Established and new treatments of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: Dermatomyositis and polymyositis

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 896-906

  Pipitone, Nicolò ^a   Salvarani, Carlo ^a  

^a S MARIA NUOVA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Adalimumab; Etanercept; Glucocorticoids; Immunosuppressive agents; Infliximab; Myositis; Rituximab

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; CHLORAMBUCIL; CREATINE; CREATINE KINASE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; ETANERCEPT; FOLINIC ACID; FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLIXIMAB; LEFLUNOMIDE; MESSENGER RNA; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MUSCLE ENZYME; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RITUXIMAB; STEROID; TACROLIMUS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTISYNTHETASE SYNDROME; ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BACTEREMIA; CANDIDIASIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOPENIA; DERMATOMYOSITIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ENZYME BLOOD LEVEL; ESOPHAGITIS; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; GENE EXPRESSION; HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; INFECTION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MUSCLE BIOPSY; MUSCLE EXERCISE; MYCOBACTERIOSIS; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT MONITORING; PLASMAPHERESIS; POLYMYOSITIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SPLEEN TUMOR; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TREATMENT DURATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 38649091086     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. BOHAN A, PETER JB: Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 403-7.
2. MILLER FW, RIDER LG, PLOTZ PH, ISENBERG DA, ODDIS CV: Diagnostic criteria for polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Lancet 2003; 362: 1762-3.
3. MEDSGER TA, JR, ODDIS CV: Classification and diagnostic criteria for polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 581-5.
4. BRONNER IM, LINSSEN WH, VAN DER MEULEN MF, HOOGENDIJK JE, DE VISSER M: Polymyositis: An ongoing discussion about a disease entity. Arch Neurol 2004; 61: 132-5.
5. AMATO AA, GRIGGS RC: Unicorns, dragons, polymyositis, and other mythological beasts. Neurology 2003; 61: 288-9.
6. VAN DER MEULEN MF, BRONNER IM, HOOGENDIJK JE et al.: Polymyositis: An overdiagnosed entity. Neurology 2003; 61: 316-21.
7. NZEUSSEU A, BRION F, LEFEBVRE C, KNOOPS P, DEVOGELAER JP, HOUSSIAU FA: Functional outcome of myositis patients: Can a low-dose glucocorticoid regimen achieve good functional results? Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999; 17: 441-6.
8. MASTAGLIA FL, ZILKOHPJ: Inflammatory myopathies: how to treat the difficult cases. J Clin Neurosci 2003; 10: 99-101.
9. MATSUBARA S, HIRAI S, SAWA Y: Pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone therapy for inflammatory myopathies: Evaluation of the effect by comparing two consecutive biopsies from the same muscle. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 76: 75-80.
10. CHOY EH, ISENBERG DA: Treatment of dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41: 7-13.
11. LIPWORTH BJ: Therapeutic implications of non-genomic glucocorticoid activity. Lancet 2000; 356: 87-9.
12. LUNDBERG I, CHUNG Y: Treatment and investigation of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39: 7-17.
13. BUNCH TW, WORTHINGTON JW, COMBS JJ, ILSTRUP DM, ENGEL AG: Azathioprine with prednisone for polymyositis. A controlled, clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92: 365-9.
14. VILLALBA L, HICKS JE, ADAMS EM et al.: Treatment of refractory myositis: A randomized crossover study of two new cytotoxic regimens. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 392-9.
15. BOHAN A, PETER JB, BOWMAN RL, PEARSON CM: Computer-assisted analysis of 153 patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977; 56: 255-86.
16. VENCOVSKY J, JAROSOVA K, MACHACEK S et al.: Cyclosporine A versus methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Scand J Rheumatol 2000; 29: 95-102.
17. GRAU JM, HERRERO C, CASADEMONT J, FERNANDEZ-SOLA J, URBANO-MARQUEZ A: Cyclosporine A as first choice therapy for dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 381-2.
18. PISONI CN, CUADRADO MJ, KHAMASHTA MA, HUGHES GR, D'CRUZ DP: Mycophenolate mofetil treatment in resistant myositis. Rheumatotogy (Oxford) 2007; 46: 516-8.
