Relationship between blood lead concentration and nutritional status among Malay Primary School Children in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 29-37

  Elias, S M ^a   Hashim, Zailina ^a   Marjan, Z M ^a   Abdullah, A S ^a   Hashim, J H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

^b DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Blood lead concentration; Nutritional status; School children; Urban

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CARBOHYDRATE; FAT; LEAD; PROTEIN;

ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; BLOOD SAMPLING; CALCIUM INTAKE; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAYSIA; MALE; MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PRIMARY SCHOOL; PROTEIN INTAKE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZATION; SEX RATIO; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; UNDERWEIGHT;

EID: 38549093028     PISSN: 10105395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/101053950701900306     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Mahaffey KR. Nutrition and lead: strategy for public health. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103 (Suppl 6); 191-96.
2. Rabinowitz MB, Kopple JD, Wetherill GW. Effect of food intake and fasting on the gastrointestinal lead absorption in human. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 1784-88.
3. Baltrop D, Hoon EK. The influences of dietary minerals and fat on the absorption of lead. Sc Total Environ 1976; 6: 265-73.
4. Lucas SR, Sexton M, Langenberg P. Relationship between blood lead and nutritional factors in preschool children: a cross-sectional study. Pediatric 1996; 97:14-78.
5. Gallicchio L, Scherer R, Sexton S. Influence of nutrient intake on blood lead levels of young children at risk for lead poisoning. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110: A767-A72.
6. Mahaffey KR, Treloar S, Banks TA, Peacock BJ, Parekh LE. Differences in dietary intake of calcium, phosphorus and iron of children having normal and elevated blood concentration. J Nutr 1976; 106(7):53.
7. Mykkanen HM, Wasserman RH. Gastrointestinal absorption of lead (203Pb) in chicks. Influence of lead, calcium and age. J Nutr 1981; 111: 1757-65.
8. Six KM, Goyer RW. Experimental enhancement of lead toxicity by low dietary calcium. J Lab Clin Med 1970; 76: 933-42.
9. Farias P, Borja-Aburto VS, Rios C, Hertz-Picciotto I, Rojas-Lopez M., Chavez-Ayala R. Blood lead levels in pregnant women of high and low socioeconomic status in Mexico City. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104: 1070-74.
10. Ruff HA, Markowitz ME, Bijur PE, Rosen JF. Relationship among blood lead levels, iron deficiency, and cognitive development in two-year-old children. Environ Health Perspect 1996; 104: 180-85.
11. Mahaffey-Six KR, Goyer RA. The influence of iron deficiency on tissue content and toxicity of ingested lead in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 1972; 79: 128-36.
12. Hammad TA, Langenberg P. Relationship between blood lead and dietary iron intake in preschool children: a cross-sectional study. Ann Epidemiol 1996; 6: 30-33.
13. Jamal HH, Zailina H, Ariffin O, Shamsul BS. Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school chidren. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000; 12(2): 65-70.
14. Jamal HH, Chuah SY, Syarif HL, Nik Nasril I, Mohd Fairulnizam MN. Blood lead levels of pregnant women from the Klang Valey. Med J Malaysia 1998; 53(1): 76-81.
15. Zailina H, Jamal HH, Mancy KH, Keeler GJ, Burton M. Inhalation exposure assessment of lead on urban and suburban in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. J Ensearch 1996; 9: 15-19.
16. Albalak R, Noonan G, Buchanan S, et al. Blood lead levels and risk factors for lead poisoning among children in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sci Total Environ 2003; 301: 75-85.
17. Kaiser R, Henderson AK, Daley WR, et al. Blood lead levels of primary school children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109: 563-66.
18. nd April 2004.
19. Zailina H, Shamsul Bahari S, Jamal HH. The Influence of Blood Lead on the Development of Children's IQ in Malaysia. Bulletin Kesihatan Masyarakat Isu Khas 1999: 35-49. (Article in Malay Language).
20. Shen X-m, Wu S-h, Yan C-h. Impacts of low-level lead exposure on development of children: recent studies in China. Clinica Chimica Acta 2001; 313: 217-20.
21. Chuang HY, Tsai SY, Chao KY, et al. The influence of milk intake on the lead toxicity to the sensory nervous system in lead workers. NeuroToxicology 2004; 941-49.
22. Kim HS, Lee SS, Hwangbo Y, Ahn KD, Lee BK. Cross-sectional study of blood lead effects on iron status in Korean lead workers. Nutrition 2003(19); 571-76.
23. Tripathi RM, Ragunath R, Mahapatra S, Sadasivan S. Blood lead and its effects on Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe and haemoglobin levels of children. Sci Total Environ 2001; 161-68.
24. Chee SS, Zawiah H, Ismail MN, Ng KK. Anthropometry, dietary patterns and nutrient intakes of Malaysian estates workers. Mal J Nutr 1996; 2: 112-26.
25. Ng KW, Tee ES, Azriman R. Rural communities in nutritional transitions: emergence of obesity, hypertention and hypercholesterolemia as public health problems in three kampungs in Bagan Datoh, Perak. Mal J Nutr 1995; 1: 129-39.
