRODUCTION; GROWTH; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; STRESS RESISTANCE;

PISCES;

EID: 38949172739     PISSN: 14672960     EISSN: 14672979     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00269.x     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Al-Fageeh, M.B. Smales, C.M. (2006) Control and regulation of the cellular responses to cold shock: the responses in yeast and mammalian systems. Biochemical Journal 397, 247 259.
2. Aliah, R.T., Yamaoka, K., Inada, Y. Taniguchi, N. (1990) Effects of triploidy on tissue structure of some organs in Ayu. Nippon Suisan Gakkashi 56, 569 575.
3. Aliah, R.T., Inada, Y., Yamaoka, K. Taniguchi, N. (1991) Effects of triploidy on hematological characteristics and oxygen consumption in Ayu. Nippon Suisan Gakkashi 57, 833 836.
4. Allen, Jr. S.K. Stanley, J.G. (1979) Polyploid mosaics induced by cytochalasin B in landlocked salmon Salmo salar. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108, 462 466.
5. Alonso, M., Tabata, Y.A., Rigolino, M.G. Tsukamoto, R.Y. (2000) Effect of induced triploidy on fin regeneration of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Experimental Zoology 287, 493 502.
6. Al-Sabti, K. (1995) Detection of triploidy in fish using the cytokinesis-blocked method for erythrocyte and hepatic cells. Cytobios 82, 181 187.
7. Altamiras, J., Axelson, M., Claireaux, G., Lefrançois, C., Mercier, C. Farrell, P. (2002) Cardiorespiratory status of triploid brown trout during swimming at two acclimation temperatures. Journal of Fish Biology 60, 102 116.
8. Arai, K., Matsubara, K. Suzuki, R. (1993) Production of polyploids and viable gynogens using spontaneously occurring tetraploid loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Aquaculture 117, 227 235.
9. Benfey, T.J. (1989) A bibliography of triploid fish, 1943 to 1988. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1682, 1 33.
10. Benfey, T.J. (1999) The physiology and behavior of triploid fishes. Reviews in Fisheries Sciences 7, 39 67.
11. Benfey, T.J. Biron, M. (2000) Acute stress response in triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Aquaculture 184, 167 176.
12. Benfey, T.J. Sutterlin, A.M. (1984a) Triploidy induced by heat shock and hydrostatic pressure in landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 42, 359 367.
13. Benfey, T.J. Sutterlin, A.M. (1984b) Growth and gonadal development in triploid landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41, 1387 1392.
14. Benfey, T.J. Sutterlin, A.M. (1984c) The haematology of triploid landlocked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Biology 24, 333 338.
15. Benfey, T.J. Sutterlin, A.M. (1984d) Oxygen utilization by triploid landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 42, 69 73.
16. Benfey, T.J., McCabe, L.E. Pepin, P. (1997) Critical thermal maxima of diploid and triploid brook charr, Salvenilus fontinalis. Environmental Biology of Fishes 49, 259 264.
17. Biron, M. Benfey, T.J. (1994) Cortisol, glucose and hematocrit changes during acute stress, cohort sampling, and the diel cycle in diploid and triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 13, 153 160.
18. Borin, L.A., Martins-Santos, I.C. Oliveira, C. (2002) A natural triploid in Trichomycterus davisi (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae): mitotic and meiotic characterization by chromosome banding and synaptonemal complex analysis. Genetica 115, 253 258.
19. Bruno, D.W. Johnstone, R. (1990) Susceptibility of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. to challenge by Renibacterium salmoninarum. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathology 10, 45 47.
20. Buchtová, H., Smutná, M., Vorlová, L., Svobodová, Z. Flajšhans, M. (2004) Fatty acid composition of diploid and triploid populations of tench (Tinca tinca L.). Acta Veterinaria BRNO 73, 235 245.
21. Cassani, J.R. Caton, W.E. (1986) Growth comparisons of diploid and triploid grass carp under varying conditions. The Progressive Fish Culturist 48, 184 187.
22. Cherfas, N.B. Ilyasova, V.A. (1980) Induced gynogenesis in hybrids of silver crucian carp with carp. Genetika 16, 1260 1269.
23. Chourrout, D., Chevassus, B., Krieg, F., Happe, A., Burger, G. Renard, P. (1986) Production of second generation triploid and tetraploid rainbow trout by mating tetraploid males and diploid females. Potentials of tetraploid fish. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 72, 193 206.
