The changing pattern of "smart" flow cytometry (S-FC) to assist the cost-effective diagnosis of HIV, tuberculosis, and leukemias in resource-restricted conditions

Biotechnology Journal

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 32-42

  Janossy, George ^a,b,c  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^c NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Childhood leukemia; Flow cytometry; HIV infection; Resource poor settings; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

CELL COUNTING; SMART FLOW CYTOMETRY;

BIOASSAY; BLOOD; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASES; TISSUE;

FLOW CYTOMETRY;

ANTILEUKEMIC AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CD38 ANTIGEN; CD45 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; GAMMA INTERFERON;

ACCURACY; BLOOD SAMPLING; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL COUNT; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GATED IMAGING; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; TUBERCULOSIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VIRUS LOAD;

CYTODIAGNOSIS; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; LEUKEMIA; TUBERCULOSIS;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

EID: 38849123549     PISSN: 18606768     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700200     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Herzenberg, L. A., Sweet, R. G., Fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Sci. Am. 1976, 234, 108-117.
2. Shapiro, H., Practical Flow Cytometry, 4th Edn., Wiley-Liss, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore 2003.
3. Keating, P., Cambrosio, A., Biomedical Platforms - Realigning the Normal and the Pathological in Late-Twentieth-Century Medicine. The MIT Press, Cambridge, London 2003.
4. Petti, C. A., Polage, C. R., Quinn, T. C., Ronald, A. R., Sande, M. A., Laboratory medicine in Africa: A barrier to effective health care. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 42, 377-382.
5. Myers, G. L., Kimberly, M. M., Waymack, P. P., Smith, S. J. et al., A reference method laboratory network for cholesterol: A model for standardization and improvement of clinical laboratory measurements. Clin. Chem. 2000, 46, 1762-1772.
6. Myers, G. L., Miller, W. G., Coresh, J., Fleming, J. et al., Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: A report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program. Clin. Chem. 2006, 52, 5-18.
7. Whitby, L., Granger, V., Stone, I., Goodfellow, K. et al., Quality control of CD4+T-lymphocyte enumeration: Results from the last 9 years of the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Immune Monitoring. Cytometry 2002, 50, 102-110.
8. Mandy, F., Bergeron, M., Houle, G., Bradley, J., Fahey, J., Impact of the international program for Quality Assessment and Standardization for Immunological Measures Relevant to HIV/AIDS: QASI. Cytometry 2002, 50, 111-116.
9. Howard, S. C., Campana, D., Coustan-Smith, E., Antillon, F. G. et al., Development of a regional flow cytometry center for diagnosis of childhood leukemia in Central America. Leukemia 2005, 19, 323-325.
10. Shapiro, H., Practical Flow Cytometry, 4th Edn., Wiley-Liss, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore 2003, pp. 277, 491.
11. Mandy, F., Nicholson, J., Autran, B., Janossy, G., T-cell subset counting and the fight against AIDS: Reflections over a 20-year struggle. Cytometry 2002, 50, 39-45.
12. Salzman, G. C., Crowell, J. M., Martin, J. C., Trujillo, T. T. et al., Cell classification by laser light scattering: Identification and separation of unstained leukocytes. Acta Cytol. 1975, 19, 374-377.
13. Loken, M. R., Brosnan, J. M., Bach, B. A., Ault, K. A., Establishing optimal lymphocyte gates for immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Cytometry 1990, 11, 453-459.
14. Glencross, D. K., Scott, L. E., Jani, I.V., Barnett, D., Janossy, G., CD45 assisted PanLeucogating for accurate, affordable dual platform CD4+T cell enumeration. Cytometry (Clin. Cytom.) 2002, 50, 69-77.
15. Hubl, W., Wolfbauer, G., Andert, S., Thum. G. et al., Toward a new reference method for the leukocyte five-part differential. Cytometry 1997, 30, 72-84.
16. Barry, S. M., Condez, A., Johnson, M. A., Janossy, G., Determination of bronchoalveolar lavage leukocyte populations by flow cytometry in patients investigated for respiratory disease. Cytometry 2002, 50, 291-297.
17. Ratei, R., Karawajew, L., Lacombe, F., Jagoda, K. et al., Discriminant function analysis as decision support system for the diagnosis of acute leukemia with a minimal four color screening panel and multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping. Leukemia 2007, 21, 1204-1211.
