The role of ultrasound in the detection of cervical lymph node metastases in clinically NO squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Cancer Imaging

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 167-178

  Richards, P S ^a   Peacock, T E ^a  

^a ST BARTHOLOMEW S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biopsy; Carcinoma; Cervical; Cytology; Fine needle aspiration; Head and neck neoplasms; Imaging; lymph node; Metastases; Staging; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

CANCER STAGING; ECHOGRAPHY; HEAD AND NECK TUMOR; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; NECK; NEEDLE BIOPSY; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA;

BIOPSY, FINE-NEEDLE; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; NECK; NEOPLASM STAGING;

EID: 38449110909     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14707330     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2007.0024     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. FardyMJ, LangdonJD. The changing pattern of oral cancer 1977-1995. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 33: 328.
2. Woolgar JA, Rogers SN, Lowe D, Brown JS, Vaughan ED. Cervical lymph node metastasis in oral cancer: the importance of even microscopic extracapsular spread. Oral Oncol 2003; 39: 130-7. (Pubitemid 36050917)
3. SomPM. Detection of metastasis in cervical lymph nodes: CT and MR criteria and differential diagnosis. Ajr 1992; 158: 961-9.
4. WeiWI, FerlitoA, RinaldoA, et al. Management of the NO neck - reference or preference. Oral Oncol 2006; 42: 115-22.
5. van den Brekel MW, Reitsma LC, Quak JJ, et al. Sonographically guided aspiration cytology of neck nodes for selection of treatment and follow-up in patients with NO head and neck cancer. AJNR 1999; 20: 1727-31. (Pubitemid 29498630)
6. Eida S, Sumi M, Yonetsu K, Kimura Y, Nakamura T. Combination of helical CT and Doppler sonography in the follow-up of patients with clinical NO stage neck disease and oral cancer. AJNR 2003; 24: 312-8. (Pubitemid 36358976)
7. van den BrekelMW, CastelijnsJA, StelHV, et al. Occult metastatic neck disease: detection with US and US-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Radiology 1991; 180: 457-61.
8. Righi PD, Kopecky KK, Caldemeyer KS, Ball VA, Weisberger EC, Radpour S. Comparison of ultrasound-fine needle aspiration and computed tomography in patients undergoing elective neck dissection. Head Neck 1997; 19: 604-10. (Pubitemid 27407315)
9. Ross GL, Soutar DS, MacDonald DG, Shoaib T, Camilleri IG, Robertson AG. Improved staging of cervical metastases in clinically node-negative patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 11: 213-18. (Pubitemid 40486799)
10. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the initial staging of nodal negative oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2002; 24: 345-9.
11. van den Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Snow GB. The size of lymph nodes in the neck on sonograms as a radiologic criterion for metastasis: how reliable is it? AJNR 1998; 19: 695-700. (Pubitemid 30422715)
12. van den Brekel MW, van der Waal I, Meijer CJ, Freeman JL, Castelijns JA, Snow GB. The incidence of micrometastases in neck dissection specimens obtained from elective neck dissections. Laryngoscope 1996; 106: 987-91. (Pubitemid 26287241)
13. Woolgar JA, Vaughan ED, Scott J, Brown JS. Pathological findings in clinically false-negative and false-positive neck dissections for oral carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1994; 76: 237-44. (Pubitemid 24208695)
14. Woolgar JA. Micrometastasis in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: incidence, histopathological features and clinical implications. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 37: 181-6. (Pubitemid 29348993)
15. Nieuwenhuis EJ, Leemans CR, Ku mmer JA, Denkers F, Snow GB, Brakenhoff RH. Assessment and clinical significance of micrometastases in lymph nodes of head and neck cancer patients detected by E48 (Ly-6D) quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Lab Invest 2003; 83: 1233-40. (Pubitemid 37013058)
16. Jose J, Coatesworth AP, Johnston C, MacLennan K. Cervical node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: the significance of extracapsular spread and soft tissue deposits. Head Neck 2003; 25: 451-6. (Pubitemid 36577029)
17. Coatesworth AP, MacLennan K. Squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: the prevalence of microscopic extracapsular spread and soft tissue deposits in the clinically NO neck. Head Neck 2002; 24: 258-61. (Pubitemid 34193250)
18. Ferlito A, Shaha AR Rinaldo A. The incidence of lymph node micrometastases in patients pathologically staged NO in cancer of oral cavity and oropharynx. Oral Oncol 2002; 38: 3-5. (Pubitemid 34076566)
19. BrennanJA, MaoL, HrubanRH, et al Molecular assessment of histopathological staging in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 429-35.