24. Cormier, S.M., Neiheisel, T.W., Williams, D.E. Tiersch, T.R. (1993) Natural occurrence of triploidy in a wild brown bullhead. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122, 390 392.
25. Cotter, D., O'Donovan, V., O'Maoileidigh, N., Rogan, G., Roche, N. Wilkins, N.P. (2000) An evaluation of the use of triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in minimising the impact of escaped farmed salmon on wild populations. Aquaculture 186, 61 75.
26. Cotter, D., O'Donovan, V., Drumm, A., Roche, N., Ling, E.N. Wilkins, N.P. (2002) Comparison of freshwater and marine performances of all-female diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Research 33, 43 53.
27. Dejours, P. (1975) Principles of Comparative Respiratory Physiology. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
28. Devlin, R.H. Nagahama, Y. (2002) Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish: an overview of genetic, physiological and environmental influences. Aquaculture 208, 191 364.
29. Dorson, M., Chevassus, B. Torphy, C. (1991) Comparative susceptibility of three species of char and of rainbow trout × char triploid hybrids to several pathogenic salmonid viruses. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 11, 217 224.
30. Dumas, S., Audet, C., Blanc, J.M. De La Noue, J. (1995) Seawater acclimation of diploid and triploid brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), diploid Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), and their diploid and triploid hybrids. Journal of Fish Biology 46, 302 316.
31. Felip, A., Zanuy, S., Carrillo, M., Martinez, G., Ramos, J. Piferrer, F. (1997) Optimal conditions for the induction of triploidy in the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture 152, 287 298.
32. Felip, A., Piferrer, F., Zanuy, S. Carillo, M. (2001) Comparative growth performance of diploid and triploid European sea bass over the first four spawning seasons. Journal of Fish Biology 58, 76 88.
33. Fernandes-Matioli, F.M.C., Almeida-Toledo, L.F. Toledo-Filho, S.A. (1998) Natural triploidy in the neotropical species Gymnotus carapo (Pisces: Gymnotiformes). Caryologia 51, 319 322.
34. Fernandez-Pato, C., Martinez-Tapia, C., Sánchez, J., Vásquez, E., Blanco, G., Criado, A. González, J. (1998) Comparison of growth, survival and body composition of diploid and triploid specimens of turbot to first sexual maturation. In : Aquaculture and Water Fish Culture, Shellfish Culture and Water Usage (eds H. Grizel A.P. Kestemont). European Aquaculture Society, Ostende, Belgique, pp. 80 82.
35. Flajšhans, M., Kvanicka, P. Rab, P. (1993) Genetic studies in tench (Tinca tinca L.): high incidence of spontaneous triploidy. Aquaculture 110, 243 248.
36. Galbreath, P.F. Thorgaard, G.H. (1995) Salt water performance of all-female triploid Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 138, 77 85.
37. Galbreath, P.F., St Jean, W., Anderson, V. Thorgaard, G.H. (1994) Freshwater performance of all female diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 128, 41 49.
38. Galbreath, P.F., Adams, N.D., Sherrill, L.W. Martin, T.H. (2006) Thermal tolerance of diploid versus triploid rainbow trout and brook trout assessed by time to chronic lethal maximum. Environmental Biology of Fishes 75, 183 193.
39. Gervai, J., Péter, S., Nagy, A., Horváth, L. Csányi, V. (1980) Induced triploidy in carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Fish Biology 17, 667 671.
40. Giuiliano-Caetano, L. Bertollo, L.A.C. (1990) Karyotypic variability in Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Pisces, Characiformes, Erythrinidae). Occurrence of natural triploidy. Review Brasil Genetic 13, 231 237.
41. Gold, J.R. (1986) Spontaneous triploidy in a natural population of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Southwestern Naturalist 31, 527 529.
42. Gold, J.R. Avise, J.C. (1976) Spontaneous triploidy in the California roach Hesperoleucus symmetricus (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 17, 144 149.
43. Gomelsky, B.I. (2003) Chromosome set manipulation and sex control in common carp: a review. Aquatic Living Resources 16, 408 415.
44. Gomelsky, B.I., Emelyanova, O.V. Recoubratsky, A.V. (1992) Application of the scale cover gene (N) to identification of type of gynogenesis and determination of ploidy in common carp. Aquaculture 106, 233 237.
