Market institutions and urban food supply in West and Southern Africa: A review

Progress in Development Studies

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 115-134

  Porter, Gina ^a   Lyon, Fergus ^b   Potts, Deborah ^c  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b MIDDLESEX UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Africa; Food; Institutions; Markets; Traders; Urbanization

Indexed keywords

FINANCIAL PROVISION; FOOD MARKET; FOOD SUPPLY; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; LITERATURE REVIEW; POLICY MAKING; REGULATORY APPROACH; URBAN AREA; URBANIZATION;

AFRICA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA;

EID: 38749117216     PISSN: 14649934     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/146499340600700203     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. Adubi, A. 1996: Food Marketing Systems in Lagos FAO Programme "Food supply and distribution to cities" Food into Cities Collection EC/04-9.
2. Alexander, J. and Alexander, P. 1991: What's a Fair Price? Price-setting and Trading Partnerships in Javanese Markets'. Man 26, 439 - 512.
3. Amanoo, E. 1975: Internal Marketing Systems for Basic Food Stuffs, and Government Involvement in the Central Region of Ghana (1970-73). I.S.S. Occasional Paper No. 50, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands.
4. Anthonio, Q.B.O. 1968: The Marketing of Staple Foodstuffs in Nigeria: A Study of Pricing Efficiency. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of London.
5. Anyanwu, R.C. and Jukes, D.J. 1991: Food Systems and Food Control in Nigeria. Food Policy 16, 112 - 26.
6. Ardener, S. and Burman, S., editors, 1995: MoneygoGRounds: Women's Use of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations. Berg.
7. Aryeetey, E. BorteiDoku and Aryeetey, E. 1996: Operation, Utilisation and Change in Rotating Susu Savings in Ghana. Technical Publication no. 59. Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana.
8. Asante, E.O., Bruce, P.A. and Appiah, F. 1997: Effective Agricultural Marketing System in Ghana: Main Report. Report prepared for the Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Accra, December 1997.
9. Ariyo, J. Ayodele, Voh, J.P. and Ahmed, B. 2001: Long-term Change in Food Provisioning and Marketing in the Kano Region, 1960-2000. Drylands Research Working Paper no. 34.
10. Bernstein, H. 1996: The Political Economy of the Maize Filiere [South Africa]. Journal of Peasant Studies, 23, 120 - 45.
11. Bhaduri, A. 1986: Forced Commerce and Agrarian Growth. World Development 14, 267 - 72.
12. Bowyer-Bower, T. and Smith, D. 1997: The Needs of the Urban Poor versus Environmental Conservation: Conflict in Urban Africa. Research Report R5946. Department for International Development.
13. Brand, V. 1986: One Dollar Workplaces: A Study of Informal Sector Activities in Magaba, Harare. Journal of Social Development in Africa 1, 53 - 74.
14. Briggs, J. 1991: The Peri-urban Zone of Dar-es-Salaam: Recent Trends and Changes in Agricultural Land Use. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 16, 319 - 31.
15. Brocklesby, M.A. and Ega. L. 2001: Towards a Livelihood Strategy for Benue State: Issues and Recommendations. Draft repor t prepared for Department for International Development Nigeria.
16. Bryceson, D. 1987: A Century of Food Supply in Dar es Salaam: From Sumptuous Suppers for the Sultan to Maize Meal for a Million. In Guyer, J., editor, Feeding African Cities. Manchester University Press.
17. Bryceson, D. 1992: Urban Bias Revisited: Staple Food Pricing in Tanzania. European Journal of Development Research 4, 82 - 106.
18. Bryceson, D. 1993: Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade: The Public and Private Faces of Urban Marketing Policy 1939-88. London: James Currey ; Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota ; United States and Canada: Heinemann.
19. Chang, H.-J. 2005: ' Understanding the Relationship between Institutions and Economic Development - Some Theoretical Issues '. Paper presented to the WIDER jubilee conference, 17-18 June 2005, Helsinki.
20. Chapman, R., Blench, R., Kranjac-Berisavljevic and Zakariah, A. 2003: The Power of Radio, Id 21 Society and Economy: www.id21.