20. Ferlito A, Partridge M, Brennan J, Hamakawa H. Lymph node micrometastases in head and neck cancer: a review. Acta Otolaryngol 2001; 121: 660-5. (Pubitemid 32964356)
21. Hamakawa H, Takemura K, Sumida T, Kayahara H, Tanioka H, Sogawa K. Histological study on pN upgrading of oral cancer. Virchows Arch 2000; 437: 116-21. (Pubitemid 30623569)
22. van den BrekelWM, StelHV, van der ValkP, van der WaalI, MeyerCJ, SnowGB. Micrometastases from squamous cell carcinoma in neck dissection specimens. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1992; 249: 349-53.
23. Takes RP, Knegt P, Manni JJ, et al Regional metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: revised value of US with US-guided FNAB. Radiology 1996; 198: 819-23. (Pubitemid 26066304)
24. van den Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Reitsma LC, Leemans CR, van der Waal I, Snow GB. Outcome of observing the N0 neck using ultrasonographic-guided cytology for follow-up. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125: 153-6. (Pubitemid 29085263)
25. Castelijns JA, van den Brekel MW. Imaging of lymphadenopathy in the neck. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 727-38. (Pubitemid 36940125)
26. KnappeM, LouwM, GregorRT. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the assessment of cervical metastases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126: 1091-6.
27. SteinkampHJ, CornehlM, HostenN, PegiosW, VoglT, FelixR. Cervical lymphadenopathy: ratio of long- to short-axis diameter as a predictor of malignancy. Br J Radiol 1995; 68: 266-70.
28. Ahuja A, Ying M. An overview of neck node sonography. Invest Radiol 2002; 37: 333-42. (Pubitemid 34587242)
29. RubaltelliL, ProtoE, SalmasoR, BortolettoP, CandianiF, CagolP. Sonography of abnormal lymph nodes in vitro: correlation of sonographic and histologic findings. Ajr 1990; 155: 1241-4.
30. Evans RM, Ahuja A, Metreweli C. The linear echogenic hilus in cervical lymphadenopathy - a sign of benignity or malignancy? Clin Radiol 1993; 47: 262-4. (Pubitemid 23107901)
31. YuasaK, KawazuT, NagataT, KandaS, OhishiM, ShirasunaK. Computed tomography and ultrasonography of metastatic cervical lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2000; 29: 238-44.
32. van den Brekel MW, Stel HV, Castelijns JA, et al Cervical lymph node metastasis: assessment of radiologic criteria. Radiology 1990; 177: 379-84. (Pubitemid 20374852)
33. Close LG, Merkel M, Vuitch MF, Reisch J, Schaefer SD. Computed tomographic evaluation of regional lymph node involvement in cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Head Neck 1989; 11: 309-17. (Pubitemid 19183533)
34. VassalloP, WerneckeK, RoosN, PetersPE. Differentiation of benign from malignant superficial lymphadenopathy: the role of high-resolution US. Radiology 1992; 183: 215-20.
35. Ahuja A, Ying M. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy: is power Doppler sonography routinely indicated? Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 353-9. (Pubitemid 36434322)
36. Raghavan U, Bradley PJ. Management of cystic cervical metastasis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 11: 124-128. (Pubitemid 36363697)
37. DonDM, AnzaiY, LufkinRB, FuYS, CalcaterraTC. Evaluation of cervical lymph node metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1995; 105( 7 Pt 1): 669-74.