18. Pizzolo, G., Sloane, J., Beverley, P., Thomas, J. A. et al., Differential diagnosis of malignant lymphoma and nonlymphoid tumors using monoclonal anti-leucocyte antibody. Cancer 1980, 46, 2640-2647.
19. CDC, 1997 revised guidelines for performing CD4+ T-cell determinations in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). MMWR Recomm. Rep. 1997, 46, 1-29.
20. Schnizlein-Bick, C. T., Spritzler, J., Wilkening, C. L., Nicholson, J. K., O'Gorman, M. R., for NIAID DADS New Technologies Evaluation Group. Evaluation of TruCount Absolute-Count Tubes for Determining CD4 and CD8 Cell Numbers in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Adults. Clin. Diagn.. Immunol. 2000, 7, 336-343.
21. Glencross, D. K., Janossy, G., Coetzee, L. M., Lawrie, D. et al., Large-scale affordable panleucogated CD4+ testing with proactive internal- and external quality assessment - in support for the roll-out of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Africa, Clin. Cytom. 2008, 73B, in press DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b. 20384.
22. Pattanapanyasat, K., Shain, H., Noulsri, E., Lerdwana, S. et al., A multi-center evaluation of the PanLeucogating method and the use of genetic monoclonal antibody reagents for CD4 enumeration in HIV-infected patients in Thailand. Cytometry B Clin. Cytom. 2005, 65, 29-36.
23. Brando, B., Barnett, D., Janossy, G., Mandy, F. et al., Cytometric methods for assessing absolute numbers of cell subsets in blood. Cytometry 2000, 42, 327-346.
24. Sherman, G. G., Galpin, J. S., Patel, J. M., Mendelow, B. V., Glencross, D. K., CD4+ T cell enumeration in HIV infection with limited resources. J. Immunol. Methods 1999, 222, 209-217.
25. WHO - World Health Organization. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach - 2006 Revision, WHO, Geneva 2006, 132 pp., http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/artadultguidelines.pdf.
26. WHO, World Health Organization Antiretroviral Therapy of HIV Infection in Infants and Children in Resource-Limited Settings: Towards Universal Access. Recommendations for a Public Health Approach WHO, Geneva 2006. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/WHOpaediatric.pdf.
27. Janossy, G., Jani, I., Gohde, W., Affordable CD4(+) T-cell counts on 'single-platform' flow cytometers I. Primary CD4 gating. Br. J. Haematol. 2000, 111, 1198-1208.
28. Dieye, T. N., Vereecken, C., Diallo, A. A., Ondoa, P. et al., Absolute CD4 T-cell counting in resource-poor settings: Direct volumetric measurements versus bead-based clinical flow cytometry instruments. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 2005, 39, 32-37.
29. Scott, L. E., Glencross, D., Monitoring reproducibility of single analysis, single platform CD4 cell counts in a high volume, low resource laboratory setting using sequential bead count rates. Cytometry B Clin. Cytom. 2005, 67B, 31-32.
30. Janossy, G., Dried blood spot technology for CD4+ T-cell counting [Letter]. Lancet 2004, 363, 1074.
31. Glencross, D. K., Aggett, H. M., Stevens, W. S. Bergeron, M., Mandy, F., African Regional External Quality Assessment (AFREQAS) for CD4 T-Cell Enumeration: Development. Outcomes and Performance of Laboratories. Clin. Cytom. 2008, 73B, in press DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20391.
32. Douek, D. C., Picker, L. J., Koup, R. A., T cell dynamics in HIV-1 infection. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 2003, 21, 265-304.
33. Glencross, D. K., Janossy, G., Lawrie, D., Coetzee, L. et al., CD8/ CD38 activation yields important clinical information of effective anti-retroviral therapy (ART): Findings from the first year of the CIPRA-SA cohort. Clin. Cytom. 2008; 73B, in press DOT: 10.1002/cyto.b.20391.
34. Monceaux, V., Viollet, L., Petit, F., Fang, R. H. et al., CD8+ T Cell Dynamics during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques: Relationship of effector cell differentiation with the extent of viral replication. J. Immunol. 2005, 174, 6898-6908.
35. Liu, Z., Cumberland, W. G., Hultin, L. E., Kaplan, A. H. et al., CD8+ T-lymphocyte activation in HIV-1 disease reflects an aspect of pathogenesis distinct from viral burden and immunodeficiency. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 1998, 18, 332-340.
36. Lederman, M. M., Kalish, L. A., Asmuth, D., Fiebig, E. et al., 'Modeling' relationships among HIV-1 replication, immune activation and CD4+ T-cell losses using adjusted correlative analyses. Aids 2000, 14, 951-958.