45. Harrel, R.M., Van Heukelem, W. Kerby, J.H. (1998) A comparison of triploid induction validation techniques. The Progressive Fish Culturist 60, 221 226.
46. Hildebrandt, B., Wust, P., Alhers, O. et al. (2002) The cellular and molecular basis of hyperthermia. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 43, 33 56.
47. Houlihan, D.F., Mathers, E.M. Foster, A. (1993) Biochemical correlates of growth rate in fish. In : Fish Ecophysiology (eds J.C. Rankin F.B. Jensen). Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 45 71.
48. Hussain, M.G., Rao, G.S.P., Humayun, N.M. et al. (1995) Comparative performance of growth, biochemical composition and endocrine profiles in diploid and triploid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. Aquaculture 138, 87 97.
49. Hyndman, C.A., Kieffer, J.D. Benfey, T.J. (2003a) Physiology and survival of triploid brook trout following exhaustive exercise in warm water. Aquaculture 221, 629 643.
50. Hyndman, C.A., Kieffer, J.D. Benfey, T.J. (2003b) The physiological response of diploid and triploid brook trout to exhaustive exercise. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 134, 167 179.
51. Ihssen, P.E., McKay, L.R., McMillan, I. Phillips, R.B. (1990) Ploidy manipulation and gynogenesis in fishes: cytogenetic and fisheries applications. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119, 698 717.
52. Inada, Y., Yoshimura, K. Tangushi, N. (1990) Study of the resistance to vibriosis in induced triploid Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 56, 1587 1591.
53. Jensen, F.B., Fago, A. Weber, R. (1998) Hemoglobin structure and function. In : Fish Physiology (eds S.F. Perry B. Tufts Vol. 17. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1 40.
54. Johnson, O.W., Dickoff, W.W. Utter, F.M. (1986) Comparative growth and development of diploid and triploid coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Aquaculture 57, 329 336.
55. Johnson, R.M., Shrimpton, J.M., Heath, J.W. Health, D.D. (2004) Family, induction methodology and interaction effects on the performance of diploid and triploid chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture 234, 123 142.
56. Johnston, I.A., Strugnell, G., McCracken, M.L. Johnstone, R. (1999) Muscle growth and development in normal-sex-ratio and all-female diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. The Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 1991 2016.
57. Johnstone, R., Knott, R.M., McDonald, A.G. Walsingham, V. (1989) Triploidy induction in recently fertilized Atlantic salmon ova using anaesthetics. Aquaculture 78, 229 236.
58. Jungalwalla, P.J. (1991) Production of non-maturing Atlantic salmon in Tasmania. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1789, 47 57.
59. Kendall, L.C., Valentino, S., Bodine, A.B. Luer, C.A. (1994) Triploidy in a nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum. Copeia 1994, 825 827.
60. Kusuda, R.K., Salati, F., Hamaguchi, M. Kawai, K. (1991) The effect of triploidy on phagocytosis, leucocyte migration, antibody and complement levels of Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 1, 243 249.
61. Lamatsch, D.K., Steinlein, C., Schmid, M. Schartl, M. (2000) Non invasive determination of genome size and ploidy level in fishes by flow cytometry: detection of triploid Poecilia formosa. Cytometry 39, 91 95.
62. Legatt, R.A. Iwama, G.K. (2003) Occurrence of polyploidy in the fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 13, 237 246.
63. Lilyestrom, C.G., Wolters, W.R., Bury, D., Rezk, M. Dunham, R.A (1999) Growth, carcass traits, and oxygen tolerance of diploid and triploid catfish hybrids. North American Journal of Aquaculture 61, 293 303.
64. Lincoln, R.F. Scott, A.P. (1984) Sexual maturation in triploid rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology 25, 385 392.
65. Linhart, O., Rodina, M., Flajšhans, M., Mavrodiev, N., Nebesarova, J., Gela, D. Kocour, M. (2006) Studies on sperm of diploid and triploid tench, Tinca tinca (L). Aquaculture International 14, 9 25.
66. Liu, S., Sezaki, K., Hashimoto, K., Kobayasi, H. Nakamura, M. (1978) Simplified techniques for determination of polyploidy in Ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorffii. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 44, 601 606.