26. Norhayati M, Noor Hayati MI, Mohammod CG, et al. Malnutrition and its risk factors among children 1-7 years old in rural Malaysian communities. Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 1995; 6: 260-64.
27. Soon SD, Khor GL. Nutritional status of children aged one to six years in Sg. Koyan FELDA in Pahang. Mal J Nutr 1995; 1: 115-28.
28. Norimah AK, Lau KK. Nutritional status among Chinese preschools in Subang Jaya, Selangor. Mal J Nutr 2000; 6: 45-53.
29. Mahaffey KR, Gartside PS, Glueck CJ. Blood lead level and dietary calcium intake in 1-to-11 years old children: the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination. Pediatrics 1986; 78: 257-62.
30. Sinclair DE, Dohnt BR. Sampling and analysis techniques used in a blood lead survey of 1241 children in Port Pirie, South Australia. Clin Chem 1984; 10: 1616-9.
31. Tee ES, Mohd Ismail N, Mohd Nasir A, Khatijah I. Nutrient composition of Malaysian foods. Malaysian Food Composition Database Programme, Inst. Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur. 1997.
32. Teoh ST. Recommended daily intake for Peninsular Malaysia. Med J Mal 1975; 30: 38-42.
33. Reaburn JA, Krondl M, Lau D. Social determinants in food selection. J Am Dietet Assoc 1979; 74: 637-41.
34. Dibley MJ, Staehling N, Nieburg P, Trowbridge FL. Interpretation of z-score anthropometric indicators derived from the international growth reference. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46: 749-62.
35. WHO (World Health Organization). Use and Interpretation of Anthropometric Indicators of Nutritional Status. Bull World Health Organ 1986; 64: 926-41.
36. th Malaysia Plan 2001-2005. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, 2001. Available at http://vs02.tvsecure.com/ ~vs021b5/publications/RM-8/RM-8.htm. Assessed Jan 2003
37. Khairuddin Y, Wong YL, Patrick W. Sang Kancil Programme (Evaluation): Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. 1988.
38. CDC (US Centres for Disease Control). Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children: a Statement by the Centre for Disease Control. Atlanta, Georgia. 1991.
39. Krause MV, Mahan LK. Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy. (Translator: Suriah AR et al.). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 1993: 20-46.
40. Department of Environment. Malaysia: Environmental Quality Report 1998. Department of Environment, Malaysia 1998.
41. Frisancho AR, Ryan, AS. Decreased stature associated with moderate blood lead concentration in Mexican-American children. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 516-19.
42. Brody DJ, Pirkle JL, Kramer RA, et al. Blood lead levels in the US population: phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991). JAMA 1994; 272(4): 277-83.
43. Gottlieb K. Blood lead levels in children from lower socioeconomic communities in Denver, Colorado. Arch Environ Health 1994; 49: 260-66.
44. Malcoe LH, Lynch RA, Kegler MC, Skaggs VJ. Lead sources, behaviours, and socioeconomic factors in relation to blood lead of Native American and White children: a community-based assessment of a former mining area. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110 (suppl 2): 221-31.
45. Peraza AP, Ayala-Fierro F, Barber DS, Casarez E, Rael LT. Effects of micronutrients on metal toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106(suppl 1): 203-16.
46. Doyle W, Jenkins S, Crowford MA, Puvandendran K. Nutritional status of school children in an inner city area. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: 376-81.
47. Ismail MN, Wong TS, Zawiah H. Anthropometric and food intake studies among Semai children. J Malaysian Society of Health 1988; 6: 19-25.
48. Mahaffey KR. Nutritional factors in lead poisoning. Nutr Rev 1981; 39(10): 353-62.
49. Bell RR, Spickett JT. The influence of dietary fat on the toxicity of orally ingested lead in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1983; 21: 469-72.
50. Hillburn ME, Coleman IP, Blair JA. Factors influencing the transport of lead across the small intestine of the rat. Environ Res 1980; 23: 301-8.
51. Mahaffey-Six KR, Goyer RA. Experimental enhancement of lead toxicity by low dietary calcium. J Lab Clin Med 1970; 933-41.
52. Mahaffey KR, Haseman JD, Goyer RA. Dose-response to lead ingested in rats fed low dietary calcium. J Lab Clin Med 1973; 83: 92-101.
53. Schell LM, Denham M, Stark AD, Ravenscroft J, Parson P, Schulte E. Relationship between blood lead concentration and dietary intakes of infants from 3 to 12 months of age. Environ Res 2004; 264-73.
54. Hernandez-Avila M, Sanin LH, Romieu I, et al. Higher milk intake during pregnancy is associated with lower maternal and umbilical cord lead levels in post-partum women. Environ Res 1997; 74: 116-21.
55. Fullmer CS. Intestinal interactions of lead and calcium. Neurotoxicology 1992; 13: 799-808.
56. Rabinowitz M, Wetherill G, Kopple J. Magnitude of lead intake from respiration by normal man. J Lab Clin Med 1977; 90: 238-40.
57. Goering PL. Lead-protein interactions as a basis for lead toxicity. Neurotoxicology 1993; 14: 45-60.
58. Bergdahl IA. Lead binding proteins - a way to understand lead toxicity? Analusis 1998; 26: M81.
59. Shamsul BS, Zailina H, Jamal HH, Ariffin O. The concentration of respirable particles and ambient lead in the air of urban and rural area. Sains Malaysiana 2002; 31: 223-39. (Article in Malay Language)