Runners do not push off the ground but fall forwards via a gravitational torque

Sports Biomechanics

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 434-452

  Romanov, Nicholas ^a   Fletcher, Graham ^b  

^a Pose Tech Corp   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE FRASER VALLEY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Gravity; Hierarchical model; Pose method; Running; Technique

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EXERCISE; GRAVITY; HUMAN; LEG; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; PHYSIOLOGY; RUNNING; TASK PERFORMANCE; TORQUE;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; EXERTION; GRAVITATION; HUMANS; LEG; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; RUNNING; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; TORQUE;

EID: 38449083329     PISSN: 14763141     EISSN: 17526116     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14763140701491625     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Alexander, M. F. (1989) The Alexander technique. The Essential Writings of F. Matthais Alexander, Lyle Stuart, New York
2. Alexander, R. McN. (1992) The human machine, pp. 74-78. Natural History Museum Publications, London
3. Alexander, R. McN. and Jayes, A. S. (1983) A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. Journal of Zoology, 201, pp. 135-152.
4. Anderson, T. (1996) Biomechanics and running economy. Sports Medicine, 22, pp. 76-79.
5. Anokhin, P. K. (1978) Selected works: Philosophical aspects of the functional system theory, pp. 27-48. Nauka. M. Publications, Moscow
6. Arendse, R. E., Noakes, T. D., Azevedo, L. B., Romanov, N., Schwellnus, M. P. and Fletcher, G. J. (2004) Reduced eccentric loading of the knee with the Pose running method. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, pp. 272-277.
7. Balsevich, V. K. (2000) Ontokinesiology of man, Theory and Practice of Physical Culture Publishers, Moscow
8. Bates, B. T., Ostering, L. R. and Mason, B. R. (1979) Variations of velocity within the support phase of running. Science and athletics, pp. 51-59. Academic Publishers, Del Mar
9. Bates, B. T., Ostering, L. R., Sawhill, J. A. and James, S. L. (1983) An assessment of subject variability, subject-shoe interaction, and the evaluation of running shoes using ground reaction force data. Journal of Biomechanics, 16, pp. 181-191.
10. Bernstein, N. A. (1940) On constructing movements and their systematization by neuro-physiological signs. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, 5, pp. 50-52.
11. Bernstein, N. (1947) On constructing movement, Medgiz, Moscow
12. Brandell, B. R. (1973) An analysis of muscle coordination in walking and running gaits. Medicine and sport: Biomechanics III, pp. 278-287. Karger, Basel
13. Cavagna, G. A. and Citterio, G. (1974) Effect of stretching on the elastic characteristics and the contractile component of frog striated muscle. Journal of Physiology, 239, pp. 1-14.
14. Cavagna, G. A. and Kaneko, M. (1977) Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running. Journal of Physiology, 268, pp. 467-481.
15. Cavagna, G. A., Saibene, F. P. and Margaria, P. (1964) Mechanical work in running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 18, pp. 1-9.
16. Cavanagh, P. R. and Komi, P. V. (1979) Electromechanical delay in human skeletal muscle under concentric and eccentric contractions. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 42, pp. 159-163.
17. Cavanagh, P. R. and Kram, R. (1985) The efficiency of human movement-a statement of the problem. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, pp. 304-308.
18. Cavanagh, P. R. and LaFortune, M. A. (1980) Ground reaction forces in distance running. Journal of Biomechanics, 11, pp. 487-491.
19. Cavanagh, P. R., Pollock, M. J. and Landa, J. (1977) A biomechanical comparison of elite and good distance runners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 301, pp. 328-345.
20. Chang, Y. H., Huang, H. W., Hamerski, C. M. and Kram, R. (2000) The independent effects of gravity and inertia on running mechanics. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 203, pp. 229-238.
21. Deshon, D. E. and Nelson, R. C. (1964) A cinematographical analysis of sprint running. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 35, pp. 453-454.