67. Maistro, E.L., Dias, A.L., Foresti, F., Oliveira, C. Moreira Filho, O. (1994) Natural triploidy in Astyanax scabripinnis (Pisces, Characidae) and simultaneous occurrence of macro B-chromosomes. Caryologia 57, 233 239.
68. Makino, S. Ozima, Y. (1943) Formation of the diploid egg nucleus due to suppression of the second maturation division, induced by refrigeration of fertilized eggs of the carp, Cyprinus carpio. Cytologia 13, 55 60.
69. McCarthy, I.D., Carter, C.G., Houlihan, D.F., Johnstone, R. Mitchell, A.I. (1996) The performance of all-female diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon smolts on transfer together to sea water. Journal of Fish Biology 48, 545 548.
70. McDonald, A.G. (1984) The effects of pressure on the molecular structure and physiological functions of cell membranes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 304, 195 203.
71. McGeachy, S.A., Benfey, T.J. Friars, G.W. (1995) Freshwater performance of triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in New Brunswick aquaculture. Aquaculture 137, 333 341.
72. McGeachy, S.A., O'Flynn, F.M., Benfey, T.J. Friars, G.W. (1996) Seawater performance of triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in New Brunswick. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association Canada 96, 24 28.
73. Mercier, C., Axelsson, M., Imbert, N., Claireaux, G., Lefrançois, C., Altamiras, J. Farrel, P. (2002) In vitro cardiac performance in triploid brown trout at two acclimation temperatures. Journal of Fish Biology 60, 117 133.
74. Mol, K., Byamungu, N., Cuisset, B. et al. (1994) Hormonal profile of growing male and female diploids and triploids of the blue tilapia, Orechromis aureus, reared in intensive culture. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 13, 209 218.
75. Moyes, C.D. West, T.G. (1995) Exercise metabolism of fish. In : Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fishes (eds P.W. Hochachka T.M. Mommsen Vol. 4. Elsevier Press, New York, pp. 393 434.
76. Na-Nakorn, U. Lakhaanantakun, A. (1993) Comparison between the performance of diploid and triploid Clarias macrocephalus. Fish Genetics 52, 79 86.
77. O'Flynn, F.M., McGeachy, S.A., Friars, G.W., Benfey, T.J. Bailey, J.K. (1997) Comparisons of cultured triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). ICES Journal of Marine Science 54, 1160 1165.
78. O'Keefe, R.A. Benfey, T.J. (1999) Comparative growth and food consumption of diploid and triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) monitored by radiography. Aquaculture 175, 111 120.
79. Ojolick, E.J., Cusack, R., Benfey, T.J. Kerr, S.R. (1995) Survival and growth of all-female diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at chronic high temperature. Aquaculture 131, 177 187.
80. Oliva-Teles, A. Kaushik, S.J. (1987a) Nitrogen and energy metabolism during the early ontogeny of diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 87, 157 160.
81. Oliva-Teles, A. Kaushik, S.J. (1987b) Metabolic utilization of diets by polyploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 88, 45 47.
82. Oliva-Teles, A. Kaushik, S.J. (1990a) Effect of temperature on utilization of endogenous energy reserves during embryonic development of diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquaculture 84, 373 382.
83. Oliva-Teles, A. Kaushik, S.J. (1990b) Growth and nutrient utilization by 0+ and 1+ triploid rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Fish Biology 37, 125 133.
84. Oppedal, F., Taranger, G.L. Hansen, T. (2003) Growth performance and sexual maturation in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in seawater tanks exposed to continuous light or simulated natural photoperiod. Aquaculture 215, 145 162.
85. Pandian, T.J. Koteeswaran, R. (1998) Ploidy induction and sex control in fish. Hydrobiologia 384, 167 243.
86. Parsons, G.R. (1993) Comparisons of triploid and diploid white crappies. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122, 237 243.
87. Peruzzi, S. Chatain, B. (2000) Pressure and cold shock induction of meiotic gynogenesis and triploidy in the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L.: relative efficiency of methods and parental variability. Aquaculture 189, 23 37.
88. Qin, J.G., Fast, A.W. Ako, H. (1998) Growout performance of diploid and triploid chinese catfish Clarias fuscus. Aquaculture 166, 247 258.
89. Quillet, E. Gaignon, J.L. (1990) Thermal induction of gynogenesis and triploidy in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and their potential interest for aquaculture. Aquaculture 89, 351 364.
