Entrepreneurs of hate and entrepreneurs of solidarity: Social identity as a basis for mass communication

International Review of the Red Cross

Volumn 87, Issue 860, 2005, Pages 621-637

  Reicher, Stephen ^a   Hopkins, Nick ^b   Levine, Mark ^c   Rath, Rakshi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

^c LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 38449116741     PISSN: 18163831     EISSN: 16075889     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1816383100184462     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Gustave Le Bon, Psychologie desfoules, 1895;
2. translated into English: The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, 1897.
3. Serge Moscovici, L'age desfoules, Fayard, Paris, 1981;
4. R. Nye, The Origins of Crowd Psychology, Sage, New York, 1975.
5. See Stephen Reicher, Russell Spears, & Tom Postmes, “A social identity model of deindividuation phenomena,” European Review of Social Psychology, Vol. 6, 1995, pp. 161–198.
6. Serge Moscovici, Social Influence and Social Change, Academic Press, London, 1976.
7. Serge Moscovici, “Social influence and conformity,” in G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, 3rd edition, Vol. 2, Random House, New York, 1985, pp. 347–412.
8. See as an example Floyd Allport, Social Psychology, Houghton Mifflin, Boston MA. 1924.
9. For a more detailed development of this point see Stephen Reicher, “Crowd behaviour as social action,” in J. Turner, M. Hogg, P. Oakes, S.D. Reicher & M. Wetherell, Rediscovering the Social Group, Blackwell, Oxford, 1987.
10. Henri Tajfel & John Turner, “An integrative theory of intergroup conflict,” in W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA, 1979, pp. 33–47.
11. Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher & Wetherell
12. John Turner, “Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group,” in H. Tajfel (ed.), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 15–40;
13. Stephen Reicher & Alex Haslam, (in press) “Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC Prison Study,” British Journal of Social Psychology.
14. For reviews, see Naomi Ellemers, Russell Spears & Bertjan Doojse, “Self and social identity,” Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 53, 2002, pp. 161–186;
15. Alex Haslam, Psychology in Organizations, Sage, London, 2001;
16. for an elaboration of principles see John Turner, “Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories,” in N. Ellemers, R. Spears & B. Doosje (eds.), Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content, Blackwell, Oxford, 1999, pp. 6–34;
17. Stephen Reicher, “The context of social psychology: Domination, resistance and change,” Political Psychology, Vol. 25, 2004, pp. 40–62.
18. Tom R. Tyler & Stephen I. Blader, Cooperation in Groups: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Behavioral Engagement, Psychology Press, Philadelphia, PA, 2000.
19. Mark Levine, Clare Cassidy, Gemma Brazier & Stephen Reicher, “Self-categorisation and bystander nonintervention: Two experimental studies,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol 7, 2002, pp. 1452–1463;
20. Mark Levine, Amy Prosser, David Evans & Stephen Reicher, “Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shapes helping behaviour,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 31, 2005, pp. 443–453;
21. Stephen Reicher, Clare Cassidy, Nick Hopkins & Mark Levine, “Saving Bulgaria's Jews: An analysis of social identity and the mobilisation of social solidarity,” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 36, 2006, pp. 49–72.
22. Stephen Reicher, Alex Haslam & Nick Hopkins, “Social identity and the dynamics of leadership: Leaders and followers as collaborative agents in the transformation of social reality,” Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 16, 2005, pp. 547–568.
23. John Turner, “Examining the nature of power: A three-process theory,” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 35, 2005, pp. 1–22.
24. John Turner, Social Influence, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, 1991.
25. Henri Tajfel, Differentiation between Social Groups, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
26. Ralph Waldo Emerson, From Empire to Nation, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1960.
27. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, Verso, London, 1983.
28. For more details see Stephen Reicher & Nick Hopkins, Self and Nation, Sage, London, 2001.
