메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 25-54

Force production in the primate masticatory system: Electromyographic tests of biomechanical hypotheses

Author keywords

Constraint; Dietary adaptation; Electromyography; Humans; Jaw biomechanics; Masticatory muscles; Temporomandibular joint; Tooth support

Indexed keywords

BIOMECHANICS; MASTICATORY SYSTEM; PRIMATE;

EID: 0031810582     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhev.1997.0180     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (124)

References (129)
  • 1
    • 0014162149 scopus 로고
    • Kinesiology of the mandible - An EMG study
    • Ahlgren, J. (1967). Kinesiology of the mandible - an EMG study. Acta Odont. Scand. 25, 593-611.
    • (1967) Acta Odont. Scand. , vol.25 , pp. 593-611
    • Ahlgren, J.1
  • 2
    • 0014764869 scopus 로고
    • Sensory mechanisms in mammalian teeth and their supporting structures
    • Anderson, D. J., Hannam, A. G. & Matthews, B. (1970). Sensory mechanisms in mammalian teeth and their supporting structures. Physiol. Rev. 50, 171-195.
    • (1970) Physiol. Rev. , vol.50 , pp. 171-195
    • Anderson, D.J.1    Hannam, A.G.2    Matthews, B.3
  • 3
    • 0042869370 scopus 로고
    • Neandertals and the anterior dental loading hypothesis: A biomechanical evaluation of bite force production
    • Antón, S. C. (1990). Neandertals and the anterior dental loading hypothesis: a biomechanical evaluation of bite force production. Kroeber Anthropol. Soc. Papers, 71-72, pp. 67-76.
    • (1990) Kroeber Anthropol. Soc. Papers , vol.71-72 , pp. 67-76
    • Antón, S.C.1
  • 4
    • 0001800623 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical and other perspectives on Neandertal craniofacial morphology
    • (R. S. Corruccini & R. L. Ciochion, Eds) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
    • Anton, S. C. (1994). Mechanical and other perspectives on Neandertal craniofacial morphology. In (R. S. Corruccini & R. L. Ciochion, Eds) Integrative Paths to the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honor of F. Clark Howell, pp. 677-695. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    • (1994) Integrative Paths to the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honor of F. Clark Howell , pp. 677-695
    • Anton, S.C.1
  • 5
    • 0017443108 scopus 로고
    • In vivo strength of the human periodontal ligament
    • Atkinson, H. F. & Ralph, W. J. (1977). In vivo strength of the human periodontal ligament. J. Dent. Res. 56, 48-52.
    • (1977) J. Dent. Res. , vol.56 , pp. 48-52
    • Atkinson, H.F.1    Ralph, W.J.2
  • 6
    • 84989591504 scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of isometric bite force versus electrical activity in temporal and masseter muscles
    • Bakke, M., Michler, L., Han, K. & Møller, E. (1989). Clinical significance of isometric bite force versus electrical activity in temporal and masseter muscles. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 97, 539-551.
    • (1989) Scand. J. Dent. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 539-551
    • Bakke, M.1    Michler, L.2    Han, K.3    Møller, E.4
  • 7
    • 0023195818 scopus 로고
    • Efficiency as a predictor of human jaw design in the sagittal plane
    • Baragar, F. A. & Osborn, J. W. (1987). Efficiency as a predictor of human jaw design in the sagittal plane. J. Biomech. 20, 447-457.
    • (1987) J. Biomech. , vol.20 , pp. 447-457
    • Baragar, F.A.1    Osborn, J.W.2
  • 8
    • 0015331415 scopus 로고
    • The biomechanics of the human temporomandibular joint: A theoretical study
    • Barbenel, J. C. (1972). The biomechanics of the human temporomandibular joint: a theoretical study. J. Biomech. 5, 251-256.
    • (1972) J. Biomech. , vol.5 , pp. 251-256
    • Barbenel, J.C.1
  • 10
    • 0015405958 scopus 로고
    • A biophysical approach to craniofacial morphogenesis
    • Basset, C. A. L. (1972). A biophysical approach to craniofacial morphogenesis. Acta Morph. Neer. Scand. 10, 71-86.
    • (1972) Acta Morph. Neer. Scand. , vol.10 , pp. 71-86
    • Basset, C.A.L.1
  • 11
    • 0344546345 scopus 로고
    • The effects of external forces on the periodontal ligament
    • (B. K. B. Berkowitz, B. J. Moxham & H. N. Newmann, Eds) Oxford: Pergamon
    • Berkowitz, B. K. B. & Moxham, B. J. (1982). The effects of external forces on the periodontal ligament. In (B. K. B. Berkowitz, B. J. Moxham & H. N. Newmann, Eds) The Periodontal Ligament in Health and Disease, pp. 253-375. Oxford: Pergamon.
    • (1982) The Periodontal Ligament in Health and Disease , pp. 253-375
    • Berkowitz, B.K.B.1    Moxham, B.J.2
  • 12
    • 0022641888 scopus 로고
    • A biomechanical analysis of mandibular scaling in Old World monkeys
    • Bouvier, M. (1986). A biomechanical analysis of mandibular scaling in Old World monkeys. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 69, 473-482.
    • (1986) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.69 , pp. 473-482
    • Bouvier, M.1
  • 13
    • 84972113834 scopus 로고
    • Origin of the mammalian feeding complex: Models and mechanisms
    • Bramble, D. M. (1978). Origin of the mammalian feeding complex: models and mechanisms. Paleobiology 4, 271-301.
    • (1978) Paleobiology , vol.4 , pp. 271-301
    • Bramble, D.M.1
  • 14
    • 84978579116 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the mammalian dentition: Differentiation of the postcanine dentition
    • Butler, P. M. (1939). Studies of the mammalian dentition: differentiation of the postcanine dentition. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 109B, 1-36.