21. Chimbowu, A. and Gumbo, D. 1993: Urban Agricultural Research in East and Southern Africa II: Record, Capacities and Opportunities. International Development Research Centre, Cities Feeding People, Series Report 4.
22. Chizuni, J.M. 1994: Food Policies and Food Security in Zambia. Nordic Journal of African Studies 3, 46 - 52.
23. Chomba, G., Mbozi, G., Mundia, D., Simpamba, M., Mwiinga, B., Donovan, C., and Mushingwani, S. 2002: Improving the Transfer and Use of Agricultural Market Information in Zambia: A User Needs Assessment. Food Security Research Project Working Paper No. 6, Lusaka, Zambia (http://www.aec.msu.edu/agecon/fs2/ zambia/index.htm) (last accessed May 2004).
24. Clark, G. 1994: Onions are my Husband: Survival and Accumulation by West African Market Women. University of Chicago Press.
25. Clark, J. 2000: 'Participation for Positive Change: A Case Study of Intra-city Relationships in Bulawayo. Unpublished paper www.sit.edu/ publications/docs/ops03csbulawayo/pdf
26. Clough, P. 1981: Farmers and Traders in Hausaland. Development and Change 12, 273 - 92.
27. Clough, P. 1985: ' The Social Relations of Grain Marketing in Northern Nigeria '. Review of African Political Economy 34, 16 - 35.
28. Copestake, J. 1998: Business Development, Social Security or Patronage? Zambia's Agricultural Credit Management Programme. Centre for Development Studies, University of Bath, Working Paper. http://www.bath.ac.uk/∼hssjgc/ james.html (last accessed May 2004)
29. Department for International Development (DfID) 2004: Making Agricultural Markets Work for the Poor. Working paper for the Renewable Natural Resources and Agriculture team, Department for International Development Policy Division.
30. Delgado, C.L. 1986: A Variance Components Approach to Food Grain Market Integration in Northern Nigeria. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 68, 970 - 79.
31. Dembele, N.N., Tefft, J.F. and Staatz, J.M. 2000: Mali's Market Information System: Innovative Evolution in Support of a Dynamic Private Sector. Policy Synthesis for Cooperating USAID offices and Country Missions, no. 56, December 2000.
32. Dennis, C. 1987: Women and the State in Nigeria: The Case of the Federal Military Government 1984-85. In Afshar, H., editor, Women, State and Ideology: Studies from Africa and Asia. Macmillan, 13 - 27.
33. Dennis, C. and Peprah, E. 1995: Coping with Transition: Techiman Market, Ghana. Gender and Development 3, 43 - 8.
34. Dorward, A. and Kydd, J. 2004: The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge. Journal of Modern African Studies 42, 343 - 61.
35. Dorward, A., Poole, N., Morrison, J., Kydd, J. and Urey, I. 2003: Markets, Institutions and Technology: Missing Links in Livelihood Analysis. Development Policy Review 21, 319 - 32.
36. Dorward, A., Kydd, J., Morrison, J. and Poulton, C. 2005: Institutions, Markets and Economic Coordination: Linking Development Policy to Theory and Praxis. Development and Change 36, 1 - 25.
37. Drakakis-Smith, D. and Kivell, P.T. 1990: Urban Food Distribution and Household Consumption: A Study of Harare. In Dawson, J.A., Findlay, A. and Paddison, R., editors, Retailing Environments in Developing Countries. Routledge, 156 - 80.
38. Drescher, Axel W. 1997: Urban Agriculture in the Seasonal Tropics of Central Southern Africa: A Case Study of Lusaka/Zambia. City Farmer, Canada's Office of Urban Agriculture. www.cityfarmer.org/axelB.htmlaxel (last accessed May 2004)
39. Ejembi, E.P., Ayoola, J.B., Achamber, N.I., Ogwuche, A.I., Liman, A.N. and Abu, G.A. 2001: Agricultural Commodity Marketing in Benue State: A Pilot Study. Report for University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Improved Farmer Participation in Research and Extension in Benue.
40. Ellis, F. and Sumberg, J. 1998: Food Production, Urban Areas and Policy Responses. World Development 26, 213 - 25.
41. Fafchamps, M. 2001: Traders and Agricultural Markets in Benin and Malawi. Research summary 2001, Centre for the study of African economies. pp. 36 - 39.