90. Rasch, E.M., Darnell, R.M., Kallman, K.D. Abramoff, P. (1965) Cytophotometric evidence for triploidy in hybrids of the gynogenetic fish, Poecilia formosa. Journal of Experimental Zoology 160, 155 170.
91. Rasch, E.M., Prehn, L.M. Rasch, R.W. (1970) Cytogenetic studies of Poecilia (Pisces). II. Triploidy and DNA levels in naturally occurring populations associated with the gynogenetic teleost, Poecilia Formosa. Chromosoma 31, 18 40.
92. Refstie, T. Gjedrem, T. (2005) Chromosome engineering. In : Selection and Breeding Programs in Aquaculture (ed T. Gjedrem). Springer, The Netherlands, pp. 287 289.
93. Refstie, T., Vassvik, V. Gjedrem, T. (1977) Induction of polyploidy in salmonids by cytochalasin B. Aquaculture 10, 65 74.
94. Sadler, J., Pankhurst, N.W., Pankhurst, P.M. King, H.R. (2000a) Physiological stress responses to confinement in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Journal of Fish Biology 56, 506 518.
95. Sadler, J., Wells, R.M.G., Pankhurst, P.M. Pankhurst, N.W. (2000b) Blood oxygen transport, rheology and haematological responses to confinement stress in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquaculture 184, 349 361.
96. Sadler, J., Pankkurst, P.M. King, H.R. (2001) High prevalence of skeletal deformity and reduced gill surface area in triploid Atlantic samon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 198, 369 386.
97. Scarlata, S. (2005) The effect of hydrostatic pressure on membrane-bound proteins. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 38, 1203 1208.
98. Scheerer, P.D., Thorgaard, G.H. Seeb, J.E. (1987) Performance and developmental stability of triploid tiger trout (brown trout × brook trout). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116, 92 97.
99. Sébert, P. (1997) Pressure effects on shallow-water fishes. In : Fish Physiology, Deep-Sea Fishes (eds D.J. Randall A.P. Farrel Vol. 16. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 279 323.
100. Sezaki, K., Watabe, S. Hashimoto, K. (1983) A comparison of chemical composition between diploids and triploids of "Ginbuna" Carassius auratus Langsdorfi. Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 49, 97 101.
101. Sezaki, K., Watabe, S., Tsukamoto, K. Hashimoto, K. (1991) Effects of increase in ploidy status on respiratory function of Ginbuna, Carassius auratus Langsdorfi (cyprinidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 99, 123 127.
102. Sheehan, R.J., Shasteen, S.P. Suresh, A.V. (1999) Better growth in all-female diploid and triploid rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128, 491 498.
103. Small, S.A. Randall, D.J. (1989) Effects of triploidy on the swimming performance of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, 243 245.
104. Smith, L.T. Lemoine, H.L. (1979) Colchicine induced polyploidy in brook trout. The Progressive Fish Culturist 41, 311 319.
105. Stillwell, E.J. Benfey, T.J. (1996) Hemoglobin level, metabolic rate and swimming efficiency in female triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 15, 377 383.
106. Stillwell, E.J. Benfey, T.J. (1997) The critical swimming velocity of diploid and triploid brook trout. Journal of Fish Biology 51, 650 653.
107. Sugama, K., Tanigushi, N., Seki, S. Nabeshima, H. (1992) Survival, growth and gonad development of triploid red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck and Schlegel): use of allozyme markers for ploidy and family identification. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 23, 149 159.
108. Suresh, A.V. Sheehan, R.J. (1998a) Muscle fibre growth dynamics in diploid and triploid rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology 52, 570 587.
109. Suresh, A.V. Sheehan, R.J. (1998b) Biochemical and morphological correlates of growth in diploid and triploid rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology 52, 588 599.
110. Sutterlin, A.M., Holder, J. Benfey, T.J. (1987) Early survival and subsequent morphological abnormalities in landlocked anadromous and hybrid (landlocked × anadromous) diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 64, 157 164.
111. Svärdson, G. (1945) Chromosome studies on salmonidae. Reports from the Swedish State Institute of Fresh-Water Fishery Research, Drottningholm 23, 1 151.
112. Svobodová, Z., Flajšhans, M., Kolarova, J., Modra, H., Svoboda, M. Vajkova, V. (2001) Leucocyte profiles of diploid and triploid tench, Tinca tinca L. Aquaculture 198, 159 168.