    • (1939) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , vol.109 B , pp. 1-36
    • Butler, P.M.1
  • 15
    • 0021010211 scopus 로고
    • Evolution and mammalian dental morphology
    • Butler, P. M. (1983). Evolution and mammalian dental morphology. J. Biol. Buccale 11, 285-302.
    • (1983) J. Biol. Buccale , vol.11 , pp. 285-302
    • Butler, P.M.1
  • 17
    • 0017754936 scopus 로고
    • Masticatory function and post-pleistocene evolution in Nubia
    • Carlson, D. S. & van Gerven, D. P. (1977). Masticatory function and post-pleistocene evolution in Nubia. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 46, 495-506.
    • (1977) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.46 , pp. 495-506
    • Carlson, D.S.1    Van Gerven, D.P.2
  • 18
    • 0019205193 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of the tensile strength of the periodontium in the rat mandibular first molar
    • Chiba, M. & Ohkawa, S. (1980). Measurement of the tensile strength of the periodontium in the rat mandibular first molar. Arch. Oral Biol. 25, 569-572.
    • (1980) Arch. Oral Biol. , vol.25 , pp. 569-572
    • Chiba, M.1    Ohkawa, S.2
  • 19
    • 0346643584 scopus 로고
    • A new look at the orientation of cemento-alveolar fibers of the mouse periodontium
    • abstract
    • Cohn, S. A. (1970). A new look at the orientation of cemento-alveolar fibers of the mouse periodontium. Anat. Rec. 166, 292 (abstract).
    • (1970) Anat. Rec. , vol.166 , pp. 292
    • Cohn, S.A.1
  • 20
    • 0000822031 scopus 로고
    • The thickness of the human periodontal membrane
    • Coolidge, G. N. (1937). The thickness of the human periodontal membrane. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 24, 1260-1270.
    • (1937) J. Am. Dent. Assoc. , vol.24 , pp. 1260-1270
    • Coolidge, G.N.1
  • 21
    • 0344404727 scopus 로고
    • How mammalian molar teeth work
    • Crompton, A. W. & Hiiemae, K. M. (1969). How mammalian molar teeth work. Discovery 5, 23-24.
    • (1969) Discovery , vol.5 , pp. 23-24
    • Crompton, A.W.1    Hiiemae, K.M.2
  • 22
    • 0346012455 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of tooth size to cusp number and groove conformation of occlusal surface patterns of lower molar teeth
    • Dahlberg, A. A. (1961). Relationship of tooth size to cusp number and groove conformation of occlusal surface patterns of lower molar teeth. J. Dent. Res. 40, 34-38.
    • (1961) J. Dent. Res. , vol.40 , pp. 34-38
    • Dahlberg, A.A.1
  • 23
    • 0002250391 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the American Indian dentition
    • (D. R. Brothwell, Ed.) Oxford: Pergamon
    • Dahlberg, A. A. (1963). Analysis of the American Indian dentition. In (D. R. Brothwell, Ed.) Dental Anthropology, pp. 149-177. Oxford: Pergamon.
    • (1963) Dental Anthropology , pp. 149-177
    • Dahlberg, A.A.1
  • 24
    • 0017383491 scopus 로고
    • Sensory components of bite-force response in the rat
    • Daunton, N. G. (1977). Sensory components of bite-force response in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psych. 91, 203-220.
    • (1977) J. Comp. Physiol. Psych. , vol.91 , pp. 203-220
    • Daunton, N.G.1
  • 25
    • 0347903758 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between occlusal force and electromyography at different masticatory muscle lengths in rhesus monkeys
    • abstract
    • Dechow, P. C. (1987). The relationship between occlusal force and electromyography at different masticatory muscle lengths in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 72, 193 (abstract).
    • (1987) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.72 , pp. 193
    • Dechow, P.C.1
  • 26
    • 0022812345 scopus 로고
    • Occlusal force after mandibular advancement in adult rhesus monkeys
    • Dechow, P. C. & Carlson, D. S. (1986). Occlusal force after mandibular advancement in adult rhesus monkeys. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 44, 887-893.
    • (1986) J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. , vol.44 , pp. 887-893
    • Dechow, P.C.1    Carlson, D.S.2
  • 27
    • 38249027294 scopus 로고
    • Bite force, diet, and cranial morphology of fossil hominoids
    • Demes, B. & Creel, N. (1988). Bite force, diet, and cranial morphology of fossil hominoids. J. hum. Evol. 17, 657-670.
    • (1988) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 657-670
    • Demes, B.1    Creel, N.2
  • 28
    • 0003206913 scopus 로고
    • Functional significance of allometric trends in the hominoid masticatory apparatus
    • (J. G. Else & P. C. Lee, Eds) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Demes, B., Creel, N. & Preuschoft, H. (1986). Functional significance of allometric trends in the hominoid masticatory apparatus. In (J. G. Else & P. C. Lee, Eds) Primate Evolution, pp. 229-237. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1986) Primate Evolution , pp. 229-237
    • Demes, B.1    Creel, N.2    Preuschoft, H.3
  • 29
    • 0024370650 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between jaw-muscle recruitment and jaw-joint forces in Canis familiaris
    • Dessem, D. (1989). Interactions between jaw-muscle recruitment and jaw-joint forces in Canis familiaris. J. Anat. 164, 101-121.
    • (1989) J. Anat. , vol.164 , pp. 101-121
    • Dessem, D.1
  • 30
    • 0016329723 scopus 로고
    • Origin and evolution of the oral apparatus
    • (Y. Kawamura, Ed.) Basel: Karger
    • Du Brul, E. L. (1974). Origin and evolution of the oral apparatus. In (Y. Kawamura, Ed.) Frontiers of Oral Physiology, pp. 1-30. Basel: Karger.
    • (1974) Frontiers of Oral Physiology , pp. 1-30
    • Du Brul, E.L.1
  • 31
    • 0017691298 scopus 로고
    • Early hominid feeding mechanisms
    • Du Brul, E. L. (1977). Early hominid feeding mechanisms. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 47, 305-320.
