The biology of triploid fish

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 391-402

  Tiwary, Basant K ^a   Kirubagaran, R ^b   Ray, Arun K ^c  

^a ASSAM UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (India)

^c BOSE INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Detection; Growth; Induction; Morpho anatomy; Physiology; Triploidy

Indexed keywords

FISH BIOLOGY; POLYPLOIDY;

EID: 21844465669     PISSN: 09603166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11160-004-8361-8     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. R.S. Aliah K. Yamaoka Y. Inada and N. Taniguchi 1990 Effects of triploidy on tissue structure of some organs of ayu Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 56 569-575
2. R.S. Aliah Y. Inada K. Yamaoka and N. Taniguchi 1991 Effects of triploidy on haematological characterstics and oxygen consumption of ayu Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 57 833-836
3. S.K. Allen Jr and J.G. Stanley 1983 Ploidy of hybrid grass carp × bighead carp determined by flow cytometry Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112 431-435 10.1577/1548-8659(1983)112<431:POHGCX>2.0.CO;2
4. K. Al-Sabti 1995 Detection of triploidy in fish using the cytokinesis-blocked method for erythrocyte and hepatic cells Cytobios 82 181-187 1:STN:280:BymC3cnhsFQ%3D 7497738
5. M. Amano K. Aida N Okumoto and Y. Hasegawa 1992 Changes in salmon GnRH and chicken GnRH-II contents in the brain and pituitary, and GtH contents in the pituitary in female masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, from hatching through ovulation Zool. Sci. 9 375-386 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XlsVOmsr0%3D
6. I. Anglade F. Pakdel T. Bailhache F. Petit G Salbert P. Jego Y. Valotaire and O. Kah 1994 Distribution of estrogen receptor-immunoreactive cells in the brain of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) J. Neuroendocrinol. 6 573-583 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmslOjsrY%3D 7827628
7. C. Atteke A. Vetillard A. Fostier D.H. Garnier P Jego and T. Bailhache 2003 Effects of progesterone and estradiol on the reproductive axis in immature diploid and triploid rainbow trout Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 134A 693-705 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjs1aku7o%3D
8. C.J. Barker M.L Beck and C.J. Biggers 1983 Haematologic and enzymatic analysis of Ctenopharyngodon idella × Hypophthalmichthys nobilis F1 hybrids Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74A 915-918 10.1016/ 0300-9629(83)90368-7 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhsVSqsLg%3D
9. T.J. Benfey 1999 The physiology and behaviour of triploid fishes Rev. Fish. Sci. 7 39-67
10. TJ Benfey and AM Sutterlin 1984 Growth and gonadal development in triploid landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41 1387-1392
11. TJ Benfey and AM Sutterlin 1984 The haematology of triploid and landlocked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L J. Fish Biol. 24 333-338 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXktVCiu7g%3D
12. TJ Benfey HM Dye II Solar and EM Donaldson 1989 The growth and reproductive endocrinology of adult triploid Pacific salmonids Fish Physiol. Biochem. 6 113-120 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXkt1Wis7o%3D
13. T.J. Benfey H.M Dye and E.M. Donaldson 1989 Estrogen induced vitellogenin production by triploid coho salmon (Oncorhynhus kisutch), and its effect on plasma and pituitary gonadotropin Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 75 83-87 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90011-7 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXksFCnsL4%3D 2767412
14. M Biron and T.J. Benfey 1994 Cortisol, glucose and hematocrit changes during acute stress, cohort sampling, and the diet cycle in diploid and triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill) Fish Physiol. Biochem. 13 153-160 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmt1Krs70%3D