29. Penny Oakes, Alex Haslam & John Turner, Stereotyping and Social Reality, Sage, London, 1994;
30. Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher & Wetherell
31. Reicher, Haslam & Hopkins,(note 15), pp. 547–568;
32. Stephen Reicher & Nick Hopkins, “Constructing categories and mobilising masses: An analysis of Thatcher's and Kinnock's speeches on the British miner's strike 1984–5,” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 26, 1996, pp. 353–371;
33. Stephen Reicher & Nick Hopkins, “Seeking influence through characterising self-categories: An analysis of anti-abortionist rhetoric,” British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 35, 1996, pp. 297–312;
34. Stephen Reicher, & Nick Hopkins, Self and Nation, Sage, London, 2001;
35. Stephen Reicher & Nick Hopkins, “On the science of the art of leadership,” in D. van Knippenberg & M. Hogg (eds.), Identity, Leadership and Power, Blackwell, Oxford 2003.
36. See Reicher & Hopkins, Self and Nation, (note 23).
37. Ann Ruth Wilner, The Spellbinders: Charismatic Political Leadership, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1984.
38. Stephen Reicher, “The context of social psychology: Domination, resistance and change,” Political Psychology, VoL 25, 2004, pp. 40–62.
39. Clifford Stott, Paul Hutchison & John Drury, “‘Hooligans’ abroad? Inter-group dynamics, social identity and participation in collective ‘disorder’ at the 1998 World Cup Finals,” British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 40, 2001, pp. 359–384;
40. Clifford Stott, & Stephen Reicher, “How conflict escalates: The inter-group dynamics of collective football crowd ‘violence’,” Sociology, Vol. 32, 1998, pp. 353–377.
41. Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience, Belknapp Press, Cambridge MA. 2003, p. 221.
42. Michael Mann, “The dark side of democracy,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.
43. See as examples Hege Lovdal Gulseth, “The use of propaganda in the Rwandan genocide,” unpublished thesis, University of Oslo, 2004;
44. D. Welch, The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda, Routledge, London, 1993.
45. The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda, p. 21.
46. The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda, p. 23.
47. The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda, p. 228.
48. MiZ/i Gazette (2006): “We (Hindus and Muslims) are ethnically and culturally the same,” available at: , (last visited on 19 January 2006).
49. Jose M. Marques & Dario Paez, “The ‘black sheep effect’: Social categorisation, rejection of ingroup deviates and perception of group variability,” European Review of Social Psychology, Vol. 6, 1994, pp. 37–68.
50. Levine, Prosser, Evans & Reicher, “Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shapes helping behaviour
51. Mark Levine & Karen Thompson, “Identity, place, and bystander intervention: Social categories and helping after natural disasters,” Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 144, 2004, pp. 229–245.
52. Kristen R. Monroe, “Altruism and the theory of rational action: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe,” Ethics, Vol. 101, 1990, pp. 117–118;
53. Kristen R. Monroe, “The psychology of genocide: A review of the literature,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 9, 1995, pp. 215–239;
54. Samuel P. Oliner & Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe, Free Press, New York, 1992.
55. Abram Ben-Yakov, “Bulgaria,” in I. Gutman (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, (2 Vols.), MacMillan, New York, 1990;
56. A. Cohen & A. Assa, Saving the Jews in Bulgaria: 1941–1944, State Publishing House “Septemvri,” Sofia, 1997;
57. R. Genov & I. Baeva, “‘Incomprehension of the nature of the race question’: Saving the Bulgarian Jews from the Holocaust,” in G. Halfdanarson (ed.), Racial Discrimination and Ethnicity in European History, Edizioni Plus, Pisa University Press, Pisa, 2003.
58. Tzvetan Todorov, The Fragility of Goodness, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2001.
59. Reicher, Cassidy, Hopkins, & Levine, “Saving Bulgaria's Jews: An analysis of social identity and the mobilisation of social solidarity
60. Stephen Reicher, “The crowd century: Reconciling theoretical failure with practical success,” British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 35, 1996, pp. 535–553.
61. See Reicher & Hopkins, “On the science of the art of leadership