    • (1977) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.47 , pp. 305-320
    • Du Brul, E.L.1
  • 33
    • 0000133464 scopus 로고
    • The effect of bite opening, bite pressure and malocclusion on the electrical response of the masseter muscles
    • Garrett, F. A., Angelone, L. & Allen, W. I. (1964). The effect of bite opening, bite pressure and malocclusion on the electrical response of the masseter muscles. Am. J. Orthodont. 50, 435-444.
    • (1964) Am. J. Orthodont. , vol.50 , pp. 435-444
    • Garrett, F.A.1    Angelone, L.2    Allen, W.I.3
  • 34
    • 0014703487 scopus 로고
    • Photoelastic analysis of internal stresses in the periodontium created by occlusal forces
    • Glickman, I., Roeber, F. W., Brion, M. & Pameijer, J. H. N. (1970). Photoelastic analysis of internal stresses in the periodontium created by occlusal forces. J. Periodont. 41, 30-35.
    • (1970) J. Periodont. , vol.41 , pp. 30-35
    • Glickman, I.1    Roeber, F.W.2    Brion, M.3    Pameijer, J.H.N.4
  • 35
    • 0012314273 scopus 로고
    • Levels of integration in mammalian dentitions: An analysis of correlations in Nesophontes micrus (Insectivora) and Oryzomys couesi (Rodentia)
    • Gould, S. J. & Garwood, R. A. (1969). Levels of integration in mammalian dentitions: an analysis of correlations in Nesophontes micrus (Insectivora) and Oryzomys couesi (Rodentia). Evolution 23, 276-300.
    • (1969) Evolution , vol.23 , pp. 276-300
    • Gould, S.J.1    Garwood, R.A.2
  • 36
    • 84974505907 scopus 로고
    • The jaw lever system in ungulates: A new model
    • Lond.
    • Greaves, W. S. (1978). The jaw lever system in ungulates: a new model. J. Zool. (Lond.) 184, 271-285.
    • (1978) J. Zool. , vol.184 , pp. 271-285
    • Greaves, W.S.1
  • 37
    • 0000623391 scopus 로고
    • A mechanical limitation on the position of the jaw muscles of mammals: The one-third rule
    • Greaves, W. S. (1982). A mechanical limitation on the position of the jaw muscles of mammals: the one-third rule. J. Mammal. 63, 261-266.
    • (1982) J. Mammal. , vol.63 , pp. 261-266
    • Greaves, W.S.1
  • 38
    • 0005555112 scopus 로고
    • A functional analysis of carnassial biting
    • Greaves, W. S. (1983). A functional analysis of carnassial biting. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 20, 353-363.
    • (1983) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.20 , pp. 353-363
    • Greaves, W.S.1
  • 39
    • 84986754899 scopus 로고
    • The maximum average bite force for a given jaw length
    • Lond.
    • Greaves, W. S. (1988). The maximum average bite force for a given jaw length. J. Zool. (Lond.) 214, 295-306.
    • (1988) J. Zool. , vol.214 , pp. 295-306
    • Greaves, W.S.1
  • 40
    • 0346643569 scopus 로고
    • The ratio of jaw width to jaw length in selenodont artiodactyls: Modeled and measured
    • abstract
    • Greaves, W. S. (1990). The ratio of jaw width to jaw length in selenodont artiodactyls: modeled and measured. J. Vert. Paleontol. 9, 25 (abstract).
    • (1990) J. Vert. Paleontol. , vol.9 , pp. 25
    • Greaves, W.S.1
  • 41
    • 0002846104 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the leverage problem of the mandible
    • Gysi, A. (1921). Studies on the leverage problem of the mandible. Dent. Digest 27, 74-84, 144-150, 203-208.
    • (1921) Dent. Digest , vol.27 , pp. 74-84
    • Gysi, A.1
  • 42
    • 0022511363 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography and bite force studies of muscular function and dysfunction in masticatory muscles
    • Hagberg, C. (1986). Electromyography and bite force studies of muscular function and dysfunction in masticatory muscles. Swed. Dent. J. Suppl. 37, 1-64.
    • (1986) Swed. Dent. J. Suppl. , vol.37 , pp. 1-64
    • Hagberg, C.1
  • 43
    • 0346643573 scopus 로고
    • Regression analysis of electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles versus bite force
    • Hagberg, C., Agerberg, G. & Hagberg, M. (1985). Regression analysis of electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles versus bite force. Helv. Odont. Acta 18, 7-11.
    • (1985) Helv. Odont. Acta , vol.18 , pp. 7-11
    • Hagberg, C.1    Agerberg, G.2    Hagberg, M.3
  • 44
    • 0002288970 scopus 로고
    • The innervation of the periodontal ligament
    • Oxford:Pergamon (B. K. B. Berkowitz, B. J. Moxham & H. N. Newman, Eds)
    • Hannam, A. G. (1982). The innervation of the periodontal ligament. In (B. K. B. Berkowitz, B. J. Moxham & H. N. Newman, Eds) The Periodontal Ligament in Health and Disease, pp. 173-196. Oxford: Pergamon.
    • (1982) The Periodontal Ligament in Health and Disease , pp. 173-196
    • Hannam, A.G.1
  • 45
    • 0014499446 scopus 로고
    • Reflex jaw opening in response to stimulation of periodontal mechanoreceptors in the cat
    • Hannam, A. G. & Matthews, B. (1969). Reflex jaw opening in response to stimulation of periodontal mechanoreceptors in the cat. Arch. Oral Biol. 14, 415-419.
    • (1969) Arch. Oral Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 415-419
    • Hannam, A.G.1    Matthews, B.2
  • 46
    • 0016732162 scopus 로고
    • Peak electromyographic activity and jaw closing force in man
    • Hannam, A. G., Inkster, W. C. & Scott, J. D. (1975). Peak electromyographic activity and jaw closing force in man. J. Dent. Res. 54, 694.