113. Swarup, H. (1959a) Production of triploidy in Gasterosteus aculeatus (L). Journal of Genetics 56, 129 141.
114. Swarup, H. (1959b) Effect of triploidy on the body size, general organization and cellular structure in Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.). Journal of Genetics 56, 141 155.
115. Teskeredžic, E., Teskeredžic, Z., Donaldson, E.M., McLean, E. Silar, I.I. (1993) Triploidization of coho salmon following application of heat and electric shocks. Aquaculture 116, 287 294.
116. Thititananukij, S., Vejaratpimol, R., Pewin, T. Fast, A. (1996) Ethidium bromide nuclear staining and fluorescence microscopy: an alternative method for triploidy detection in fish. Journal of the world Aquaculture Society 27, 213 217.
117. Thorgaard, G.H. (1983) Chromosome set manipulation and sex control in fish. In : Fish Physiology, Reproduction Vol. 9B (eds W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall E.M. Donaldson). Academic Press, New York, pp. 405 434.
118. Thorgaard, G.H. Gall, G.A.E. (1979) Adult triploids in a rainbow trout family. Genetics 93, 961 973.
119. Thorgaard, G.H., Rabinovitch, P.S., Wentang, S.M., Gall, G.A., Propp, J. Utter, F.M. (1982) Triploid rainbow trout identified by flow cytometry. Aquaculture 29, 305 309.
120. Thorgaard, G.H., Arbogast, D.N., Hendriks, J.D., Pereira, C.B. Bailey, G.S. (1999) Tumor suppression in triploid trout. Aquatic Toxicology 46, 121 126.
121. Tiwary, B.K. Ray, A.K. (2004) Alterations in air-sac and skeleton of triploid Heteropneustes fossilis. Journal of Fish Biology 64, 268 272.
122. Tiwary, B.K., Kirubagaran, R. Ray, A.K. (1999) Altered body shape as a morphometric indicator of triploidy in Indian catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Aquaculture Research 30, 907 910.
123. Tiwary, B.K., Kirubaran, R. Ray, A.K. (2004) The biology of triploid fish. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14, 391 402.
124. Ueda, T, Sato, R. Kobayashi, J. (1988) Triploid rainbow trout induced by high pH multiplied by high calcium. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 54, 2045.
125. Wiley, M.J. Wike, L. (1986) Energy balances of diploid, triploid, and hybrid grass carp. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115, 853 863.
126. Wilson Jr., R.G., Trogadis, J.E., Zimmerman, S. Zimmerman, A.M. (2001) Hydrostatic pressure induced changes in the architecture of pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells. Cell Biology International 25, 649 666.
127. Withler, R.E., Beacham, T.D., Solar, I.I. Donaldson, E.M. (1995) Freshwater growth, smolting, and marine survival and growth of diploid and triploid coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquaculture 136, 91 107.
128. Withler, R.E., Clarke, W.C., Blackburn, J. Baker, I. (1998) Effect of triploidy on growth and survival of pre-smolt and post-smolt coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquaculture 168, 413 422.
129. Wolters, W.R., Lilyerstrom, C.G. Craig, R.J. (1991) Growth, yield, and dress-out percentage of diploid and triploid channel catfish in earthen ponds. The Progressive Fish Culturist 53, 33 36.
130. Yamamoto, A. Iida, T. (1994) Oxygen consumption and hypoxic tolerance of triploid rainbow trout. Fish Pathology 29, 245 251.
131. Yamamoto, A. Iida, T. (1995a) Non-specific activities of triploid rainbow trout. Fish Pathology 30, 107 110.
132. Yamamoto, A. Iida, T. (1995b) Susceptibility of triploid rainbow trout to IHN, furunculosis and vibriosis. Fish Pathology 30, 69 70.
133. Yamamoto, A. Iida, T. (1995c) Bactericidal activity of serum of all-female triploid rainbow trout. Fish Pathology 30, 123 124.
134. Zhang, Q. Arai, K. (1999) Distribution and reproductive capacity of natural triploid individuals and occurrence of unreduced eggs as a cause of polyploidisation in the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Ichthyological Research 46, 153 161.
135. Zou, S., Li, S., Cai, W., Zhao, J. Yang, H. (2004) Establishment of fertile tetraploid population of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Aquaculture 238, 155 164.