37. Almeida, M., Cordero, M., Almeida, J., Orfao, A., Relationship between CD38 expression on peripheral blood T-cells and monocytes, and response to antiretroviral therapy: A one-year longitudinal study of a cohort of chronically infected ART-naive HIV-1+ patients. Cytometry B. Clin. Cytom. 2007, 72, 22-33.
38. Tilling, R., Kinloch, S., Goh, L. E., Cooper, D. et al., Parallel decline of CD8+/CD38++ T cells and viraemia in response to quadruple highly active antiretroviral therapy in primary HIV infection. Aids 2002, 16, 589-596.
39. Iyer, S. B., Hultin, L. E., Zawadzki, J. A., Davis, K. A., Giorgi, J. V. Quantitation of CD38 expression using QuantiBRITE beads. Cytometry 1998, 33, 206-212.
40. Zhang, J. Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Fu, J. L. et al., PD-1 up-regulation is correlated with HIV-specific memory CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in typical progressors but not in long-term non-progressors. Blood 2007, 109, 4671-4678.
41. Reimann, K. A., O'Gorman, M. R., Spritzler, J., Wilkening, C. A., et al., for NIAID DAIDS New Technologies Evaluation Group. Multisite Comparison of CD4 and CD8 T-Lymphocyte Counting by Single-versus Multiple-Platform Methodologies: Evaluation of Beckman Coulter Flow Count Fluorospheres and the tetraONE System. Clin. Diagnos. Immunol.. 2000, 7, 344-351.
42. Belles-Isles, M., Houde, I., Lachance, J. G., Noel, R. et al., Monitoring of cytomegalovirus infections by the CD8+ CD38+ T-cell subset in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1998, 65, 279-282.
43. Mazurek, G. H., Jereb, J., Lobue, P., Iademarco, M. F. et al., Guidelines for using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, United States. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2005, 54, 49-55.
44. Menzies, D., Pai, M., Comstock, G., Meta-analysis: New tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: Areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007, 146, 340-354.
45. Dinnes, J., Deeks, J., Kunst, H., Gibson, A. et al., A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of tuberculosis infection (www.hta.ac.uk), Health Technol. Assess. 2007, 11, 1.
46. Tesfa, L., Koch, F. W., Pankow, W., Volk, H. D., Kern, F., Confirmation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by flow cytometry after ex vivo incubation of peripheral blood T cells with an ESAT-6-derived peptide pool. Cytometry B Clin. Cytom. 2004, 60, 47-53.
47. Hughes, A. J., Hutchinson, P., Gooding, T., Freezer, N. J. et al., Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using ESAT-6 and intracellular cytokine cytometry. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2005, 142, 132-139.
48. Grant, R. M., Research in situ. Nat. Methods 2007, 4, 887-890.
49. Getahun, H., Harrington, M., O'Brien, R., Nunn, P., Diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in people with HIV infection or AIDS in resource-constrained settings: Informing urgent policy changes. Lancet 2007, 369, 2042-2049.
50. Lipman, M., Breen, H., Immune reconstitution inflaminatory syndrome in HIV. Curr. Opin. Infect Dis. 2006,19, 20-25.
51. Janossy, G., Barry, S. M., Breen, R. A. M., Hardy, G. A. et al., The role of clinical flow cytometry in the interferon-gamma based diagnosis of active tuberculosis and its coinfection with HIV-1 - a technically oriented review. Clin. Cytom. 2008, 73B, in press DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20381.
52. Schwander, S. K., Torres, M., Sada, E., Carranza, C. et al., Enhanced responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens by human alveolar lymphocytes during active pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Infect Dis. 1998, 178, 1434-1445.
53. Barry, S. M., Lipman, M. C., Bannister, B., Johnson, M. A., Janossy, G., Purified protein derivative-activated type 1 cytokine-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes in the lung: A characteristic feature of active pulmonary and nonpulmonary tuberculosis. J. Infect Dis. 2003, 187, 243-250.
54. Breen, R. A., Barry, S. M., Smith, C. J., Shorten, R. J. et al., The clinical application of a rapid lung-orientated TB immmunoassay in individuals with possible tuberculosis. Thorax, in press DOI: 10.1136/thx.2007.078857.
55. Breen, R. A., Hardy, G. A., Perrin, F. M., Lear, S. et al., Rapid immunodiagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis using induced sputum in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. PLoS ONE 2007, in press.