    • (1975) J. Dent. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 694
    • Hannam, A.G.1    Inkster, W.C.2    Scott, J.D.3
  • 47
    • 0022406588 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between myoelectric activity in masticatory muscles and bite force
    • Haraldson, T., Carlsson, G. E., Dahlström, L. & Jansson, T. (1985). Relationship between myoelectric activity in masticatory muscles and bite force. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 93, 539-545.
    • (1985) Scand. J. Dent. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 539-545
    • Haraldson, T.1    Carlsson, G.E.2    Dahlström, L.3    Jansson, T.4
  • 48
    • 0015851845 scopus 로고
    • Stresses in the periodontal ligament
    • Hillam, D. G. (1973). Stresses in the periodontal ligament. J. Periodont. Res. 8, 51-56.
    • (1973) J. Periodont. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 51-56
    • Hillam, D.G.1
  • 49
    • 0018425369 scopus 로고
    • Temporal changes in human temporomandibular joint size and shape
    • Hinton, R. J. & Carlson, D. S. (1979). Temporal changes in human temporomandibular joint size and shape. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 50, 325-334.
    • (1979) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.50 , pp. 325-334
    • Hinton, R.J.1    Carlson, D.S.2
  • 50
    • 0016802508 scopus 로고
    • The human mandible: Lever or link?
    • Hylander, W. L. (1975). The human mandible: lever or link? Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 43, 227-242.
    • (1975) Am J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.43 , pp. 227-242
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 51
    • 84996071039 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive significance of Eskimo craniofacial morphology
    • (A. A. Dahlberg & T. M. Graber, Eds) The Hague: Mouton
    • Hylander, W. L. (1977). The adaptive significance of Eskimo craniofacial morphology. In (A. A. Dahlberg & T. M. Graber, Eds) Orofacial Growth and Development, pp. 129-170. The Hague: Mouton.
    • (1977) Orofacial Growth and Development , pp. 129-170
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 52
    • 0017847998 scopus 로고
    • Incisal bite force direction in humans and the functional significance of mammalian mandibular translation
    • Hylander, W. L. (1978). Incisal bite force direction in humans and the functional significance of mammalian mandibular translation. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 48, 1-7.
    • (1978) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.48 , pp. 1-7
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 53
    • 0018595205 scopus 로고
    • An experimental analysis of temporomandibular joint reaction force in macaques
    • Hylander, W. L. (1979a). An experimental analysis of temporomandibular joint reaction force in macaques. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 51, 433-456.
    • (1979) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.51 , pp. 433-456
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 54
    • 0018407020 scopus 로고
    • The functional significance of primate mandibular form
    • Hylander, W. L. (1979b). The functional significance of primate mandibular form. J. Morphol. 160, 223-240.
    • (1979) J. Morphol. , vol.160 , pp. 223-240
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 55
    • 84934614469 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical properties of food and recruitment of masseter force
    • abstract
    • Hylander, W. L. (1983). Mechanical properties of food and recruitment of masseter force. J. Dent. Res. 62, 1150 (abstract).
    • (1983) J. Dent. Res. , vol.62 , pp. 1150
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 56
    • 0002762846 scopus 로고
    • Mandibular function and TMJ loading
    • (D. S. Carlson, J. A. McNamara & K. A. Ribbens, Eds) Monograph Craniofacial Growth Series, Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan
    • Hylander, W. L. (1985). Mandibular function and TMJ loading. In (D. S. Carlson, J. A. McNamara & K. A. Ribbens, Eds) Developmental Aspects of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders. Monograph 16, Craniofacial Growth Series, Center for Human Growth and Development, pp. 19-35. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
    • (1985) Developmental Aspects of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders , vol.16 , pp. 19-35
    • Hylander, W.L.1
  • 58
    • 0347903747 scopus 로고
    • Bone strain in the subcondylar region of the mandible in Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta
    • abstract
    • Hylander, W. L. & Bays, R. (1978). Bone strain in the subcondylar region of the mandible in Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 48, 408 (abstract).
    • (1978) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.48 , pp. 408
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Bays, R.2
  • 59
    • 0018573127 scopus 로고
    • An in vivo strain gauge analysis of squamosal-dentary joint reaction force during mastication and incision in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis
    • Hylander, W. L. & Bays, R. (1979). An in vivo strain gauge analysis of squamosal-dentary joint reaction force during mastication and incision in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis. Arch. Oral Biol. 24, 689-697.
    • (1979) Arch. Oral Biol. , vol.24 , pp. 689-697
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Bays, R.2
  • 60
    • 0024804971 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between masseter force and masseter electromyogram during mastication in the monkey Macaca fascicularis
    • Hylander, W. L. & Johnson, K. R. (1989). The relationship between masseter force and masseter electromyogram during mastication in the monkey Macaca fascicularis. Arch. Oral Biol. 34, 713-722.
    • (1989) Arch. Oral Biol. , vol.34 , pp. 713-722
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Johnson, K.R.2
  • 61
    • 0026741105 scopus 로고
    • Muscle force recruitment and biomechanical modeling: An analysis of masseter muscle function in Macaca fascicularis
    • Hylander, W. L., Johnson, K. R. & Crompton, A. W. (1992). Muscle force recruitment and biomechanical modeling: an analysis of masseter muscle function in Macaca fascicularis. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 88, 365-387.
    • (1992) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.88 , pp. 365-387
    • Hylander, W.L.1    Johnson, K.R.2    Crompton, A.W.3
  • 64
    • 0018745553 scopus 로고
    • Relation between integrated electromyographic activity and biting force during voluntary isometric contraction in human masticatory muscles
    • Kawazoe, Y., Kontani, H. & Hamada, T. (1979). Relation between integrated electromyographic activity and biting force during voluntary isometric contraction in human masticatory muscles. J. Dent. Res. 58, 1440-1449.