15. S.A. Bonar G.L Thomas and G.B. Pauley 1988 Evaluation of the separation of triploid and diploid grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valanciennes), by external morphology J. Fish Biol. 33 895-898
16. Y. Boulanger 1987 Preliminary results on the growth of sterile rainbow trout (triploidy induced by a pressure shock) in fish culture Proc. Ann. Meet. Aquacult. Assoc. Can. 1 55-58
17. U. Bramick B. Puckhaber H.J Langholz and G. Horstgen-Schwark 1995 Testing of triploid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under tropical pond conditions Aquaculture 137 343-353 10.1016/0044-8486(95)01104-8
18. B Breton and E. Sambroni 1996 Steroid activation of the brain-pituitary complex gonadotropic function in the triploid rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 101 155-164 10.1006/ gcen.1996.0017 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XitlSlu74%3D 8812359
19. L.A. Carrasco S. Doroshov D.J Penman and N. Bromage 1998 Long term, quantitative analysis of gametogenesis in autotriploid rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss J. Reprod. Fert. 113 197-210 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntFOnu7s%3D
20. C.G. Carter I.D. McCarthy D.F. Houlihan R. Johnstone M.V Walsingham and A.I. Mitchell 1994 Food consumption, feeding behaviour, and growth of triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr Can. J. Zool. 72 609-617
21. J.R. Cassani W.E Caton and B. Clark 1984 Morphological comparisons of diploid and triploid hybrid grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella female × Hypophthalmichthys nobilis male J. Fish Biol. 25 269-278
22. S.L. Chang C.F Chang and I.C. Liao 1993 Comparative study on the growth and gonadal development of diploid and triploid tilapia, Oreochromis aureus J. Taiwan Fish. Res. 1 1 43-49
23. N.H. Chao F.G. Li C.F. Huang C.P. Yang and I.C. Liao 1993 Investigation on artificially induced triploidy in common carp using flow cytometer J. Taiwan Fish. Res. 1 2 39-54
24. N.B Cherfas and V.A. Ilyasova 1980 Induced gynogenesis in silver crucian carp and carp hybrids Genetika 16 1260-1269
25. B. Chevassus E Quillet and D. Chourrout 1984 La production de truites steriles par voie genetique Piscic. Fr. 78 10-19
26. G Choubert and J.M. Blanc 1989 Dynamics of dietary canthaxanthin utilization in sexually maturing female rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) compared to triploids Aquaculture 83 359-366 10.1016/ 0044-8486(89)90046-X 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhtFOlu7Y%3D
27. M.A Deeley and T.J. Benfey 1995 Learning ability of triploid brook trout J. Fish Biol. 46 905-907 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb01614.x
28. R.R. Ewing C.G Scalet and D.P. Evension 1991 Flow cytometric identification of larval triploid walleyes Prog. Fish-Cult. 53 177-180 10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053<0177:FCIOLT>2.3.CO;2
29. A.W. Fast T. Pewnim R. Keawtabtim R. Saijit F.T Te and R. Vejaratpimol 1995 Comparative growth of diploid and triploid Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus in Thailand J. World Aquacult. Soc. 26 390-395
30. B. Fauconneau S.J Kaushik and J.M. Blanc 1986 Utilisation de differents substrates energetiques chez la truite: Influence de la ploide Diab. Metabol. 12 111-112
31. B. Fauconneau S.J Kaushik and J.M. Blanc 1989 Uptake and metabolization of dissolved compounds in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.) fry Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 93A 839-843 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90509-4 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXlvFWrsb4%3D
32. B. Fauconneau P Aguirre and J.M. Blanc 1990 Protein synthesis in different tissues of mature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Influence of triploidy Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 97C 345-352 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXpvVKgtQ%3D%3D