19. EDGE JC, OUTLAND JD, DEMPSEY JR, CALLEN JP: Mycophenolate mofetil as an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol 2006; 142: 65-9.
20. CHAUDHRY V, CORNBLATH DR, GRIFFIN JW, O'BRIEN R, DRACHMAN DB: Mycophenolate mofetil: A safe and promising immunosuppressant in neuromuscular diseases. Neurology 2001; 56: 94-6.
21. MAJITHIA V, HARISDANGKUL V: Aycophenolate mofetil (CellCept): an alternative therapy for autoimmune inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44: 386-9.
22. SCHNEIDER C, GOLD R, SCHAFERS M, TOYKA KV: Mycophenolate mofetil in the therapy of polymyositis associated with a polyautoimmune syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2002; 25: 286-8.
23. GELBER AC, NOUSARI HC, WIGLEY FM: Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of severe skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: A series of 4 cases. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 1542-5.
24. DE VITA S, FOSSALUZZA V: Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies with cyclophosphamide pulses: Clinical experience and a review of the literature. Acta Neurol Belg 1992; 92: 215-27.
25. CRONIN ME, MILLER FW, HICKS JE, DALAKAS M, PLOTZ PH: The failure of intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy in refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 1225-8.
26. HILTON-JONES D: Diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory muscle diseases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74 (Suppl. 2): Ii25-ii31.
27. PIEGSA M, STRUNK J, LANGE U: Successful therapy of anti-Jo-1 antibody positive polymyositis with leflunomide (Arava). Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63(Suppl. 1): 240.
28. CHANG HK, LEE DH: Successful combination therapy of cyclosporine and methotrexate for refractory polymyositis with anti-Jo-1 antibody: A case report. J Korean Med Sci 2003; 18: 131-4.
29. SCHNEIDER-GOLD C, HARTUNG HP, GOLD R: Mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus: New therapeutic options in neuroimmunological diseases. Muscle Nerve 2006; 34: 284-91.
30. DANIELI MG, MALCANGI G, PALMIERI C et al.: Cyclosporin A and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61: 37-41.
31. MILLER FW, LEITMAN SF, CRONIN ME et al.: Controlled trial of plasma exchange and leukapheresis in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1380-4.
32. DALAKAS MC, ILLA I, DAMBROSIA JM et al.: A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1993-2000.
33. DALAKAS MC, HOHLFELD R: Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Lancet 2003; 362: 971-82.
34. KIELY PD, HERON CW, BRUCKNER FE: Presentation and management of idiopathic inflammatory muscle disease: Four case reports and commentary from a series of 78 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42: 575-82.
35. KURU S, INUKAI A, LIANG Y, DOYU M, TAKANO A, SOBUE G: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in muscles of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2000; 99: 585-8.
36. EFTHIMIOU P: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in Inflammatory Myopathies: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006; 36: 168-72.
37. SHIMIZU T, TOMITA Y, SON K, NISHINARITA S, SAWADA S, HORIE T: Elevation of serum soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol 2000; 19: 352-9.
38. KURU S, INUKAI A, KATO T, LIANG Y, KIMURA S, SOBUE G: Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in regenerating muscle fibers in inflammatory and non-inflammatory myopathies. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2003; 105: 217-24.
39. ANANDACOOMARASAMY A, HOWE G, MANOLIOS N: Advanced refractory polymyositis responding to infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44: 562-3.
40. EFTHIMIOU P, SCHWARTZMAN S, KAGEN LJ: Possible role for tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in the treatment of resistant dermatomyositis and polymyositis: A retrospective study of eight patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 1233-6.
41. HENGSTMAN GJ, VAN DEN HOOGEN FH, BARRERA P et al.: Successful treatment of dermatomyositis and polymyositis with antitumor-necrosis-factor-alpha: Preliminary observations. Eur Neurol 2003; 50: 10-5.
42. IANNONE F, SCIOSCIA C, FALAPPONE PC, COVELLI M, LAPADULA G: Use of etanercept in the treatment of dermatomyositis: A case series. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1802-4.
