Comparative observations on the tooth root morphology of Gigantopithecus blacki

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 196-204

  Kupczik, Kornelius ^a   Dean, M Christopher ^b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Asian fossil ape; Computed tomography; Dental morphology; Mastication; Tooth roots

Indexed keywords

FOSSIL RECORD; HOMINID; IMAGE PROCESSING; MORPHOLOGY; TOOTH;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; SOUTHEAST ASIA; VIET NAM;

AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA; GIGANTOPITHECUS; GORILLA GORILLA; HOMINIDAE; HOMINOIDEA; PAN TROGLODYTES; PONGO PYGMAEUS; SIMIIFORMES; URSUS AMERICANUS;

EID: 38849181117     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.013     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Abbott, S.A., 1984. A comparative study of tooth root morphology in the great apes, modern man and early hominids. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of London.
2. Akiyoshi M., and Inoue M. On the functional structure of cementum. Bull. Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ. 10 (1963) 41-59
3. Amada S., and Untao S. Fracture properties of bamboo. Compos. Part B Eng. 32 (2001) 449-457
4. Boesch C., and Boesch-Achermann H. The Chimpanzees of the Tai Forest: Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (2000), Oxford University Press, Oxford
5. Casimir M.J. Feeding ecology and nutrition of an eastern gorilla group in Mt Kahuzi region (Republique-Du-Zaire). Folia Primatol. 24 (1975) 81-136
6. Ciochon R., Long V.T., Laricki R., González L., Grün R., De Vos J., Yonge C., Taylor L., Yoshida H., and Reagan M. Dated co-occurrence of Homo erectus and Gigantopithecus from Tham Khuyen Cave, Vietnam. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996) 3016-3020
7. Ciochon R.L., Piperno D.R., and Thompson R.G. Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct ape Gigantopithecus blacki: implications for paleodietary studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (1990) 8120-8124
8. Coolidge E.D. The thickness of the human periodontal membrane. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 24 (1937) 1260-1270
9. Daegling D.J., and Grine F.E. Bamboo feeding, dental microwear, and diet of the Pleistocene ape Gigantopithecus blacki. S. Afr. J. Sci. 90 (1994) 527-532
10. Dean M.C., and Schrenk F. Enamel thickness and development in a third permanent molar of Gigantopithecus blacki. J. Hum. Evol. 45 (2003) 381-387
11. Elgart-Berry A. Fracture toughness of mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) food plants. Am. J. Primatol. 62 (2004) 275-285
12. Goldsmith M.L. Ecological constraints on the foraging effort of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Int. J. Primatol. 20 (1999) 1-23
13. Groves C.P. Gigantopithecus and mountain gorilla. Nature 226 (1970) 973-974
14. Hochstetter R.L. Incidence of trifurcated mandibular first permanent molars in the population of Guam. J. Dent. Res. 54 (1975) 1097
15. Hujoel P.P. A meta-analysis of normal ranges for root surface areas of the permanent dentition. J. Clin. Periodontol. 21 (1994) 225-229
16. Jepsen A. Root surface measurement and a method for X-ray determination of root surface area. Acta Odontol. Scand. 21 (1963) 35-46
17. Kovacs I. The surface characteristics of tooth roots and their biomechanical importance. Ossa Int. J. Skel. Res. 6 (1979) 181-192
18. Kovacs I. A systematic description of dental roots. In: Dahlberg A.A. (Ed). Dental Morphology and Evolution (1971), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 211-256
19. Kupczik, K., 2003. Tooth root morphology in primates and carnivores. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of London.
20. Kupczik K., Spoor F., and Dean M.C. Tooth root morphology and masticatory muscle force pattern in humans and nonhuman primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 36 Suppl. (2003) 134
21. Kupczik K., Spoor F., Pommert A., and Dean C. Premolar root number variation in hominoids: genetic polymorphism vs. functional significance. In: Zadzinska E. (Ed). Current Trends in Dental Morphology Research (2005), University of Lodz Press, Lodz 257-268
22. Lambert J.E. Seed handling in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius): Implications for understanding hominoid and cercopithecine fruit-processing strategies and seed dispersal. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 109 (1999) 365-386
23. Lucas P.W. Dental Functional Morphology: How Teeth Work (2004), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
24. Luke D. The structure and functions of the dentogingival junction and periodontal ligament. In: Harris M., Edgar M., and Meghjis S. (Eds). Clinical Oral Science (1998), Wright, Oxford 134-140
25. Melcher A.H., and Walker T.W. The periodontal ligament in attachment and as a shock absorber. In: Poole D.G.F., and Stack M.V. (Eds). The Eruption and Occlusion of Teeth (1976), Butterworth, London 183-192
26. Nikolai R.J. Bioengineering Analysis of Orthodontic Mechanics (1985), Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
27. Olejniczak, A.J., Smith, T.M., Wang, W., Potts, R., Ciochon, R., Kullmer, O., Schrenk, F., Hublin, J.-J., in press. Molar enamel thickness and dentine horn height in Gigantopithecus blacki. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., doi:10.1002/ajpa.20711.
28. Pope G.G., and Delson E. Gigantopithecus. In: Delson E., Tattersall I., Van Couvering J.A., and Brooks A.S. (Eds). Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory (2000), Garland, New York 288-289
29. Preissecker O. Beeinflussung des Periodontiums durch experimentelle Entlastung. Z. Stomatol. 29 (1931) 442-446
30. Remane A. Zähne und Gebiß. In: Hofer H., Schultz A.H., and Starck D. (Eds). Primatologia. Handbuch der Primatenkunde vol. 3 (1960), S. Karger, Basel 637-846