38. Friedman M, Roberts N, Kirshenbaum GL, Colombo J. Nodal size of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the neck. Laryngoscope 1993; 103: 854-6. (Pubitemid 23222259)
39. King AD, Tse GM, Ahuja AT, et al Necrosis in metastatic neck nodes: diagnostic accuracy of CT, MR imaging, and US. Radiology 2004; 230: 720-6. (Pubitemid 38252869)
40. Johnson JT. A surgeons look at cervical lymph nodes. Radiology 1990; 175: 607-10. (Pubitemid 20191910)
41. Steinkamp HJ, Beck A, Werk M, Rademaker J, Felix R. Extracapsular spread of cervical lymph node metastases: diagnostic relevance of ultrasound examinations. Ultraschall Med 2003; 24: 323-30(in German). (Pubitemid 37362578)
42. Sakaguchi T, Yamashita Y, Katahira K, et al Differential diagnosis of small round cervical lymph nodes: comparison of power Doppler US with contrast-enhanced CT and pathologic results. Radiat Med 2001; 19: 119-25. (Pubitemid 32625906)
43. Ariji Y, Kimura Y, Hayashi N, et al Power Doppler sonography of cervical lymph nodes in patients with head and neck cancer. AJNR 1998; 19: 303-7. (Pubitemid 30413796)
44. Ying M, Ahuja A, Brook F. Accuracy of sonographic vascular features in differentiating different causes of cervical lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound Med Biol 2004; 30: 441-7. (Pubitemid 38581143)
45. Yonetsu K, Sumi M, Izumi M, Ohki M, Eida S, Nakamura T. Contribution of Doppler sonography blood flow information to the diagnosis of metastatic cervical nodes in patients with head and neck cancer: assessment in relation to anatomic levels of the neck. AJNR 2001; 22: 163-9. (Pubitemid 32105370)
46. Steinkamp HJ, Teichgraber UK, Mueffelmann M, Hosten N, Kenzel P, Felix R. Differential diagnosis of lymph node lesions. A semiquantitative approach with power Doppler sonography. Invest Radiol 1999; 34: 509-15. (Pubitemid 29357610)
47. Maurer J, Willam C, Schroeder R, et al Evaluation of metastases and reactive lymph nodes in Doppler sonography using an ultrasound contrast enhancer. Invest Radiol 1997; 32: 441-6. (Pubitemid 28116666)
48. Moritz JD, Ludwig A, Oestmann JW. Contrast-enhanced color Doppler sonography for evaluation of enlarged cervical lymph nodes in head and neck tumors. AJR 2000; 174: 1279-84. (Pubitemid 30261774)
49. ChoiMY, LeeJW, JangKJ. Distinction between benign and malignant causes of cervical, axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy: value of Doppler spectral waveform analysis. Ajr 1995; 165: 981-4.
50. Wu CH, Chang WC, Hsu JY, Ko TS, Sheen TS, Hsieh FJ. Usefulness of Doppler spectral analysis and power Doppler sonography in the differentiation of cervical lymphadenopathies. AJR 1998; 171: 503-9. (Pubitemid 28348141)
51. Takes RP, Righi P, Meeuwis CA, et al The value of ultrasound with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy compared to computed tomography in the detection of regional metastases in the clinically negative neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 40: 1027-32. (Pubitemid 28152916)
52. Takashima S, Sone S, Nomura N, Tomiyama N, Kobayashi T, Nakamura H. Nonpalpable lymph nodes of the neck: assessment with US and US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. J Clin Ultrasound 1997; 25: 283-92. (Pubitemid 27190724)
53. Sumi M, Ohki M, Nakamura T. Comparison of sonography and CT for differentiating benign from malignant cervical lymph nodes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. AJR 2001; 176: 1019-24. (Pubitemid 32240957)
54. Yuen AP, Wei WI, Wong SH. Critical appraisal of watchful waiting policy in the management of NO neck of advanced laryngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996; 122: 742-5. (Pubitemid 26240019)
55. Nieuwenhuis EJ, Jaspars LH, Castelijns JA, et al Quantitative molecular detection of minimal residual head and neck cancer in lymph node aspirates. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 755-61. (Pubitemid 36182611)
56. van den BrekelMW. US-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of neck nodes in patients with NO disease (Letter). Radiology 1996; 201: 580-1.
57. Atula TS, Varpula MJ, Kurki TJ, Klemi PJ, Grenman R. Assessment of cervical lymph node status in head and neck cancer patients: palpation, computed tomography and low field magnetic resonance imaging compared with ultrasoundguided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Eur J Radiol 1997; 25: 152-61. (Pubitemid 27372137)
58. van der Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Stel HV, Golding RP, Meyer CJ, Snow GB. Modern imaging techniques and ultrasound-guided aspiration cytology for the assessment of neck node metastases: a prospective comparative study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1993; 250: 11-7. (Pubitemid 23090415)
59. van der Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Reitsma LC, Leemans CR, van der Waal I, Snow GB. Outcome of observing the NO neck using ultrasonographic-guided cytology for follow-up. Arch Otolaryngol, Head Neck Surg 1999; 125: 153-6. (Pubitemid 29085263)
60. 18F-FDG PET: a comparison with conventional methods. Eur J Nucl Med 2001; 28: 816-21.
61. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography with histopathologic correlation in the initial staging of head and neck cancer. Ann Surg 2002; 236: 208-17.
62. Benchaou M, Lehmann W, Slosman DO, et al The role of FDG-PET in the preoperative assessment of N-staging in head and neck cancer. Acta Otolaryngol 1996; 116: 332-5. (Pubitemid 26126214)
63. Hanasono MM, Kunda LD, Segall GM, Ku GH, Terris DJ. Uses and limitations of FDG positron emission tomography in patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 1999; 109: 880-5. (Pubitemid 29269007)
64. Adams S, Baum RP, Stuckensen T, Bitter K, Hor G. Prospective comparison of 18F-FDG PET with conventional imaging modalities (CT, MRI, US) in lymph node staging of head and neck cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25: 1255-60. (Pubitemid 28446051)
65. LaubenbacherC, SaumweberD, Wagner-ManslauC, et al Comparison of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, MRI and elective treatmentoscopy for staging head and neck squamouscell carcinomas. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 1747-57.