43. KORKMAZ C, TEMIZ G, CETINBAS F, BUYUKKIDAN B: Successful treatment of alveolar hypoventilation due to dermatomyositis with anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 937-8.
44. LABIOCHE I, LIOZON E, WESCHLER B, LOUSTAUD-RATTI V, SORIA P, VIDAL E: Refractory polymyositis responding to infliximab: Extended follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 531-2.
45. MARIE I, HELIOT P, ROUSSEL F, HERVE F, MUIR JF, LEVESQUE H: Fatal Mycobacterium peregrinum pneumonia in refractory polymyositis treated with infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44: 1201-2.
46. RODDY E, COURTNEY PA, MORRIS A: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient with refractory dermatomyositis which had been treated with infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41: 1194-5.
47. SPROTT H, GLATZEL M, MICHEL BA: Treatment of myositis with etanercept (Enbrel), a recombinant human soluble fusion protein of TNF-alpha type II receptor and IgG1. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 524-6.
48. SELVA-O'CALLAGHAN A, MARTINEZ-COSTA X, SOLANS-LAQUE R, MAURI M, CAPDEVILA JA, VILARDELL-TARRES M: Refractory adult dermatomyositis with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis treated with infliximab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 1196-7.
49. DOLD S, JUSTINIANO ME, MARQUEZ J, ESPINOZA LR: Treatment of early and refractory dermatomyositis with infliximab: A report of two cases. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26: 1186-8.
50. WENDLING D, PRATT C, ORNETTI P, TOUSSIROT E, STREIT G: (Anti TNF-alpha treatment of a refractory polymyositis). Rev Med Interne 2007; 28: 194-5.
51. CONSTANTINE K, AMARILLO S: Etanercept is effective in the treatment of polymyositis/dermatomyositis which is refractory to conventional therapy including steroids and other disease modifying agents. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: S193.
52. DINSER R, GRGIC A, FELDEN W, PFREUNDSCHUH M, JENDRO MC: Infliximab in a patient with polymyositis refractory to multiple regimens of standard and non-standard therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63(Suppl. 1): 237.
53. GRUNDTMAN CM, DASTMALCHI M, ALEXANDERSON H et al.: Potentially harmful effects of infliximab treatment in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63(Suppl. 1): 67.
54. DOAN T, VAYSBROT EE, MCALINDON TE. DERMATOMYOSITIS: Disease exacerbation due to anti-TNF-alpha therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66: 610.
55. HALL HA, ZIMMERMANN B: Evolution of dermatomyositis during therapy with a tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 982-4.
56. ROOS JC, CHILVERS ER, OSTOR AJ: Interstitial pneumonitis and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 238-9.
57. BRULHART L, WALDBURGER JM, GABAY C: Rituximab in the treatment of antisynthetase syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 974-5.
58. LAMBOTTE O, KOTB R, MAIGNE G, BLANC FX, GOUJARD C, DELFRAISSY JF: Efficacy of rituximab in refractory polymyositis. J Rheumatol 2005; 32: 1369-70.
59. LEVINE TD: Rituximab in the treatment of Aermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 601-7.
60. NOSS EH, HAUSNER-SYPEK DL, WEINBLATT ME: Rituximab as therapy for refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 1021-6.
61. CHUNG L, GENOVESE MC, FIORENTINO DF: A pilot trial of rituximab in the treatment of patients with dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 763-7.
62. MOK CC, HO LY, TO CH: Rituximab for Refractory Polymyositis: An open-label prospective study. J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 1864-8.
63. DINH HV, MCCORMACK C, HALL S, PRINCE HM: Rituximab for the treatment of the skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: A report of 3 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56: 148-53.
64. SULTAN S, ISENBERG D, CAMBRIDGE G, EDWARDS JCW: Clinical outcome in 7 patients with idiopathic inflammatory myositis treated with rituximab. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: S316.
65. LUNDBERG IE: Clinical symptoms in patients with myositis-an acquired metabolic myopathy? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003; 15: 675-8.
66. PARK JH, OLSEN NJ: Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of patients with inflammatory myopathies. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001; 3: 334-45.