33. F. Freund G Hoerstgen-Schwark and W. Holtz 1995 Plasma steroid hormones in adult triploid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) In: F.W Goetz and P. Thomas (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish. The University of Texas Austin, TX 116
34. P.F Galbreath and G.H. Thorgaard 1995 Salt-water performance of all female triploid Atlantic salmon Aquaculture 138 77-85 10.1016/ 0044-8486(95)01082-3
35. F. Gentile O Lira and D. Marcano-de cotte 1986 Relationship between brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and seasonal reproductive cycle of the caribe Colorado Pygocentrus notatus Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 64 239-245 10.1016/0016-6480(86)90008-0 1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xls12gurY%3D 3549434
36. J. Gervai S. Peter A. Nagy L Horvath and V. Csanyi 1980 Induced triploidy in carp, Cyprinus carpio L J. Fish Biol. 17 667-671
37. B.I. Gomelsky O.V Emelyanova and A.V. Recoubratsky 1992 Application of the scale cover gene (N) to identification of type of gynogenesis and determination of ploidy in common carp Aquaculture 106 233-237 10.1016/ 0044-8486(92)90255-J
38. C.A. Goudie B.A. Simco K.B Davis and Q. Liu 1995 Production of gynogenetic and polyploid catfish by pressure-induced chromosome set manipulation Aquaculture 133 185-198 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00367-W
39. M.S. Graham G.L Fletcher and T.J. Benfey 1985 Effect of triploidy on blood oxygen content of Atlantic salmon Aquaculture 50 133-139 10.1016/ 0044-8486(85)90159-0
40. A.M. Henken A.M Brunink and C.J.J. Richter 1987 Differences in growth rate and feed utilization between diploid and triploid African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Aquaculture 63 233-242 10.1016/ 0044-8486(87)90075-5
41. M.G. Hussain A. Chatterji B.J McAndrew and R. Johnstone 1991 Triploidy induction in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. using pressure, heat and cold shocks Theor. Appl. Genet. 81 6-12 10.1007/BF00226105
42. M.G. Hussain G.P.S. Rao N.M. Humayun C.F. Randall D.J. Penman D. Kime N.R. Bromage J.M Myers and B.J. McAndrew 1995 Comparative performance of growth, biochemical composition and endocrine profiles in diploid and triploid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L Aquaculture 138 87-95 10.1016/ 0044-8486(95)01079-3 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XosVSnsA%3D%3D
43. C.A. Hyndman J.D Kieffer and T.J. Benfey 2003 The physiological response of diploid and triploid brook trout to exhaustive exercise Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 134A 167-179 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XpvVaht7o%3D
44. Y Inada and N. Taniguchi 1992 Studies on jumping, territorial and algae feeding behaviors of induced triploid ayu Plecoglossus altivelis Suisanzoshoku 40 99-104
45. O.W. Johnson W.W Dickhoff and F.M. Utter 1986 Comparative growth and development of diploid and triploid coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch Aquaculture 57 329-336 10.1016/0044-8486(86)90211-5
46. R. Johnstone R.M. Knott A.G McDonald and M.V. Walsingham 1989 Triploidy induction in recently fertilized Atlantic salmon ova using anaesthetics Aquaculture 78 229-236 10.1016/0044-8486(89)90101-4 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXlvVOntbw%3D
47. I.A. Johnston G. Strugnell M.L McCracken and R. Johnstone 1999 Muscle growth and development in normal sex-ratio and all-female diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon J. Exp. Biol. 202 1991-2016 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzitl2hug%3D%3D 10393816
48. P.J. Jungalwalla 1991 Production of non-maturing Atlantic salmon in Tasmania Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1789 47-71
49. S Kavumpurath and T.J. Pandian 1992a Effects of induced triploidy on aggressive display in the fighting fish, Beta splendens Regan Aquacult. Fish. Mgmt. 23 281-290
50. S Kavumpurath and T.J. Pandian 1992b The development of all-male sterile triploid fighting fish (Beta splendens Regan) by integrating hormonal sex reversal of broodstock and chromosome-set manipulation Isr. J. Aquacult. 44 111-119