66. Kovacs AF, Dobert N, Gaa J, Menzel C, Bitter K. Positron emission tomography in combination with sentinel node biopsy reduces the rate of elective neck dissections in the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 3973-80. (Pubitemid 41079880)
67. 18Ffluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography compared with physical examination and conventional imaging modalities. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 61: 1022-9.
68. 18F ] -fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Ann Surg 2000; 231: 229-34.
69. Stuckensen T, Kovacs AF, Adams S, Baum RP. Staging of the neck in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas: a prospective comparison of PET, ultrasound, CT and MRI. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2000; 28: 319-24. (Pubitemid 32243889)
70. Myers LL, Wax MK, Nabi H, Simpson GT, Lamonica D. Positron emission tomography in the evaluation of the NO neck. Laryngoscope 1998; 108: 232-6. (Pubitemid 28128213)
71. Hyde NC, Prvulovich E, Newman L, Waddington WA, Visvikis D, EU P. A new approach to pre-treatment assessment of the NO neck in oral squamous cell carcinoma: the role of sentinel node biopsy and positron emission tomography. Oral Oncol 2003; 39: 350-60. (Pubitemid 36379342)
72. Di MartinoE, NowakB, HassanHA, et al. Diagnosis and staging of head and neck cancer: a comparison of modern imaging modalities (positron emission tomography, computed tomography, color-coded duplex sonography) with panendoscopic and histopathologic findings. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126: 1457-61.
73. Paulus P, Sambon A, Vivegnis D, et al. 18FDG-PET for the assessment of primary head and neck tumors: clinical, computed tomography, and histopathological correlation in 38 patients. Laryngoscope 1998; 108: 1578-83. (Pubitemid 28465262)
74. Schwartz DL, Rajendran J, Yueh B, et al. Staging of head and neck squamous cell cancer with extended-field FDG-PET. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129: 1173-8. (Pubitemid 37433152)
75. Strukensen T, Kovacs AF, Adams S, Baum RP. Staging of the neck in patients with early oral cavity squamous sell carcinoma: a prospective comparison of PET, ultrasound, CT and MRI. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2000; 28: 319-24. (Pubitemid 32243889)
76. Mack MG, Balzer JO, Straub R, Eichler K, Vogl TJ. Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging of head and neck lymph nodes. Radiology 2002; 222: 239-44. (Pubitemid 34031494)
77. Sigal R, Vogl T, Casselman J, et al. Lymph node metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: MR imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (Sinerem MR) - results of a phase-III multicenter clinical trial. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 1104-13. (Pubitemid 36940178)
78. Pitman KT, Ferlito A, Devaney KO, Shaha AR, Rinaldo A. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2003; 39: 343-9. (Pubitemid 36379341)
79. Zervos EE, Burak Jr WE. Lymphatic mapping in solid neoplasms: state of the art. Cancer Control 2002; 9: 189-202. (Pubitemid 34657281)
80. Ferlito A, Shaha AR, Rinaldo A, Pellitteri PK, Mondin V, Byers RM. "Skip metastases" from head and neck cancers. Acta Otolaryngol 2002; 122: 788-91. (Pubitemid 35398893)
81. Civantos FJ, Gomez C, Duque C, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in oral cavity cancer: correlation with PET scan and immunohistochemistry. Head Neck 2003; 25: 1-9. (Pubitemid 36005325)
82. Werner JA, Dunne AA, Ramaswamy A, et al. The sentinel node concept in head and neck cancer: solution for the controversies in the N0 neck? Head Neck 2004; 26: 603-11. (Pubitemid 38857102)
83. Wisner ER, Ferrara KW, Short RE, Ottoboni TB, Gabe JD, Patel D. Sentinel node detection using contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound lymphography. Invest Radiol 2003; 38: 358-65. (Pubitemid 36627253)
84. Alex JC. The application of sentinel node radiolocalization to solid tumors of the head and neck: a 10-year experience. Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 2-19. (Pubitemid 38141060)
85. Nieuwenhuis EJ, Castelijns JA, Pijpers R, et al. Wait-and-see policy for the N0 neck in early-stage oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma using ultrasonography-guided cytology: is there a role for identification of the sentinel node? Head Neck 2002; 24: 282-9. (Pubitemid 34193254)