42. Fafchamps, M. and Minten, Y. 1999: Relationships and Traders in Madagascar. Journal of Development Studies 35, 1 - 35.
43. Farrington, J. and Saasa, O. 2002: Drivers for Change in Zambian Agriculture: Defining What Shapes the Policy Environment. London and Lusaka, Report to Department for International Development, Contract DCP/ZAM/019/2002, December 2002.
44. Financial Times 2003: ' Special Report: Nigeria '. 10 June 2003.
45. Gabre-Madhin, E.Z. 2001: Market Institutions, Transaction Costs, and Social Capital in the Ethiopian Grain Market. Research Report 124. International Food Policy Research Institute Washington, D.C.
46. Galtier, F. and Egg, J. 1998: From Price Reporting systems to variable geometry oriented market information services. Paper presented at the 57th EAAE Seminar, 23-26 September, Wageningen,.
47. Gamser, M. 2001: Crossfire. Small Enterprise Development, 12, 4 - 6.s
48. Giovannucci, D., Sterns, P., Eustrom, M. and Haantuba, H. 2001: The Impact of Improved Grades and Standards For Agricultural Products in Zambia. Report No. 3. East Lansing: Michigan State University and United States Agency for International Development, PFID-F&V.
49. Govereh, J., Nyoro, J. and Jayne, T. S. (1999) Smallholder Commercialization, Interlinked Markets and Food Crop Productivity: Cross-country Evidence in East and Southern Africa. Department of Agricultural Economics and Department of Economics, Michigan State University.
50. Graham, S. 1998: Conceptualizing Space, Place and Information Technology. Progress in Human Geography 22, 165 - 85.
51. Granovetter, M. 1985: Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91, 481 - 510.
52. Granovetter, M. 1994: Business Groups. In Smelser, N.J. and Swedburg, R., editors, The Handbook of Economic Sociology. Princeton University Press, 454 - 75.
53. Grieco, M., Apt, N. and Turner, J. 1996: At Christmas and on Rainy Days: Transport, Travel and the Female Traders of Accra. Ashgate.
54. Guyer, J.I. 1997: An African Niche Economy: Farming to Feed Ibadan 1968-88. Edinburgh University Press.
55. Guyer, J.I. and Hansen, K. Tranberg 2001: Introduction: Markets in Africa in a New Era. Africa 71, 197 - 201.
56. Harrigan, J. 1991: Malawi. In Harrigan, J., Mosley, P. and Toye, J., editors, Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-Based Lending, volume 2. Routledge, 201 - 69.
57. Harrigan, J. 2003: U-turns and Full Circles: Two Decades of Agricultural Reform in Malawi 1981-2000. World Development 31, 847 - 63.
58. Havers, M. 2001: From the Chair. Small Enterprise Development 12, 2 - 3.
59. Hawkey, S. 2002: Mobile Phones can Improve the Lives of Rural Poor People. Appropriate Technology 29, 48 - 49.
60. Hodgson, G. 1988: Economics and Institutions: A Manifesto for a Modern Institutional Economics. Polity Press.
61. Holtzman, J.S., Abbott, R. and Martin, G. 1988: Operational Guidelines for Rapid Appraisal of Agricultural Marketing Systems. Abt Associates.
62. Horn, N. 1994: Cultivating Customers: Market Women in Harare, Zimbabwe. Lynne Rienner.
63. House-Midamba, B. and Ekechi, F., editors, 1995: African Market Women and Economic Power: The Role of Women in African Economic Development. Greenwood Press.
64. Hughes, A. 2000: Retailers, Knowledges and Changing Commodity Networks: The Case of the Cut Flower Trade. Geoforum 31, 175 - 90.
65. Hughes, A. 2001: Global Commodity Networks, Ethical Trade and Governmentality: Organizing Business Responsibility in the Kenyan Cut Flower Industry. Area 26, 390 - 406.
66. Iyenda, G. 2003: Urban Poverty and Households' Livelihoods: Sociological Study of Strategies for Development of Congolese Cities. PhD dissertation. Royal Holloway London.