51. J.H. Kerby J.M. Eversion R.M. Harrell C.C. Starling H Ravels and J.G. Geiger 1995 Growth and survival comparisons between diploid and triploid sunshine bass Aquaculture 137 355-358 10.1016/0044-8486(96)83592-7
52. D.S. Kim Y.Y Jo and T.Y. Lee 1994 Induction of triploidy in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis) and its effect on gonad development and growth Aquaculture 120 263-270 10.1016/0044-8486(94)90083-3
53. T. Kobayashi S. Fushiki N. Sakai A. Hara M. Amano K. Aida M Nakamura and Y. Nagahama 1998 Oogenesis and changes in the levels of reproductive hormones in triploid female rainbow trout Fish. Sci. 64 206-215 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXivFCmur8%3D
54. R. Koteeswaran S.G Sheela and T.J. Pandian 1995 Testosterone biosynthesis in triploid sterile male tilapia Curr. Sci. 69 545-547 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpsFGgu7c%3D
55. Z Krasznai and T. Marian 1986 Shock induced triploidy and its effect growth and gonadal development of the European catfish Silurus glanis L J. Fish Biol. 29 519-527
56. M.J Krieger and L. Keller 1998 Estimation of the proportion of triploids in populations with diploid and triploid individuals J. Hered. 89 275-279 10.1093/jhered/89.3.275 1:STN:280:DyaK1czitVKhug%3D%3D 9656472
57. D.K. Lamatsch C. Steinlein M Schmid and M. Schartl 2000 Non-invasive determination of genome size and ploidy level in fishes by flow cytometry detection of triploid Poecilia formosa Cytometry 39 91-95 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(20000201)39:2<91::AID-CYTO1>3.0.CO;2-4 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ksFOnsg%3D%3D 10679726
58. R.F. Leary F.W. Allendorf K.L Knudsen and G.H. Thorgaard 1985 Heterozygosity and developmental stability in gynogenetic diploid and triploid rainbow trout Heredity 54 219-225 4008275
59. R.F. Lincoln 1981 The growth of female diploid and triploid plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) × flounder (Platichthys flesus) hybrids over one spawning season Aquaculture 25 259-268 10.1016/0044-8486(81)90187-3
60. R.F. Lincoln 1981 Sexual maturation in female triploid plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, and plaice × flounder, Platichthys flesus, hybrids J. Fish Biol. 19 499-507
61. R.F Lincoln and A.P. Scott 1983 Production of all-female triploid rainbow trout Aquaculture 30 375-380 10.1016/0044-8486(83)90179-5
62. R.F Lincoln and A.P. Scott 1984 Sexual maturation in triploid rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson J. Fish Biol. 25 385-392
63. O Linhart and M. Flajshans 1995 Triploidization of European catfish, Silurus glanis L., by heat shock Aquacult. Res. 26 367-370
64. O. Linhart M Flajshans and P. Kvasnicka 1991 Induced triploidy in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): A comparison of two methods Aquat. Liv. Res. 4 139-145
65. S. Liu D. Sezaki K. Hashimoto H Kobayashi and M. Nakamura 1978 Simplified techniques for determination of polyploidy in ginbuna, Carassius auratus langsdorfi Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44 601-606
66. Y.D Lou and C.E. Purdom 1984 Polyploidy induced by hydrostatic pressure in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson J. Fish Biol. 25 345-351
67. J.A. Malison L.S. Procarione J.A. Held T.B Kayes and C.H. Amudson 1993 The influence of triploidy and heat and hydrostatic shocks on the growth and reproductive development of juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens) Aquaculture 116 121-133 10.1016/0044-8486(93)90003-H
68. I.D. McCarthy C.G. Carter D.F. Houlihan R Johnstone and AI Mitchel 1996 The performance of all female diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon smolts on transfer together to sea water J. Fish Biol. 48 545-548 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01448.x
69. S.A. McGeachy T.J Benfey and G.W. Friars 1995 Freshwater performance of triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in New Brunswick aquaculture Aquaculture 137 333-341 10.1016/0044-8486(95)01100-5