    • (1979) J. Dent. Res. , vol.58 , pp. 1440-1449
    • Kawazoe, Y.1    Kontani, H.2    Hamada, T.3
  • 65
    • 0019790116 scopus 로고
    • Integrated electromyographic activity and biting force during rapid isometric contraction of fatigued masseter muscle in man
    • Kawazoe, Y. H., Kotani, H., Maetani, T., Yatani, H. & Hamada, T. (1981). Integrated electromyographic activity and biting force during rapid isometric contraction of fatigued masseter muscle in man. Arch. Oral Biol. 26, 795-801.
    • (1981) Arch. Oral Biol. , vol.26 , pp. 795-801
    • Kawazoe, Y.H.1    Kotani, H.2    Maetani, T.3    Yatani, H.4    Hamada, T.5
  • 67
    • 0023882786 scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional mathematical model of the human masticatory system predicting maximum possible bite-forces
    • Koolstra, J. H., van Eijden, T. M. G. J., Weijs, W. A. & Naeije, M. (1988). A three-dimensional mathematical model of the human masticatory system predicting maximum possible bite-forces. J. Biomech. 21, 563-576.
    • (1988) J. Biomech. , vol.21 , pp. 563-576
    • Koolstra, J.H.1    Van Eijden, T.M.G.2    Weijs, W.A.3    Naeije, M.4
  • 68
    • 0029377558 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical analysis of jaw-closing movements
    • Koolstra, J. H. & van Eijden, T. M. G. J. (1995). Biomechanical analysis of jaw-closing movements. J. Dent. Res. 74, 1564-1570.
    • (1995) J. Dent. Res. , vol.74 , pp. 1564-1570
    • Koolstra, J.H.1    Van Eijden, T.M.G.2
  • 69
    • 0002580410 scopus 로고
    • A systematic description of dental roots
    • (A. A. Dahlberg, Ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Kovacs, I. (1971). A systematic description of dental roots. In (A. A. Dahlberg, Ed.) Dental Morphology and Evolution, pp. 211-256. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1971) Dental Morphology and Evolution , pp. 211-256
    • Kovacs, I.1
  • 70
    • 0024786597 scopus 로고
    • The role of propulsive muscles of the shoulder during quadrupedalism in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): Inplications for neural control of locomotion in primates
    • Larson, S. G. & Stern, J. T. (1989). The role of propulsive muscles of the shoulder during quadrupedalism in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops): inplications for neural control of locomotion in primates. J. Motor Behav. 21, 457-472.
    • (1989) J. Motor Behav. , vol.21 , pp. 457-472
    • Larson, S.G.1    Stern, J.T.2
  • 71
    • 0027486896 scopus 로고
    • Life history variables preserved in dental cementum microstructure
    • Lieberman, D. E. (1993). Life history variables preserved in dental cementum microstructure. Science 261, 1162-1164.
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , pp. 1162-1164
    • Lieberman, D.E.1
  • 72
    • 0002562912 scopus 로고
    • (A. Taylor, Ed.) Neurophysiology of the Jaws and Teeth., London: MacMillan
    • Linden, R. W. A. (1990). Periodontal mechano-receptors and their functions. In (A. Taylor, Ed.) Neurophysiology of the Jaws and Teeth., pp. 52-95. London: MacMillan.
    • (1990) Periodontal Mechano-receptors and Their Functions , pp. 52-95
    • Linden, R.W.A.1
  • 73
    • 0004312804 scopus 로고
    • A new approach to postcanine tooth size applied to Plio-Pleistocene hominids
    • (J. G. Else & P. C. Lee, Eds) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Lucas, P. W., Corlett, R. T. & Luke, D. A. (1986). A new approach to postcanine tooth size applied to Plio-Pleistocene hominids. In (J. G. Else & P. C. Lee, Eds) Primate Evolution, pp. 191-201. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1986) Primate Evolution , pp. 191-201
    • Lucas, P.W.1    Corlett, R.T.2    Luke, D.A.3
  • 74
    • 0015769980 scopus 로고
    • The importance of positive feedback from periodontal pressoreceptor for voluntary isometric contraction of jaw closing muscles in man
    • Lund, J. P. & Lamarre, Y. (1973). The importance of positive feedback from periodontal pressoreceptor for voluntary isometric contraction of jaw closing muscles in man. J. Biol. Buccale 1, 345-351.
    • (1973) J. Biol. Buccale , vol.1 , pp. 345-351
    • Lund, J.P.1    Lamarre, Y.2
  • 75
    • 0018624182 scopus 로고
    • EMG, bite force, and elongation of the masseter muscle under isometric voluntary contractions of the human masseter muscle
    • Manns, A., Miralles, R. & Palazzi, C. (1979). EMG, bite force, and elongation of the masseter muscle under isometric voluntary contractions of the human masseter muscle. J. Prosth. Dent. 42, 674-682.
    • (1979) J. Prosth. Dent. , vol.42 , pp. 674-682
    • Manns, A.1    Miralles, R.2    Palazzi, C.3
  • 76
    • 0016651590 scopus 로고
    • In vivo occlusal forces and moments: I. Forces measured in terminal hinge position and associated moments
    • Mansour, R. M. & Reynik, R. J. (1975). In vivo occlusal forces and moments: I. Forces measured in terminal hinge position and associated moments. J. Dent. Res. 54, 114-120.
    • (1975) J. Dent. Res. , vol.54 , pp. 114-120
    • Mansour, R.M.1    Reynik, R.J.2
  • 77
    • 0015291291 scopus 로고
    • A pilot study concerning the relation between manifest anxiety and bite force
    • Marklund, G. & Wennström, A. (1972). A pilot study concerning the relation between manifest anxiety and bite force. Svensk. Tandläk Förb. Tidn. 65, 107-110.