67. Izugbara, C. O. 2004: Gendered Micro-lending Schemes and Sustainable Women's Empowerment in Nigeria. Community Development Journal 39, 72 - 84.
68. Jackson, P., Russell, P. and Ward, N. 2003: Commodity Chains: A Chaotic Conception. Paper presented at the Royal Geographical Society/Institute of British Geographers annual conference, 3 September 2003, London.
69. James, J. 2000: Pro-poor Modes of Technical Integration into the Global Economy. Development and Change 31, 765 - 83.
70. Jayne, T.S., Govereh, J., Wanzala, M. and Demeke, M. 2003: Fertiliser Market Development: A Comparative Analysis of Ethiopia, Kenya and Zambia. Food Policy 28, 293 - 316.
71. Jones, J. H., Harford, N., Sakyi-Dawson, O. and Sey, A. 1997: Financial Service Provision and Financial Service Needs in the Ghanaian RNR Sector. Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Department, University of Reading.
72. Jones, W.O. 1968: The Structure of Staple Food Marketing in Nigeria as Revealed by Price Analysis. Food Research Institute Studies 8, 95 - 123.
73. Kydd, J., Dorward, A., Morrison, J. and Cadisch, G. 2004: Agricultural Development and Pro-poor Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Potential and Policy. Oxford Development Studies 32, 37 - 57.
74. le Clus, K. and Mwale, J. 2004: Development Plan for the Zambian Maize Market, ZAMTIE in Conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives and Zambian National Farmers' Union, Lusaka.
75. Levin, C.E., Ruel, M.T., Morris, S., Maxwell, D.G., Armar-Klemesu, M. and Ahiadeke, C. 1999: Working Women in an Urban Setting: Traders, Vendors and Food Security in Accra. World Development 27, 1977 - 91.
76. Love, R. 2001: The Ethiopian Coffee Filiere and its Institutions: Cui Bono? Review of African Political Economy 88, 225 - 40.
77. Lyon, F. 1999: Group Enterprises, Co-operatives and Associations: Their Functioning and Sustainability in Rural Ghana. Report prepared for Department for International Development, Crop Post Harvest Programme.
78. Lyon, F. 2000a: Trust, Networks and Norms: The Creation of Social Capital in Agricultural Economies in Ghana. World Development 28, 663 - 82.
79. Lyon, F. 2000b: Trust and Power in Farmer-Trader Relations: A Study of Small-scale Vegetable Production and Marketing Systems in Ghana. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Durham, UK.
80. Lyon, F. 2001: ' Urban Marketing of Vegetables on the Jos Plateau '. Appendix 5 in G Porter: Rural Access Issues and the Supply of Urban Food Markets in Nigeria: Focus on Market Access for Small Holder Vegetable Production on the Jos Plateau. Final Technical Report to DFID, May 2001.
81. Lyon, F. 2003: Trader Associations and Urban Food Systems in Ghana: Institutionalist Approaches to Understanding Urban Collective Action. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27, 11 - 23.
82. Lyon, F., Awiti-Kuffour, S. and Warburton, H. 1998: Post Harvest Operations and Marketing of Tomatoes. In Afful, F. and Henkes, C., editors, Analysis of Post Harvest and Marketing Systems of Yams and Tomatoes in Ghana. GTZ/FAO, 126 - 67.
83. Macmillan, H. 2005: An African Trading Empire: the Story of Susman Brothers & Wulfsohn, 1901-2005. I.B. Tauris.
84. Mather, C. and Greenberg, S. 2003: Market Liberalisation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Restructuring of Citrus Exports after 'Deregulation'. Journal of Southern African Studies 29, 333 - 53.
85. Mbiba, B. 1995: Urban Agriculture in Zimbabwe: Implications for Urban Management, Urban Economy, the Environment, Poverty and Gender. Avebury.
86. Mbiba, B. 2000: Urban Agriculture in Harare: Between Suspicion and Repression. In Bakker, N., Dubbeling, M., Günder, S., Sabel-Koschella, U. and de Zeeuw, H., editors, Growing Cities, Growing Food: Urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda: A Reader on Urban Agriculture. Feldafing: Deutsche Stiftung für International Entwicklung (DSE), Food and Agriculture Development Centre.