22. Elliott, B. C. and Blanksby, B. A. (1979) The synchronisation of muscle activity and body segment movements during a running cycle. Medicine and Science in Sports, 11, pp. 322-327.
23. Farley, C. T. and Ferris, D. P. (1998) Biomechanics of walking and running: Centre of mass movements to muscle action. Exercise and Sports Science Reviews, 26, pp. 253-285.
24. Farley, C. T. and McMahon, T. A. (1992) Energetics of walking and running: Insights from simulated reduced-gravity experiments. Journal of Applied Physiology, 73, pp. 2709-2712.
25. Fenn, W. O. (1930) Work against gravity and work due to velocity changes in running. American Journal of Physiology, 92, pp. 433-462.
26. Fukunaga, T. Y., Kawakami, S., Funato, K. and Fukashiro, S. (1997) Muscle architecture and function in humans. Journal of Biomechanics, 30, pp. 457-463.
27. Girardin, Y. and Roy, B. G. (1984) Effects of a nondirective type of training program on the running patterns of male sedentary subjects. Biomechanics IV, pp. 119-125. University Park Press, Baltimore
28. Graham-Brown, T. (1912) Note on some dynamic principles involved in progression. British Medical Journal, pp. 875-876.
29. Hay, J. G. and Reid, J. G. (1988) Anatomy, mechanics, and human motion, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
30. Heise, G. D., Morgan, D. W., Hough, H. and Craib, M. (1996) Relationships between running economy and temporal EMG characteristics of bi-articular leg muscles. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 17, pp. 128-133.
31. Hinrichs, R. N. (1987) Upper extremity function in running. II: Angular momentum considerations. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics, 3, pp. 232-263.
32. Hunter, J. P., Marshall, R. N. and McNair, P. J. (2005) Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 21, pp. 31-43.
33. Jung, A. P. (2003) The impact of resistance training on distance running performance. Sports Medicine, 33, pp. 539-552.
34. Ker, R. F., Bennet, M. B., Bibby, S. R., Kester, R. C. and Alexander, R. McN. (1987) The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature, 325, pp. 147-149.
35. Komi, P. V. (2000) Stretch-shortening cycle: A powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle. Journal of Biomechanics, 33, pp. 1197-1206.
36. Kunz, H. and Kaufman, D. A. (1981) Annotation biomechanical analysis of sprinting: Decathletes versus champions. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, pp. 177-181.
37. Kyrolainen, H., Finni, T., Avela, J. and Komi, P. V. (2003) Neuromuscular behaviour of the triceps surae muscle-tendon complex during running and jumping. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 24, pp. 153-155.
38. Luhtanen, P. and Komi, P. V. (1978) Segmental contribution to forces in a vertical jump. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 38, pp. 181-188.
39. Lukin, M. S. (1964) Method of motion analysis of athletes in airborne position. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, 9, pp. 26-28.
40. MacIntyre, D. L. and Robertson, D. G. E. (1987) EMG profiles of the knee muscles during treadmill running. Biomechanics X-A, pp. 289-294. Human Kinetics, Champaign
41. Mann, R. A. (1980) Biomechanics of walking, running and sprinting. American Orthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine, 8, pp. 345-350.
42. Mann, R. A. (1982) Biomechanics of running. Prevention and treatment of running injuries, pp. 1-13. C.B. Slack, Thorofare
43. Mann, R. A., Moran, G. T. and Dougherty, S. (1986) Comparative electromyography of the lower extremity in jogging, running and sprinting. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 14, pp. 501-510.
44. Margaria, R. (1973) Biomechanics of locomotion in subgravity. Life Science Space Research, 11, pp. 177-185.
45. Maxwell-Donelan, J., Park, J. Y. and Kram, R. (1998) A new dynamic similarity hypothesis for running animals. Presented at the. North American Congress on Biomechanics, Canada, University of Waterloo
46. McClay, I. S., Lake, M. J. and Cavanagh, P. R. (1990) Muscle activity in running. Biomechanics of distance running, pp. 165-185. Human Kinetics, Champaign
47. McGinnis, P. M. (2005) Biomechanics of sport and exercise, Human Kinetics, Champaign