    • (1972) Svensk. Tandläk Förb. Tidn. , vol.65 , pp. 107-110
    • Marklund, G.1    Wennström, A.2
  • 78
    • 0019620625 scopus 로고
    • Experimental strain analysis on the mandibular condyle under various conditions
    • Mongini, F., Preti, G., Calderale, P. M. & Barberi, G. (1981). Experimental strain analysis on the mandibular condyle under various conditions. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 19, 521-523.
    • (1981) Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. , vol.19 , pp. 521-523
    • Mongini, F.1    Preti, G.2    Calderale, P.M.3    Barberi, G.4
  • 80
    • 0019252535 scopus 로고
    • The effect of local anaesthetic on the maximum biting force achieved by human subjects
    • Orchardson, R. & MacFarlane, S. H. (1980). The effect of local anaesthetic on the maximum biting force achieved by human subjects. Arch. Oral Biol. 25, 799-804.
    • (1980) Arch. Oral Biol. , vol.25 , pp. 799-804
    • Orchardson, R.1    MacFarlane, S.H.2
  • 81
    • 0000513124 scopus 로고
    • Morphogenetic fields versus clones
    • (P. W. Butler & K. A. Joysey, Eds) New York: Academic
    • Osborn, J. W. (1978). Morphogenetic fields versus clones. In (P. W. Butler & K. A. Joysey, Eds) Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth, pp. 171-201. New York: Academic.
    • (1978) Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth , pp. 171-201
    • Osborn, J.W.1
  • 82
    • 0030152483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Features of the human jaw design which maximize the bite force
    • Osborn, J. W. (1996). Features of the human jaw design which maximize the bite force. J. Biomech. 29, 589-595.
    • (1996) J. Biomech. , vol.29 , pp. 589-595
    • Osborn, J.W.1
  • 83
    • 0022263694 scopus 로고
    • Predicted pattern of human muscle activity during clenching derived from a computer assisted model: Symmetric vertical bite forces
    • Osborn, J. W. & Baragar, F. A. (1985). Predicted pattern of human muscle activity during clenching derived from a computer assisted model: symmetric vertical bite forces. J. Biomech. 18, 599-612.
    • (1985) J. Biomech. , vol.18 , pp. 599-612
    • Osborn, J.W.1    Baragar, F.A.2
  • 84
    • 0346643568 scopus 로고
    • Role of the neuromuscular system in functional activity of the mandible
    • Perry, H. T. & Harris, S. C. (1954). Role of the neuromuscular system in functional activity of the mandible. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 48, 665-673.
    • (1954) J. Am. Dent. Assoc. , vol.48 , pp. 665-673
    • Perry, H.T.1    Harris, S.C.2
  • 86
    • 0023485785 scopus 로고
    • Nonlever action of the mandible: The return of the hydra
    • Picq, P. G., Plavcan, J. M. & Hylander, W. L. (1987). Nonlever action of the mandible: the return of the hydra. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 74, 305-307.
    • (1987) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.74 , pp. 305-307
    • Picq, P.G.1    Plavcan, J.M.2    Hylander, W.L.3
  • 87
    • 0013811036 scopus 로고
    • On the part played by the socket in tooth support
    • Picton, D. C. A. (1965). On the part played by the socket in tooth support. Arch. Oral Biol. 10, 945-955.
    • (1965) Arch. Oral Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 945-955
    • Picton, D.C.A.1
  • 89
    • 0020757189 scopus 로고
    • Occlusal forces in normal- and long-face adults
    • Proffit, W. R., Fields, H. W. & Nixon, W. L. (1983). Occlusal forces in normal- and long-face adults. J. Dent. Res. 62, 566-570.
    • (1983) J. Dent. Res. , vol.62 , pp. 566-570
    • Proffit, W.R.1    Fields, H.W.2    Nixon, W.L.3
  • 90
    • 0018118139 scopus 로고
    • Jaw muscle EMG-activity and static loading of the mandible
    • Pruim, G. J., Ten Bosch, J. J. & De Jongh, H. J. (1978). Jaw muscle EMG-activity and static loading of the mandible. J. Biomech. 11, 389-395.
    • (1978) J. Biomech. , vol.11 , pp. 389-395
    • Pruim, G.J.1    Ten Bosch, J.J.2    De Jongh, H.J.3
  • 91
    • 0018955170 scopus 로고
    • Forces acting on the mandible during bilateral static bite at different bite force levels
    • Pruim, G. J., De Jongh, H. J. & Ten Bosch, J. J. (1980). Forces acting on the mandible during bilateral static bite at different bite force levels. J. Biomech. 13, 755-763.
    • (1980) J. Biomech. , vol.13 , pp. 755-763
    • Pruim, G.J.1    De Jongh, H.J.2    Ten Bosch, J.J.3
  • 92
    • 0014813162 scopus 로고
    • Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers of the periodontal ligament and bone
    • Quigley, M. B. (1970). Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers of the periodontal ligament and bone. Alabama J. Med. Sci. 7, 336-343.
    • (1970) Alabama J. Med. Sci. , vol.7 , pp. 336-343
    • Quigley, M.B.1
  • 94
    • 0347903730 scopus 로고
    • Ultimate tensile strength of human periodontal membrane
    • Ralph, W. J. (1973). Ultimate tensile strength of human periodontal membrane. J. Dent. Res. 52, 564-565.
    • (1973) J. Dent. Res. , vol.52 , pp. 564-565
    • Ralph, W.J.1
  • 96
    • 0018868461 scopus 로고
    • The in vitro rupture of human periodontal ligament
    • Ralph, W. J. (1980). The in vitro rupture of human periodontal ligament. J. Biomech. 13, 369-373.
    • (1980) J. Biomech. , vol.13 , pp. 369-373
    • Ralph, W.J.1
  • 97
    • 0020450497 scopus 로고
    • Tensile behaviour of the periodontal ligament
    • Ralph, W. J. (1982). Tensile behaviour of the periodontal ligament. J. Periodont Res. 17, 423-426.