87. Meagher, K. 2005: Social Capital or Analytical Liability? Social Networks and African Informal Economies. Global Networks 5, 217 - 38.
88. Mlozi, M. 1996: Urban Agriculture in Dar: Its Contribution to Solving the Economic Crisis and the Damage it does to the Environment. Development Southern Africa 13, 47 - 65.
89. Mobile Africa 2005: Hi-tech Cell Phones help Africans Trade Crops. http://www.mobileafrica.net/newsafrica.php?id=49405/07/2005. (last accessed 17 August 2005).
90. Moll, H.A.J. and Dietvorst, D.C.E. 1999: Cattle marketing in Zambia, 1965-1995: Policies, Institutions and Cattle Owners in Western Province. In van der Laan, H.L., Dijkstra, T. and van Tilberg, A., editors, Agricultural Marketing in Tropical Africa: Contributions from the Netherlands. Ashgate, pp. 185 - 204.
91. Mortimore, M.J. 1979: The Supply of Urban Foodstuffs in Northern Nigeria. In Coppock, J.T., editor, Agriculture and Food Supply in Developing Countries. Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh, pp. 45 - 66.
92. Moser, C. and Holland, J. 1997: Household Responses to Poverty and Vulnerability Volume 4: Confronting Crisis in Chawama, Lusaka. Nairobi: Urban management programme Policy Paper; 24. United Nations Centre for Human Settlement (Habitat), UMP Technical Cooperation Division.
93. Mosley, P. 1987: ' The Development of Food Supplies to Salisbury (Harare) '. In Guyer, J., editor, Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional History. Manchester University Press for the International African Institute, 203 - 24.
94. Mupedziswa, R., and Gumbo, P. 1998: Structural Adjustment and Women Informal Sector Trades in Harare, Zimbabwe. Research Report no. 106. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala.
95. Mwanaumo, A. 1999: Agricultural Marketing Policy Reforms in Zambia. Workshop on agricultural transformation in Africa, 27-30 June 1999, Nairobi, Kenya.
96. Mwanaumo, A., Masters, W., and Preckel, P. 1997: A Spatial Analysis of Maize Marketing Policy Reforms in Zambia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 779, pp. 514 - 32.
97. Mwiinga, B., Nijhoff, J.J., Jayne, T.S., Tembo, G. and Shaffer, J. 2002: The Role of Mugaiwa in Promoting Household Food Security: Why it Matters Who Gets Access to Government Maize Imports. Policy Synthesis no. 5, Food Security Research Project - Zambia. www.aec.msu.edu/agecon/fs2/zambia/index.htm (last accessed May 2004)
98. Natural Resources Institute (NRI) 1995: Nigeria Benue State Baseline Information and Renewable Natural Resources Briefing Study. Unpublished report prepared for ODA by NRI Chatham April 1995.
99. Nelson, N. 1997: How Men and Women Got By and Still Get By, Only Not So Well: The Gender Division of Labour in a Nairobi Shanty-town. In Gugler, J., editor, Cities in the Developing World. Oxford University Press.
100. North, D.C. 1990: Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press.
101. Nigerian Marketing Network. 2005: Investigations on Building a Food Marketing Policy Evidence Base in Nigeria. Briefing report, November 2005. www.dur.ac.uk/nigerian.marketing (last accessed 27 June 2007)
102. Nijhoff, J.J., Tembo, G., Shaffer, J., Jayne, T.S. and Shawa, J. 2003: How Will the Proposed Crop Marketing Authority Affect Food Market Performance in Zambia: An Ex Ante Assessment to Guide Government Deliberation. Working Paper no. 7, Food Security Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia.
103. Nijhoff, J.J., Jayne, T.S., Mwiinga, B. and Shaffer, J. 2002: Markets Need Predictable Government Actions to Function Effectively: The Case of Importing Maize in Times of Deficit. Policy Synthesis no. 6, Food Security Research Project - Zambia, MACO, ACF, MSU.
104. Nikoi, G. 1996: The Experiences of Rural Banks in Enterprise Credit: Akuapem Rural Bank Case Study. In Aryeetey, E., editor, Small Enterprise Credit in West Africa. The British Council/ Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Legon.