48. McMahon, P. (1956) Leonardo da Vinci's treatise on painting, Princeton, Princeton
49. McMahon, T. A. (1990) Spring-like properties of muscles and reflexes in running: Multiple muscle systems. Biomechanics of Movement Organisation, 37, pp. 578-590.
50. McMahon, T. A., Valient, G. A. and Frederick, E. C. (1987) Groucho running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 62, pp. 2326-2337.
51. Miller, D. I. (1990) Ground reaction forces in distance running. Biomechanics of distance running, pp. 203-224. Human Kinetics, Champaign
52. Milliron, M. J. and Cavanagh, P. R. (1990) Sagittal plane kinematics of the lower extremity during distance running. Biomechanics of distance running, pp. 85-93. Human Kinetics, Champaign
53. Montgomery, W. H., Pink, M. and Perry, J. (1994) Electromyographic analysis of hip and knee musculature during running. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 22, pp. 272-278.
54. Munro, C. F., Miller, D. I. and Fuglevand, A. J. (1987) Ground reaction forces in running: A re-examination. Journal of Biomechanics, 20, pp. 147-156.
55. Nilsson, J. and Thorstensson, A. (1985) Adaptability in frequency and amplitude of leg movements during locomotion at different speeds. 10th International Congress of Biomechanics Abstract Book, 20, p. 194. Arbetar-Sykydd Sverket, Solna
56. Novacheck, T. F. (1998) The biomechanics of running. Gait and Posture, 7, pp. 77-95.
57. Nytro, A. (1987) What is correct technique?. Track Technique, 100, pp. 3195-3205.
58. Paavolainen, L., Hakkinen, K., Hamalainen, A. N. and Rusko, H. (1999) Explosive-strength training improves 5-km run time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of Applied Physiology, 86, pp. 1527-1533.
59. Paradisis, G. P. and Cooke, C. B. (2001) Kinematic and postural characteristics of sprint running on sloping surfaces. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, pp. 149-159.
60. Pare, E. B., Stern, J. T. and Schwartz, J. M. (1981) Functional differentiation with the tensor fasciae latae. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 63, pp. 1457-1471.
61. Reber, L., Perry, J. and Pink, M. (1993) Muscular control of the ankle in running. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 21, pp. 805-810.
62. Romanov, N. (2002) Dr. Nicholas Romanov's Pose method of running, PoseTech, Miami
63. Schwab, G. H., Moynes, D. R., Jobe, F. W. and Perry, J. (1983) Lower extremity electromyographic analysis of running gait. Clinical Orthopaedics, 176, pp. 166-170.
64. Taylor, C. R. (1994) Relating mechanics and energetic during exercise. Advanced Veterinary Science, 38, pp. 181-215.
65. van Mechelen, W. V. (1992) Running injuries: A review of the epidemiological literature. Sports Medicine, 14, pp. 320-335.
66. Verbitsky, O., Mizrahi, J., Voloshin, A., Treiger, J. and Isakov, E. (1998) Shock transmission and fatigue in human running. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14, pp. 35-41.
67. Wallack, T. (2004) Save your knees. Runner's World, 109, pp. 68-73.
68. Wank, V., Frick, U. and Schmidtbleicher, D. (1998) Kinematics and electromyography of lower limb muscles in overground and treadmill running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, pp. 455-461.
69. Weyand, P. G., Sternlight, D. B., Belizzi, M. J. and Wright, S. (2000) Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more raid leg movements. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, pp. 1991-1999.
70. Wickman, L. A. and Luna, B. (1996) Locomotion while load-carrying in reduced gravities (human physical capabilities while walking on moon and Mars). Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 67, pp. 940-946.
71. Winter, D. A. (1978) A new definition of mechanical work done in human movement. Exercise and Sports Science Reviews, 6, pp. 183-201.
72. Winter, D. A. (1983) Movements of force and mechanical power in jogging. Journal of Biomechanics, 16, pp. 91-97.
73. Yeadon, M. R. and Challis, J. H. (1994) The future of performance-related sports biomechanics research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 12, pp. 3-32.
74. Zatsiorsky, V. M. (1995) Science and practice of strength training, Human Kinetics, Champaign
75. Zatsiorsky, V. M. (2002) Kinetics of human motion, Human Kinetics, Champaign