    • (1982) J. Periodont Res. , vol.17 , pp. 423-426
    • Ralph, W.J.1
  • 98
    • 0021209930 scopus 로고
    • The minimal width of the periodontal space
    • Ralph, W. J. & Jefferies, J. R. (1984). The minimal width of the periodontal space. J. Oral Rehab. 11, 415-418.
    • (1984) J. Oral Rehab. , vol.11 , pp. 415-418
    • Ralph, W.J.1    Jefferies, J.R.2
  • 99
    • 0025291823 scopus 로고
    • Functional assessment of subfamily variation in maxillomandibular morphology among Old World monkeys
    • Rovosa, M. J. (1990). Functional assessment of subfamily variation in maxillomandibular morphology among Old World monkeys. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 82, 199-212.
    • (1990) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.82 , pp. 199-212
    • Rovosa, M.J.1
  • 100
    • 0000625869 scopus 로고
    • Analyzing tables of statistical tests
    • Rice, W. R. (1989). Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43, 223-225.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 223-225
    • Rice, W.R.1
  • 101
    • 0346643560 scopus 로고
    • The temporomandibular joint: Upward force of the condyles on the cranium
    • Roydhouse, R. H. (1955). The temporomandibular joint: upward force of the condyles on the cranium. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 50, 166-172.
    • (1955) J. Am. Dent. Assoc. , vol.50 , pp. 166-172
    • Roydhouse, R.H.1
  • 103
    • 0344546344 scopus 로고
    • The fixation and stability of the teeth in the jaws with relation to their morphology
    • Selmer-Olson, R. (1949). The fixation and stability of the teeth in the jaws with relation to their morphology. Dent. Rec. 69, 322-334.
    • (1949) Dent. Rec. , vol.69 , pp. 322-334
    • Selmer-Olson, R.1
  • 104
    • 0017101340 scopus 로고
    • The nature of the transition in the dental mechanism from pongids to hominids
    • Simons, E. (1976). The nature of the transition in the dental mechanism from pongids to hominids. J. hum. Evol. 5, 511-528.
    • (1976) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.5 , pp. 511-528
    • Simons, E.1
  • 105
    • 0018383020 scopus 로고
    • Collagen fiber architecture in the periodontal ligament
    • Sloan, P. (1979). Collagen fiber architecture in the periodontal ligament. J. Roy. Soc. Med. 72, 188-191.
    • (1979) J. Roy. Soc. Med. , vol.72 , pp. 188-191
    • Sloan, P.1
  • 106
    • 0022759271 scopus 로고
    • A numerical model of temporomandibular joint loading
    • Smith, D. M., McLachlan, K. R. & McCall, W. D. (1986). A numerical model of temporomandibular joint loading. J. Dent. Res. 65, 1046-1052.
    • (1986) J. Dent. Res. , vol.65 , pp. 1046-1052
    • Smith, D.M.1    McLachlan, K.R.2    McCall, W.D.3
  • 107
    • 0010973561 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive basis of Neandertal facial form, with some thoughts on the nature of modern human origins
    • (E. Trinkaus, Ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Smith, F. H. & Paquette, S. P. (1989). The adaptive basis of Neandertal facial form, with some thoughts on the nature of modern human origins. In (E. Trinkaus, Ed.) The Emergence of Modern Humans, pp. 181-210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1989) The Emergence of Modern Humans , pp. 181-210
    • Smith, F.H.1    Paquette, S.P.2
  • 108
    • 0000316657 scopus 로고
    • The mechanics of mammalian jaws
    • Smith, J. M. & Savage, R. J. G. (1959). The mechanics of mammalian jaws. School Sci. Rev. 141, 289-301.
    • (1959) School Sci. Rev. , vol.141 , pp. 289-301
    • Smith, J.M.1    Savage, R.J.G.2
  • 109
    • 0018114998 scopus 로고
    • Mandibular biomechanics and temporomandibular joint function in primates
    • Smith, R. J. (1978). Mandibular biomechanics and temporomandibular joint function in primates. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 49, 341-350.
    • (1978) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.49 , pp. 341-350
    • Smith, R.J.1
  • 111
    • 0027314576 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in Neandertals and Inuits
    • Spencer, M. A. & Demes, A. B. (1993). Biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in Neandertals and Inuits. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 91, 1-20.
    • (1993) Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , vol.91 , pp. 1-20
    • Spencer, M.A.1    Demes, A.B.2
  • 113
    • 0001351313 scopus 로고
    • Electromyography of some muscles of the upper limb in Ateles and Lagothrix
    • Stern, J. T. Jr, Wells, J. P., Vangor, A. K. & Fleagle, J. G. (1977). Electromyography of some muscles of the upper limb in Ateles and Lagothrix. Yearb phys. Anthrop. 20, 498-502.
    • (1977) Yearb Phys. Anthrop. , vol.20 , pp. 498-502
    • Stern J.T., Jr.1    Wells, J.P.2    Vangor, A.K.3    Fleagle, J.G.4
  • 114
    • 0021521935 scopus 로고
    • Silent period in jaw elevator muscle activity during mastication
    • Stohler, C. S. & Ash, M. M. J. (1984). Silent period in jaw elevator muscle activity during mastication. J. Prosth. Dent. 52, 729-735.
    • (1984) J. Prosth. Dent. , vol.52 , pp. 729-735
    • Stohler, C.S.1    Ash, M.M.J.2
  • 116
    • 0021814687 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative calculations of temporomandibular joint reaction forces - 2. the importance of the direction of the jaw muscle forces
    • Throckmorton, G. S. (1985). Quantitative calculations of temporomandibular joint reaction forces - 2. The importance of the direction of the jaw muscle forces. J. Biomech. 18, 453-461.