70. S.A. McGeachy F.M. O'Flynn T.J Benfey and G.W. Friars 1996 Saltwater performance of triploid Atlantic salmon in New Brunswick aquaculture, Bull Aquacult. Assoc. Can. 96 24-28
71. M. Nakamura Y. Nagahama M Iwahashi and M. Kojima 1987a Ovarian structure and plasma steroid hormones in triploid female rainbow trout Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 53 11051:CAS:528:DyaL2sXkvFeru7g%3D
72. M. Nakamura Y. Nagahama M Iwahashi and M. Kojima 1987b Reproduction of triploid rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Oh Tsu Chi Marine Biological Laboratory Report (University of Tokyo) 12 167-171 in Japanese
73. M. Nakamura F. Tsuchiya M Iwahashi and Y. Nagahama 1993 Reproductive characteristics of a precociously mature triploid male masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) Zool. Sci. 10 117-125
74. H. Okada 1985 Studies on the artificial sex control in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Fish Hatchery 40 1-49
75. A Oliva-Teles and S.J. Kaushik 1987a Nitrogen and energy metabolism during the early ontogeny of diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Comp Biochem. Physiol. 87A 157-160 10.1016/ 0300-9629(87)90439-7 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXksFKis7s%3D
76. A Oliva-Teles and S.J. Kaushik 1987b Metabolic utilization of diets by polyploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88A 45-47 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90096-X
77. A Oliva-Teles and S.J. Kaushik 1990 Effect of temperature on utilization of endogenous energy reserves during embryonic development of diploid and triploid rainbow trout Salmp gairdneri Aquaculture 84 373-382 10.1016/0044-8486(90)90102-S
78. A Oliva-Teles and S.J. Kaushik 1990 Growth and nutrient utilization by 0+ and 1+ triploid rainbow trout, Oncorhyncus mykiss J. Fish Biol. 37 125-133
79. G.R. Parsons 1993 Comparisons of triploid and diploid white crappies Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 122 237-243 10.1577/ 1548-8659(1993)122<0237:COTADW>2.3.CO;2
80. F. Piferrer T.J Benfey and E.M. Donaldson 1994 Production of female triploid coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by pressure shock and direct estrogen treatment Aquat. Liv. Res. 7 127-131
81. F. Piferrer T.J Benfey and E.M. Donaldson 1994 Gonadal morphology of normal and sex reversed triploid and gynogenetic diploid coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) J. Fish Biol. 45 541-553 10.1111/ j.1095-8649.1994.tb00923.x
82. C.E. Purdom 1972 Induced polyploidy in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and its hybrid with the flounder (Platichthys flesus) Heredity 29 11-24 1:STN:280:CSyD3cfhvFU%3D 4507019
83. C.E. Purdom 1993 Genetics and Fish Breeding Chapman & Hall London
84. T. Refstie V Vaasvic and T. Gjedrem 1977 Induction of polyploidy in salmonids by Cytochalasin B Aquaculture 10 65-74 10.1016/ 0044-8486(77)90033-3 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXhvVertLc%3D
85. C.J.J. Richter E.H. Eding J.A.J Verreth and W.L.G. Fleuren 1994 African catfish In: N Bromage and R.J. Roberts (eds.), Broodstock Management and Egg and Larval Quality. Blackwell Science Oxford 242-276
86. D Schafhauser-Smith and T.J. Benfey 2003 The effects of long term estradiol 17 beta treatment on the growth and physiology of female triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 131 9-20 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00626-3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhs1Kgs7c%3D 12620242
87. D Schafhauser-Smith and T.J. Benfey 2003 In vitro steroid production by triploid ovarian follicles Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 133 279-286 10.1016/ S0016-6480(03)00187-4 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmvVOrsrY%3D 12957471
88. K. Sezaki S Watabe and K. Hashimoto 1983 A comparison of chemical composition between diploids and triploids of "ginbuna" Carassius auratus langsdorfi Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 49 97-101 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXos1Kgsw%3D%3D