56. Breen, R., A., Janossy, G., Barry, S. M., Cropley, I. et al., Detection of mycobacterial antigen responses in lung but not blood in HIV-tuberculosis co-infected subjects. Aids 2006, 20, 1330-1332.
57. Steingart, K. R., Henry, M., Ng, V., Hopewell, P. C. et al., Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: A systematic review Lancet Infect. Dis. 2006, 6, 570-581.
58. Shapiro, H. M., Perlmutter, N. G., Killer' applications: Towards affordable rapid cell-based diagnostics for malaria and tuberculosis, Clin. Cytom. B 2008, 73B, in press.
59. Streitz, M., Tesfa, L., Yildirim, V., Yahyazadeh, A. et al., Loss of receptor on tuberculin-reactive T-cells marks active pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS ONE 2007, 2, e735, DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0000735.
60. Coustan-Smith, E., Ribeiro, R. C., Stow, P., Zhou, Y. et al., A simplified flow cytometric assay identifies children with ALL who have a superior clinical outcome. Blood 2006, 108, 97-102.
61. Ribeiro, R. C., Pui, C. H., Saving the children - improving childhood cancer treatment in developing countries. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352, 2158-2160.
62. Campana, D., Coustan-Smith, E., Advances in the immunological monitoring of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 2002, 15, 1-19.
63. Vidriales, M. B., San-Miguel, J. F., Orfao, A., Coustan-Smith, E., Campana, D., Minimal residual disease monitoring by flow cytomelry. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 2003, 16, 599-612.
64. Martinez, A., San Miguel, J. F., Vidriales, M. B., Ciudad, J. et al., An abnormal CD34+ myeloid/CD34+ lymphoid ratio at the end of chemotherapy predicts relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cytometry 1999, 38, 70-75.
65. Ciudad, J., San Miguel, J. F., Lopez-Berges, M. C., Garcia Marcos, M. A. et al., Detection of abnormalities in B-cell differentiation pattern is a useful tool to predict relapse in precursor-B-ALL. Br. J. Haematol. 1999, 104, 695-705.
66. Greaves, M., Janossy, G., Patterns of gene expression and the cellular origins of human leukaemias. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1978, 516, 193-230.
67. Loken, M. R., Shah, V. O., Dattilio, K. L., Civin, C. I., Flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow. II. Normal B lymphocyte development. Blood 1987, 70, 1316-1324.
68. Miller, D. R., Coccia, P. F., Bleyer, W. A., Early response to induction therapy as a predictor of disease-free survival and late recurrence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 1989, 7, 1807-1815.
69. Sandlund, J. T., Harrison, P, L., Rivera, G. et al., Persistence of lymphoblasts in bone marrow on day 15 and days 22 to 25 of remission induction predicts a dismal treatment outcome in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2002, 100, 43-47.
70. Howard, S. C., Pedrosa, M., Lins, M., Pedrosa, A. et al., Establishment of a pediatric oncology program and outcomes of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a resource-poor area. JAMA 2004, 291, 2471-2475.
71. Janossy, G., Jani, I. V., Kahan, M., Barnett, D. et al., Precise CD4 T-cell counting using red diode laser excitation: For richer, for poorer. Cytometry 2002, 50, 78-85.
72. Janossy, G., Jani, I. V., Bradley, N. J., Bikoue, A. et al.. Affordable CD4(+)-T-cell counting by flow cytometry: CD45 gating for volumetric analysis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2002, 9, 1085-1094.
73. Perfetto, S. P., Chattopadhyay, P. K., Roederer, M., Seventeen-colour flow cytometry: Unravelling the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2004, 4, 648-655.
74. Perfetto, S. P., Ambrozak, D., Nguyen, H., Chattopadhyay, P., Roederer, M., Quality assurance for polychromatic flow cytometry. Nat. Protoc. 2006, 1, 1522-1530.
75. Teixeira, P. R., Vitoria, M. A., Barcarole, J., Antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: The Brazilian experience. J. AIDS 2004, 18, S5-S7.
76. Spacek, L. A., Shihab, H. M., Lutwama, F., Summerton, J. et al., Evaluation of a low-cost method the Guava EasyCD4 assay to enumerate CD4+ counts in HIV-infected patients in the USA and Uganda. J. AIDS 2006, 41, 607-610.
77. Ymeti, A., Li, X., Lunter, B., Breukers, C. et al., A single platform image cytometer for resource-poor settings to monitor disease progression in HIV infection. Cytometry A 2007, 73A, 132-142.
78. Didier, J. M., Kazatchkine, M. D., Demouchy, C., Moat, C. et al.. Comparative assessment of five alternative methods for CD4+ T-lymphocyte enumeration for implementation in developing countries. J. AIDS 2001, 26, 193-195.