    • (1985) J. Biomech. , vol.18 , pp. 453-461
    • Throckmorton, G.S.1
  • 117
    • 0021836749 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative calculations of temporomandibular joint reaction forces - I. The importance of the magnitude of the jaw muscle forces
    • Throckmorton, G. S. & Throckmorton, L. S. (1985). Quantitative calculations of temporomandibular joint reaction forces - I. The importance of the magnitude of the jaw muscle forces. J. Biomech. 18, 445-452.
    • (1985) J. Biomech. , vol.18 , pp. 445-452
    • Throckmorton, G.S.1    Throckmorton, L.S.2
  • 118
    • 0025443418 scopus 로고
    • Muscle activity patterns and control of temporomandibular joint loads
    • Throckmorton, G. S., Groshan, G. J. & Boyd, S. B. (1990). Muscle activity patterns and control of temporomandibular joint loads. J. Prosth. Dent. 63, 685-695.
    • (1990) J. Prosth. Dent. , vol.63 , pp. 685-695
    • Throckmorton, G.S.1    Groshan, G.J.2    Boyd, S.B.3
  • 119
    • 0000348180 scopus 로고
    • The Neandertal face: Evolutionary and functional perspectives on a recent hominid face
    • Trinkaus, E. (1987). The Neandertal face: evolutionary and functional perspectives on a recent hominid face. J. hum. Evol 16, 429-443.
    • (1987) J. Hum. Evol , vol.16 , pp. 429-443
    • Trinkaus, E.1
  • 120
    • 0026298340 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional analyses of human bite-force magnitude and moment
    • van Eijden, T. M. G. J. (1991). Three-dimensional analyses of human bite-force magnitude and moment. Arch. Oral Biol. 36, 535-539.
    • (1991) Arch. Oral Biol. , vol.36 , pp. 535-539
    • Van Eijden, T.M.G.J.1
  • 121
    • 0001672727 scopus 로고
    • Growth fields in the dentition of Peromyscus
    • van Valen, L. (1962). Growth fields in the dentition of Peromyscus. Evolution 16, 272-277.
    • (1962) Evolution , vol.16 , pp. 272-277
    • Van Valen, L.1
  • 122
    • 0001488835 scopus 로고
    • Functional anatomy of oral tissues: Mastication and deglutition
    • Q. H. Shaw, E. M. Sweeney, C. C. Cappuccino & S. M. Meller, Eds Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
    • Walker, A. C. (1978). Functional anatomy of oral tissues: mastication and deglutition. In Q. H. Shaw, E. M. Sweeney, C. C. Cappuccino & S. M. Meller, Eds) Textbook of Oral Biology, pp. 277-296. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
    • (1978) Textbook of Oral Biology , pp. 277-296
    • Walker, A.C.1
  • 123
    • 0024424322 scopus 로고
    • The functional significance of morphological variation of the human mandible and masticatory muscles
    • Weijs, W. A. (1989). The functional significance of morphological variation of the human mandible and masticatory muscles. Acta Morph. Neer. Scand. 27, 149-162.
    • (1989) Acta Morph. Neer. Scand. , vol.27 , pp. 149-162
    • Weijs, W.A.1
  • 124
    • 0001934639 scopus 로고
    • Variation in adult human jaw muscle size: Computer models predicting the biomechanical consequences of the variation
    • (Z. Davidovitch, Ed.) Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University College of Dentistry.
    • Weijs, W. A. & van Spronsen, P. (1992). Variation in adult human jaw muscle size: computer models predicting the biomechanical consequences of the variation. In (Z. Davidovitch, Ed.) The Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement and Craniofacial Adaptation, pp. 549-557. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University College of Dentistry.
    • (1992) The Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement and Craniofacial Adaptation , pp. 549-557
    • Weijs, W.A.1    Van Spronsen, P.2
  • 125
    • 0001326350 scopus 로고
    • Beams and machines: Modeling approaches to the analysis of skull form and function
    • (J. Hanken & B. K. Hall, Eds) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • Weishampel, D. B. (1993). Beams and machines: modeling approaches to the analysis of skull form and function. In (J. Hanken & B. K. Hall, Eds) The Skull: Volume 3, pp. 303-344. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1993) The Skull , vol.3 , pp. 303-344
    • Weishampel, D.B.1
  • 126
    • 0015149755 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysical investigation of bite force, parts I and II
    • Wennström, A. (1971). Psychophysical investigation of bite force, parts I and II. Svensk. Tandläk Förb. Tidn. 64, 807-827.
    • (1971) Svensk. Tandläk Förb. Tidn. , vol.64 , pp. 807-827
    • Wennström, A.1
  • 127
    • 0015324261 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysical investigation of bite force, parts III and IV
    • Wennström, A. (1972). Psychophysical investigation of bite force, parts III and IV. Svensk. Tandläk. Förb. Tidn. 65, 177-190.
    • (1972) Svensk. Tandläk. Förb. Tidn. , vol.65 , pp. 177-190
    • Wennström, A.1
  • 128
    • 0017072974 scopus 로고
    • A study of the fluid systems of the periodontium of macaque monkeys
    • Wills, D. J., Picton, D. C. A. & Davis, W. I. R. (1976). A study of the fluid systems of the periodontium of macaque monkeys. Arch. Oral Biol. 21, 175-185.
    • (1976) Arch. Oral Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 175-185
    • Wills, D.J.1    Picton, D.C.A.2    Davis, W.I.R.3
  • 129
    • 0000411365 scopus 로고
    • A theoretical approach to solve the chin problem
    • (D. J. Chivers, B. A. Wood & A. Bilsborough, Eds) New York: Plenum
    • Wolff, J. E. A. (1984). A theoretical approach to solve the chin problem. In (D. J. Chivers, B. A. Wood & A. Bilsborough, Eds) Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates, pp. 391-405. New York: Plenum.
    • (1984) Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates , pp. 391-405
    • Wolff, J.E.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.