67. CHUNG YL, WASSIF WS, BELL JD, HURLEY M, SCOTT DL: Urinary levels of creatine and other metabolites in the assessment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42: 298-303.
68. CHUNG YL, ALEXANDERSON H, PIPITONE N et al.: Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: Six-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57: 694-702.
69. KIESEIER BC, SCHNEIDER C, CLEMENTS JM et al.: Expression of specific matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory myopathies. Brain 2001; 124(Pt 2): 341-51.
70. ALEXANDERSON H, STENSTROM CH, JENNER G, LUNDBERG I: The safety of a resistive home exercise program in patients with recent onset active polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Scand J Rheumatol 2000; 29: 295-301.
71. ALEXANDERSON H, LUNDBERG IE: The role of exercise in the rehabilitation of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17: 164-71.
72. ALEXANDERSON H, DASTMALCHI M, ESBJORNSSON-LILJEDAHL M, OPAVA CH, LUNDBERG IE: Benefits of intensive resistance training in patients with chronic polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57: 768-77.
73. OLSEN NJ, PARK JH, KING LE, JR.: Amyopathic dermatomyositis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 200 1; 3: 346-51.
74. GERAMI P, SCHOPE JM, MCDONALD L, WALLING HW, SONTHEIMER RD: A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis): A missing link within the spectrum of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54: 597-613.
75. FATHI M, DASTMALCHI M, RASMUSSEN E, LUNDBERG IE, TORNLING G: Interstitial lung disease, a common manifestation of newly diagnosed polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 297-301.
76. TARGOFF IN: Idiopathic inflaAmatory myopathy: autoantibody update. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002; 4: 434-41.
77. FATHI M, LUNDBERG IE: Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17: 701-6.
78. DOUGLAS WW, TAZELAAR HD, HARTMAN TE et al.: Polymyositis-dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1182-5.
79. KALENIAN M, ZWEIMAN B: Inflammatory myopathy, bronchiolitis obliterans/ organizing pneumonia, and anti-Jo-1 antibodies - an interesting association. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997; 4: 236-40.
80. SPATH M, SCHRODER M, SCHLOTTERWEIGEL B et al.: The long-term outcome of anti-Jo-1-positive inflammatory myopathies. J Neurol 2004; 251: 859-64.
81. SCHNABEL A, REUTER M, BIEDERER J, RICHTER C, GROSS WL: Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: Clinical course and response to treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2003; 32: 273-84.
82. YAMASAKI Y, YAMADA H, YAMASAKI M et al.: Intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for progressive interstitial pneumonia in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006.
83. JOHNSON MA, KWAN S, SNELL NJ, NUNN AJ, DARBYSHIRE JH, TURNER-WARWICK M: Randomised controlled trial comparing prednisolone alone with cyclophosphamide and low dose prednisolone in combination in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 1989; 44: 280-8.
84. HAUBITZ M, SCHELLONG S, GOBEL U et al.: Intravenous pulse administration of cyclophosphamide versus daily oral treatment in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and renal involvement: A prospective, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1835-44.
85. MEYER O, HAYEM G, PALAZZO E, CRESTANI B, DEBRAY MP, BALLARD M: Interstitial lung disease due to polymyositis or dermatomyositis: Effect of a 6-month course of i.v. pulse cyclophosphamide. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005; 23: 724.
86. KAMEDA H, NAGASAWA H, OGAWA H et al.: Combination therapy with corticosteroids, cyclosporin A, and intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide for acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia in patients with dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 2005; 32: 1719-26.
87. MAEDA K, KIMURA R, KOMUTA K, IGARASHI T: Cyclosporine treatment for polymyositis/dermatomyositis: Is it possible to rescue the deteriorating cases with interstitial pneumonitis? Scand J Rheumatol 1997; 26: 24-9.
88. HARIGAI M, HARA M, KAMATANI N, KASHIWAZAKI S: Nation-wide survey for the treatment with cyclosporin A of interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen diseases. Ryumachi 1999; 39: 819-28.