31. Remis M.J. Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) as seasonal frugivores: Use of variable resources. Am. J. Primatol. 43 (1997) 87-109
32. Remis M.J., Dierenfeld E.S., Mowry C.B., and Carroll R.W. Nutritional aspects of western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) diet during seasons of fruit scarcity at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic. Int. J. Primatol. 22 (2001) 807-836
33. Schaller G.B., Jinchu H., Wenshi P., and Jing Z. The Giant Pandas of Wolong (1985), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
34. Simons E.L. Primate Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Place in Nature (1972), Macmillan, New York
35. Simons E.L., and Chopra S.R.K. Gigantopithecus (Pongidae, Hominoidea): A new species from north India. Postilla 138 (1969) 1-18
36. Simons E.L., and Ettel P.C. Gigantopithecus. Sci. Am. 222 (1970) 77-85
37. Spencer M.A. Force production in the primate masticatory system: Electromyographic tests of biomechanical hypotheses. J. Hum. Evol. 34 (1998) 25-54
38. Spencer M.A. Tooth-root form and function in platyrrhine seed-eaters. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 122 (2003) 325-335
39. Spoor F., Zonneveld F.W., and Macho G.E. Linear measurements of cortical bone and dental enamel by computed tomography: applications and problems. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91 (1993) 469-484
40. Swindler D.R., Drusini A.G., and Cristino C. Variation and frequency of three-rooted first permanent molars in the Pacific and in precontact Easter Islanders. Proceedings II International Congress on Easter Island & Eastern Polynesian Archaeology (1998), Instituto de Estudios Isla de Pascua, FAU, Universidad de Chile 165-170
41. Taylor A.B. Feeding behaviour, diet, and the functional consequences of jaw form in orangutans, with implications for the evolution of Pongo. J. Hum. Evol. 50 (2006) 377-393
42. Tobias P.V. Root number in the maxillary third premolars: A very ancient polymorphism. In: Moggi-Cecchi J. (Ed). Aspects of Dental Biology: Palaeontology, Anthropology and Evolution (1995), International Institute for the Study of Man, Florence 283-290
43. Turner II C.G. Three-rooted mandibular first permanent molars and the question of American Indian origins. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 34 (1971) 229-242
44. Tutin C.E.G., and Fernandez M. Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparisons with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. Am. J. Primatol. 30 (1993) 195-211
45. Tutin C.E.G., Fernandez M., Rogers M.E., Williamson E.A., and McGrew W.C. Foraging profiles of sympatric lowland gorillas and chimpanzees in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 334 (1991) 179-186
46. Tutin C.E.G., Ham R.M., White L.J.T., and Harrison M.J.S. The primate community of the Lope Reserve, Gabon: Diets, responses to fruit scarcity, and effects on biomass. Am. J. Primatol. 42 (1997) 1-24
47. Ungar P.S. Patterns of ingestive behavior and anterior tooth use differences in sympatric anthropoid primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 95 (1994) 197-219
48. Ungar P. Dental topography and diets of Australopithecus afarensis and early Homo. J. Hum. Evol. 46 (2004) 605-622
49. von Koenigswald G.H.R. Eine fossile Säugetierfauna mit Simia aus Südchina. Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Weten. Ser. C 38 (1935) 872-879
50. von Koenigswald G.H.R. Gigantopithecus blacki von Koenigswald, a giant fossil hominoid from the Pleistocene of southern China. Anthropol. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 43 (1952) 310-325
51. von Koenigswald G.H.R. A possible ancestral form of Gigantopithecus (Mammalia, Hominoidea) from the Chinji layers of Pakistan. J. Hum. Evol. 10 (1981) 511-515
52. Voysey B.C., McDonald K.E., Rogers M.E., Tutin C.E.G., and Parnell R.J. Gorillas and seed dispersal in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. I: Gorilla acquisition by trees. J. Trop. Ecol. 15 (1999) 23-38
53. Wanpo H., Ciochon R., Yumin G., Larick R., Qiren F., Schwarcz H., Yonge C., De Vos J., and Rink W. Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia. Nature 378 (1995) 275-278
54. Watt D.M., MacGregor A.R., Cockburn A., and Boyd J.L. A preliminary investigation of the support of partial dentures and its relationship to vertical loads. Dent. Pract. 9 (1958) 2-15
55. Watts D.P. Composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the central Virungas. Am. J. Primatol. 7 (1984) 323-356
56. Weidenreich F. Giant early man from Java and south China. Anthropol. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 40 (1945) 1-134
57. White T.D. Geomorphology to paleoecology: Gigantopithecus reappraised. J. Hum. Evol. 4 (1975) 219-233
58. Wood B.A., Abbott S.A., and Uytterschaut H. Analysis of the dental morphology of Plio-Pleistocene hominids. J. Anat. 156 (1988) 107-139
59. Wood B.A., and Collard M. The changing face of genus Homo. Evol. Anthropol. 8 (2000) 195-207
60. Wood B.A., and Richmond B. Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology. J. Anat. 97 (2000) 19-60
61. Woo J.-K. The mandibles and dentition of Gigantopithecus. Palaeont. Sinica 146 New Series D No. 11 (1962) 1-94
62. Wu X., and Poirier F.E. Human Evolution in China (1995), Oxford University Press, New York
63. Wu X.Z. Fossil humankind and other anthropoid primates of China. Int. J. Primatol. 25 (2004) 1093-1103
64. Yamakoshi G. Dietary responses to fruit scarcity of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: Possible implications for ecological importance of tool use. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 106 (1998) 283-295
65. Zhang Y. Variability and evolutionary trends in tooth size of Gigantopithecus blacki. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 59 (1982) 21-32