105. Nissanke, M. and Aryeetey, E. 1998: Financial Integration and Development: Liberalisation and Reform in Sub Saharan Africa. Routledge Studies in Development Economics 11.
106. Okali, D., Okpara, E. and Olawoye, J. 2001: The Case of Aba and its Region, Southeastern Nigeria. Working Paper 4. International Institute for Environment and Development Working Paper Series on Rural-urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies.
107. Olayemi, J.K. 1974: Food Marketing and Distribution in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects. Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research.
108. Olofin, E., Fereday, N., Ibrahim, A.T., Shehu, A.T., Adamu, M.A. and Orchard, J.E. 1998: Assessment of Horticultural Farming Systems used by Resource-poor Groups in Urban and Peri-urban Environments in Kano, Nigeria. Natural Resources Institute.
109. Onah, N., Lamboll, R. Udeh, E. and Orchard, J. 1998: Assessment of Horticultural Farming Systems used by Resource-poor Groups in Urban and Peri-urban Environments in Enugu, Nigeria. Natural Resources Institute.
110. Onyemelukwe, J.O.C. 1970: Aspects of Staple Foods Trade in Onitsha Market. Nigerian Geographical Journal 12, 121 - 39.
111. Orchard, J., Fereday, N., Lamboll, R. and Schippers, R. 1998: Assessment of Horticultural Farming Systems used by Resource-poor Groups in Urban and Periurban Environments in sub-Saharan Africa. Natural Resources Institute.
112. Osirim, M.J. 1994: Women, Work and Public Policy: Structural Adjustment and the Informal Sector in Zimbabwe. In Kalipeni, E., editor, Population Growth and Environmental Degradation in Southern Africa. Lynne Rienner.
113. Oygard, R., Garcia, R., Guttormsen, A.G., Kachule, R., Manaumo, A., Mwanawina, I., Sjaastad, E. and Wik, M. 2003: ' The Maze of Maize: Improving Input and Output Market Access for Poor Smallholders in Southern African Region: The Experience of Zambia and Malawi '. Agricultural university of Norway, Dept of economics and resource management, report no. 26.
114. Peters, P.E. 2006: Rural Income and Poverty in a Time of Radical Change in Malawi. Journal of Development Studies 42 (2), 322 - 45.
115. Pletcher, J. 2000: ' The Politics of Liberalizing Zambia's Maize Markets '. World Development 28 (1), 129 - 42.
116. Ponte, S. 2002: Farmers and Markets in Tanzania. Oxford: James Currey.
117. Porter, G. 1990: Retailing in Northern Nigeria: Patterns of Continuity and Change. In Findlay, A.M., Paddison, R. and Dawson, J.A. editors, Retailing Environments in Developing Countries. Routledge.
118. Porter, G. 1994: ' Food Marketing and Urban Food Supply on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: A Comparison of Large and Small Producer Strategies under "SAP"". Journal of Developing Areas 29, 91 - 110.
119. Porter, G. 1995: ' The Impact of Road Construction on Women's Trade in Rural Nigeria'. Journal of Transport Geography 3 (1), 3 - 14.
120. Porter, G. 1999: ' Final Technical Report: Access to Market Opportunities in Ghana's Off-road Communities '. Report to the UK Department for International Development, May 1999.
121. Porter, G. 2001: ' Rural Access Issues and the Supply of Urban Food Markets in Nigeria: Focus on Market Access for Smallholder Vegetable Producers on the Jos Plateau '. Final Technical Report to the UK Department for International Development, May 2001.
122. Porter, G. 2002: Living in a Walking World: Rural Morality and Social Equality Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development 30 (2), 285 - 300.
123. Porter, G., Harris, F., Lyon, F., Dung, J. and Adepetu, A.A. 2003: Markets, Ethnicity and Environment in a Vulnerable Landscape: The Case of Small-scale Vegetable Production on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, 1991-2001. Geographical Journal 169, 370 - 81.
124. Porter, G. and Lyon, F. 2006: Groups as a Means or an End? Discourses around Social Capital and the Promotion of Cooperation in Ghana. Society and Space 24, 249 - 62.
125. Potts, D. 2005: ' Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and Implications'. Urban Studies 42 (4), 583 - 609.