89. K. Sezaki S Watabe and K. Hashimoto 1988 Haematological parameters and erythrocyte enzyme activities associated with increase in ploidy status of the spinous loach, Cobitis biwae Jordon & Snyder J. Fish Biol. 32 149-150 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXitF2htrY%3D
90. K. Sezaki S. Watabe K Tsukamoto and K. Hashimoto 1991 Effects of increase in ploidy status on respiratory function of ginbuna, Carassius auratus langsdorfi (Cyprinidae) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99A 123-127 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90246-9
91. S.A Small and T.J. Benfey 1987 Cell size in triploid salmon J. Exp. Zool. 241 339-342 10.1002/jez.1402410309
92. S.A Small and D.J. Randall 1989 Effects of triploidy on the swimming performance of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46 243-245
93. L.T Smith and H.L. Lemoine 1979 Colchicine-induced polyploidy in brook trout Prog. Fish-Cult. 41 86-88 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXktlenurk%3D
94. Solar I.I, and Donaldson E.M. (1985) Studies on genetic and hormonal sex control in domesticated rainbow trout. I. The effect of heat shock treatment for induction of triploidy in cultured rainbow trout. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1379, 15pp
95. I.I. Solar E.M. Donaldson and G.A. Hunter 1984 Induction of triploidy in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) by heat shock and investigations on early growth Aquaculture 42 57-67 10.1016/ 0044-8486(84)90313-2
96. E.J Stillwell and T.J. Benfey 1994 Haemoglobin level, metabolic rate and swimming performance in triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) In: D.D. MacKinlay (ed.), High Performance Fish Fish Physiology Association Vancouver, BC 288-293 July 16-21, 1994
97. E.J Stillwell and T.J. Benfey 1996 Haemoglobin level, metabolic rate, opercular abduction rate and swimming efficiency in female triploid brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) Fish Physiol. Biochem. 15 377-383 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xns1emt70%3D
98. G. Streisinger C. Walker N. Dower D. Knauber and F. Singer 1981 Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) Nature 291 293-296 10.1038/291293a0 1:STN:280:Bi6C1MjmsF0%3D 7248006
99. K. Sugama N. Taniguchi and S. Seki 1992 Survival, growth and gonad development of triploid red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temmink et Schlegel): Use of allozyme marker for ploidy and family identification Aquacult. Fish. Mgmt. 23 149-159
100. J.P. Sumpter A.P. Scott S.M. Baynes and P.R. Witthame 1984 Early stages of the reproductive cycle in virgin female rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) Aquaculture 43 235-242 10.1016/0044-8486(84)90025-5
101. J. Sutterlin A.M. Holder and T.J. Benfey 1987 Early survival rates and subsequent morphological abnormalities in landlocked anadromous and hybrid (landlocked × anadromous) diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon Aquaculture 64 157-164 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90351-6
102. A.M. Sutterlin and C. Collier 1991 Some observation on the commercial use of triploid rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon in Newfoundland, Canada Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1789 89-96
103. R. Suzuki T. Nakanishi and T. Oshiro 1985 Survival, growth and sterility of induced triploids in the cyprinid loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 51 889-894
104. H. Swarup 1959 Effect of triploidy on the body size, general organization and cellular structure in Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.). J. Genet 56 143-155
105. D. Tave 1993 Growth of triploid and diploid bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis J. Appl. Aquacult. 2 13-25
106. S. Thititananukij R. Vejaratpimol T. Pewnim and A.W. Fast 1996 Ethidium bromide nuclear staining and fluorescence microscopy: An alternative method for triploidy detection in fish J. World Aquacult. Soc. 27 213-217