89. WILKES MR, SEREIKA SM, FERTIG N, LUCAS MR, ODDIS CV: Treatment of antisynthetase-associated interstitial lung disease with tacrolimus. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2439-46.
90. OCHI S, NANKI T, TAKADA K et al.: Favorable outcomes with tacrolimus in two patients with refractory interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2005; 23: 707-10.
91. RAGHU G, DEPASO WJ, CAIN K et al.: Azathioprine combined with prednisone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 291-6.
92. SWIGRIS JJ, OLSON AL, FISCHER A et al.: Mycophenolate mofetil is safe, well tolerated, and preserves lung function in patients with connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease. Chest 2006; 130: 30-6.
93. LUNDBERG I, NENNESMO I, HEDFORS E: A clinical, serological, and histopathological study of myositis patients with and without anti-RNP antibodies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1992; 22: 127-38.
94. JOHNSON RW, WILLIAMS FM, KAZI S, DIMACHKIE MM, REVEILLE JD: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated polymyositis: A longitudinal study of outcome. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 49: 172-8.
95. MILLER FW, RIDER LG, CHUNG YL et al.: Proposed preliminary core set measures for disease outcome assessment in adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40: 1262-73.
96. ODDIS CV, RIDER LG, REED AM et al.: International consensus guidelines for trials of therapies in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2607-15.
97. RIDER LG, GIANNINI EH, HARRIS-LOVE M et al.: Defining clinical improvement in adult and juvenile myositis. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 603-17.
98. BRIANI C, DORIA A, SARZI-PUTTINI P, DALAKAS MC: Update on idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Autoimmunity 2006; 39: 161-70.
99. KROLL M, OTIS J, KAGEN L: Serum enzyme, myoglobin and muscle strength relationships in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 349-55.
100. GENTH E: Inflammatory muDcle diseases: dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis. Internist (Berl) 2005; 46: 1218-32.
101. KNOLS RH, STAPPAERTS KH, FRANSEN J, UEBELHART D, AUFDEMKAMPE G: Isometric strength measurement for muscle weakness in cancer patients: reproducibility of isometric muscle strength measurements with a hand-held pull-gauge dynamometer in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2002; 10: 430-8.
102. WANG CY, OLSON SL, PROTAS EJ: Test-retest strength reliability: hand-held dynamometry in community-dwelling elderly fallers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83: 811-5.
103. SULTAN SM: Clinical assessment in adult on-set idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16: 668-72.
104. AGARWAL S, KIELY PD: Two simple, reliable and valid tests of proximal muscle function, and their application to the management of idiopathic inflammatory myositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45: 874-9.
105. JOSEFSON A, ROMANUS E, CARLSSON J: A functional index in myositis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1380-4.
106. ALEXANDERSON H, BROMAN L, TOLLBACK A, JOSEFSON A, LUNDBERG IE, STENSTROM CH: Functional index-2: Validity and reliability of a disease-specific measure of impairment in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 55: 114-22.
107. ALEXANDERSON H, DASTMALCHI M, LUNDBERG I: Patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, myositis, have reduced muscle endurance rather than reduced muscle strength. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 658.
108. SCOTT DL, KINGSLEY GH: Use of imaging to assess patients with muscle disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16: 678-83.
109. FRASER DD, FRANK JA, DALAKAS M, MILLER FW, HICKS JE, PLOTZ P: Magnetic resonance imaging in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 1693-700.
110. GARCIA J: MRI in inflammatory myopathies. Skeletal Radiol 2000; 29: 425-38.
111. NISHIKAI M, AKIYA K: Clinical significance of magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscles in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of adults. Ryumachi 2000; 40: 881-90.
112. HANSELL DM: Computed tomography of diffFse lung disease: functional correlates. Eur Radiol 2001; 11: 1666-80.
113. WELLS AU, KING AD, RUBENS MB, CRAMER D, DU BOIS RM, HANSELL DM: Lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: A functional-morphologic correlation based on extent of disease on thin-section computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1367-75.
114. WELLS AU, HANSELL DM, RUBENS MB, CAILES JB, BLACK CM, DU BOIS RM: Functional impairment in lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis: A comparison. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1657-64.