126. Potts, D. 2006: ' "Restoring Order"? The Interrelationships between Operation Murambatsvina in Zimbabwe and Urban Poverty, Informal Housing and Employment '. Journal of South African Studies 32 (2), 273 - 91.
127. Preston-Whyte, E. and Rogerson, C., editors, 1991: South Africa's Informal Economy. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
128. Rakodi, C. 1985: 'Self-reliance or Survival?: Food Production in African Cities with Particular Reference to Zambia '. African Urban Studies 21, 53 - 63.
129. Rammohan, K.T. and Sundaresan, R. 2003: ' Socially Embedding the Commodity Chain: An Exercise in Relation to Coir Yarn Spinning in Southern India '. World Development 31 (5), 903 - 23.
130. Rathgeber, E. and Ofwona Adera, E., editors, 2000: Gender and the Information Revolution in Africa. International Development Research Centre.
131. Republic of Zambia 2001: MAFF Agricultural Commercialisation Programme 2002-2005, MAFF, Lusaka.
132. RWA International Ltd 2003: ' Economic Expansion in Outlying Areas '. Programme completion report. Ripon, January 2003
133. Sanyal, B. 1985: ' Urban Agriculture: Who Cultivates and Why? A Case Study of Lusaka, Zambia '. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 3 (7), 15 - 24.
134. Schreiner, H. 1999: ' Rural Women, Development, and Telecommunications: A Pilot Programme in South Africa '. Gender and Development 7 (2), 64 - 70.
135. Seshamani, V. 1998: ' The Impact of Market Liberalisation on Food Security in Zambia '. Food Policy 23 (6), 539 - 51.
136. Sheldon, K., editor, 1996: Courtyards, Markets, City Streets: Urban Women in Africa. Boulder: Westview Press.
137. Shepherd, A. 1997: Market Information Systems. AGS Bulletin. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organisation.
138. Smith, D.W. 1998: ' Urban Food Systems and the Poor in Developing Countries '. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 23, 207 - 19.
139. Smith, H. M. and Luttrell, M.E. 1994: Cartels in an "Nth-Best" World: The Wholesale Foodstuff Trade in Ibadan, Nigeria '. World Development 22 (3), 323 - 35.
140. Smith, J. 1989: ' The Transport and Marketing of Horticultural Crops by Communal Farmers into Harare '. Geographical Journal of Zimbabwe 20, 1 - 13.
141. Southern African Regional Poverty Network, Overseas Development Institute and Food and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network 2006: ' Reforming Maize Markets and Regional Food Security '. Civil Society and Regional Food Security, Policy Brief no. 6; March 13.
142. Stringfellow, R. 1996: Smallholder Outgrower Schemes in Zambia. UK Natural Resources Institute.
143. Sudarkasa, N. 1973: ' Where Women Work: A Study of Yoruba Women in the Marketplace and in the Home '. Michigan: University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Anthropological Papers, No 53.
144. Thodey, A.R. 1968: Marketing of Staple Food in Western Nigeria (3 vols). Menlo Park, California: Stanford Research Institute.
145. Trager, L. 1981a: ' Customers and Creditors: Variations in Economic Personalism in a Nigerian Marketing System '. Ethnology 20 (2), 133 - 46.
146. Trager, L. 1981b: ' Yoruba Market Organisation: A Regional Analysis '. African Urban Studies 10, 43 - 58.
147. Tripp, A.M. 1997: Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania. Berkeley: University of California Press.
148. VSAID, 2001: A Draft National Policy on Small and Medium Enterprise Development in Nigeria. October 2001, Abuja.
149. Vigo, A.H.S. 1965: A Survey of Agricultural Credit in the Northern Region of Nigeria. Kaduna: Northern Nigeria Ministry of Agriculture.
150. Wan, M.Y. 2001: ' Secrets of Success: Uncertainty, Profits and Prosperity in the Gari Economy of Ibadan, 1992-94 '. Africa 71 (2), 225 - 52.
151. Watts, M. 1987: ' Brittle Trade: A Political Economy of Food Supply in Kano '. In Guyer, I., editor, Feeding African Cities: Studies in Regional Social History. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 55 - 111.