107. G.H. Thorgaard 1983 Chromosome set manipulation and sex control in fish In: W.S. Hoar D.J. Randall and E.M. Donaldson (eds.), Fish Physiology Vol. IX, Part B Academic Press New York 405-434
108. G.H. Thorgaard and G.A.E. Gall 1979 Adult triploids in a rainbow trout family Genetics 93 961-973 1:STN:280:Bi%2BB3c3lt1c%3D 546676
109. G.H. Thorgaard P.S. Robinovitch M.W. Shen G.A.E. Gall J. Propp and F.M. Utter 1982 Triploid rainbow trout identified by flow cytometry Aquaculture 29 305-309 10.1016/0044-8486(82)90144-2
110. B.K. Tiwary and A.K. Ray 2004 Alterations in air sac and skeleton of triploid Heteropneustes fossilis J. Fish Biol. 64 268-272 10.1111/ j.1095-8649.2004.00287.x
111. B.K. Tiwary R. Kirubagaran and A.K. Ray 1997 Induction of triploidy by cold shock in catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) Asian Fish. Sci. 10 123-129
112. B.K. Tiwary R Kirubagaran and A.K Ray 1999 Altered body shape as a morphometric indicator of triploidy in Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) Aquacult. Res. 30 907-910 10.1046/ j.1365-2109.1999.00426.x
113. B.K. Tiwary R. Kirubagaran and A.K. Ray 2000 Gonadal development in triploid Heteropneustes fossilis J. Fish Biol 57 1343-1348 10.1111/ j.1095-8649.2000.tb00493.x
114. B.K. Tiwary R. Kirubagaran and A.K. Ray 2001 Plasma levels of Gonadotropin-II and gonadal sex steroids in triploid catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) Fish Physiol. Biochem 24 9-14 10.1023/ A:1011159615057 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlsVCktLk%3D
115. B.K. Tiwary R. Kirubagaran and A.K. Ray 2002 Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones of triploid catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): An immunocytochemical study Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 132A 375-380 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjvVeltbk%3D
116. T. Ueda R. Sato and J. Kobayashi 1988 Triploid rainbow trout induced by high pH multiplied by high calcium Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 54 2045
117. K. Ueno 1984 Induction of triploid carp and their haematological characterstics Jap. J. Genet. 59 585-591
118. R.J. Valenti 1976 Induced polyploidy in Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) by means of temperature shock treatments J. Fish Biol. 7 519-528
119. Varadaraj K., and Pandian T.J. (1988) Induction of triploids in Oreochromis mossambicus by thermal, hydrostatic pressure and chemical shocks. Proc. Aquacult. Inter. Congress Expo, pp. 531-535
120. E. Virtanen L. Forsman and A. Sundley 1990 Triploidy decreases the aerobic swimming capacity of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 96 117-121 10.1016/0300-9629(90)90051-S
121. R.J. Wattendorf 1986 Rapid identification of triploid grass carp with coulter counter and channelyzer Prog. Fish-Cult 48 125-132 10.1577/ 1548-8640(1986)48<125:RIOTGC>2.0.CO;2
122. M.J. Wiley and L.D. Wike 1986 Energy balances of diploid, triploid, and hybrid grass carp Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 115 853-863 10.1577/ 1548-8659(1986)115<853:EBODTA>2.0.CO;2
123. R.E. Withler T.D. Beacham I.I. Solar and E.M. Donaldson 1995 Freshwater growth, smolting and marine survival and growth of diploid and triploid coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Aquaculture 136 91-107 10.1016/ 0044-8486(95)01036-X
124. W.R. Wolters C.L. Chrisman and G.S. Libey 1982a Erythrocyte nuclear measurements of diploid and triploid Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus J. Fish Biol 20 253-258
125. W.R. Wolters G.S. Libey and C.L. Chrisman 1982b Effects of triploidy on growth and gonadal development of Channel catfish Tans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111 102-105 10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111<102:EOTOGA>2.0.CO;2
126. A. Yamamoto and T. Iida 1994 Haematological characterstics of triploid rainbow trout Fish Pathol 29 239-243
127. F. Yamazaki 1983 Sex control and manipulation in fish Aquaculture 33 329-354 10.1016/0044-8486(83)90413-1