When to tell?: Disclosure of concealable group membership, stereotypes, and political evaluation

Political Behavior

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 313-337

  Golebiowska, Ewa A ^a  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Candidate evaluation; Electoral choice; Gay and lesbian candidates; Timing of group membership disclosure

Indexed keywords

EID: 3843134086     PISSN: 01909320     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:POBE.0000004061.08643.7d     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Anderson, Norman H. (1965). Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology 70: 394-400.
2. Anderson, Norman H. (1981). Foundations of Information Integration Theory. New York: Academic Press.
3. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Behr, Roy, and Iyengar, Shanto (1993). The Media Game: American Politics in the Television Age. New York: Macmillan.
4. Asch, Solomon (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 41: 258-290.
5. Brewer, Marilynn B. (1988). A dual-process model of impression formation. In Thomas K. Srull and Robert S. Wyer (eds.), Advances in Social Cognition: A Dual-Process Model of Impression Formation, pp. 1-36. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Chen, Mark, and Bargh, John (1997). Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: the self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33: 541-560.
7. Deaux, Kay, and Lewis, Laurie R. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46: 991-1004.
8. Dennis, Martin J., and Ahn, Woo-Kyoung (2001) Primacy in causal strength judgments: the effect of initial evidence for generative versus inhibitory relationships. Memory and Cognition 29(1): 152-164.
9. Devine, Patricia G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56: 5-18.
10. Fiske, Susan T., and Neuberg, Steven L. (1990). A continuum model of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In Mark P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 23: 1-74, New York: Academic Press.
11. Gay and Lesbian Victory Fund (1999). Executive summary: Gay and Lesbian Victory Foundation National Educational Research Project. Washington, DC: The Feldman Group, Inc.
12. Gibson, James L. (1987). Freedom and tolerance in the United States. Computer file. Chicago: University of Chicago National Opinion Research Center.
13. Goffman, Erving (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon and Schuster.
14. Golebiowska, Ewa A. (2000). The etiology of individual-targeted intolerance: group stereotypes and judgments of individual group members. Political Psychology 21: 443-464.
15. Golebiowska, Ewa A. (2001a). Group stereotypes in political evaluation. American Politics Research 29: 535-565.
16. Golebiowska, Ewa A. (2001b). Individual-targeted tolerance and timing of group membership disclosure. The Journal of Politics 63: 1017-1040.
17. Golebiowska, Ewa A. (2002). Political implications of group stereotypes: campaign experiences of openly gay political candidates. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32: 590-607.
18. Golebiowska, Ewa A., Miller, Penny, and Riggle, Ellen (2003). Newspaper coverage of 'openly' gay and lesbian candidates: election 2000. Manuscript under review.
19. Golebiowska, Ewa A., and Thomsen, Cynthia J. (1999). Dynamics of attitudes towards openly gay and lesbian political candidates. In Ellen Riggle and Barry Tadlock (eds.), Gays and Lesbians in the Democratic Process. New York: Columbia University Press.
20. Herek, Gregory M. (2000). Sexual prejudice and gender: Do heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men differ? Journal of Social Issues 56(2): 251-266.
21. Herek, Gregory M. (2002). Gender gaps in public opinion about lesbians and gay men. Public Opinion Quarterly 66: 40-66.
22. Herek, Gregory M., and Capitanio, John P. (1996). 'Some of my best friends': intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22: 412-424.
23. Herrick, Rebekah, and Thomas, Sue (1999). The effects of sexual orientation on citizen perceptions of candidate viability. In Ellen Riggle and Barry Tadlock (eds.), Gays and Lesbians in the Democratic Process, pp. 170-191. New York: Columbia University Press.
24. Huddy, Leonie, and Terkildsen, Nayda (1993a). The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly 46: 503-525.
25. Huddy, Leonie, and Terkildsen, Nayda (1993b). Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science 37: 119-147.
26. Jones, Edward E. (1990). Interpersonal Perception. New York: Freeman.
27. Kahn, Kim (1996). The Political Consequences of Being a Woman: How Stereotypes Influence the Conduct and Consequences of Political Campaigns. New York: Columbia University Press.
28. Kite, Mary E. (1994). When perceptions meet reality: individual differences in reactions to lesbians and gay men. In Beverly Greene and Gregory M. Herek (eds.), Lesbian and Gay Psychology: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, pp. 25-53. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
29. Kite, Mary E., and Whitley, Bernard E., Jr. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors, and civil rights: a meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22: 336-353.
30. Kite, Mary E., and Whitley, Bernard E., Jr. (1998). Do heterosexual men and women differ in their attitudes toward homosexuality? A conceptual and methodological analysis. In Gregory M. Herek (ed.), Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice Against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals, pp. 39-61. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
31. Kunda, Ziva (2000). Social Cognition: Making Sense of People. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
32. Kunda, Ziva, Sinclair, Lisa, and Griffin, Dale (1997). Equal ratings but separate meanings: stereotypes and the construal of traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72: 720-734.
33. LaMar, Lisa, and Kite, Mary (1998). Sex differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Journal of Sex Research 35: 189-196.
34. Leeper, Mark S. (1991). The impact of prejudice on female candidates: an experimental look at voter inference. American Politics Quarterly 19: 248-261.
35. Lepore, Lorella, and Brown, Rupert (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72: 275-287.
36. Madon, Stephanie (1997). What do people believe about gay males? A study of stereotype content and strength. Sex Roles 37: 663-685.
37. Martin, Carol L. (1990). Attitudes and expectations about children with nontraditional and traditional gender roles. Sex Roles 22: 151-165.
38. McCreary, Donald R. (1994). The male role and avoiding femininity. Sex Roles 31: 517-531.
39. McGraw, Kathleen M. (1991). Managing blame: an experimental test of the effects of political accounts. American Political Science Review 85: 1133-1157.
40. McGraw, Kathleen M., Best, Samuel, and Timpone, Richard (1995). "What they say or what they do?" The impact of elite explanation and policy outcomes on public opinion. American Journal of Political Science 39: 53-74.
41. Miller, Arthur H., Wattenburg, Martin, and Malanchuk, Oksana (1986). Schematic assessments of presidential candidates. American Political Science Review 80: 521-540.
42. Nelson, Thomas E., Clawson, Rosalee A., and Oxley, Zoe M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review 91: 567-583.
43. Reeves, Keith (1997). Voting Hopes or Fears?: White Voters, Black Candidates, and Racial Politics in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
44. Richter, Linda, and Kruglanski, Arie W. (1998). Seizing on the latest: Motivationally driven recency effects in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 34: 313-329.
45. Sigelman, Carol K., Sigelman, Lee, Walkosz, Barbara J., and Nitz, Michael (1995). Black candidates, white voters: understanding racial bias in political perceptions. American Journal of Political Science 39: 243-265.
46. Simon, Angela (1998). The relationship between stereotypes of and attitudes toward lesbians and gays. In G. M. Herek (ed.), Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice Against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals, pp. 62-81. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
47. Skowronski, John J., and Carlston, Donal E. (1989). Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: a review of explanations. Psychological Bulletin 105: 131-142.
48. Stroessner, Steven J. (1996). Social categorization by race and sex: effects of perceived non-normalcy on response times. Social Cognition 14: 247-276.
49. Weinfurt, Kevin P. (1995). Multivariate analysis of variance. In Laurence G. Grim and Paul R. Yarnold (eds.), Reading and Understanding Multivariate Statistics, pp. 245-276. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
50. Witt, Linda, Paget, Karen M., and Glenna, Matthews (1994). Running as a Woman: Gender and Power in American Politics. New York: Free Press.
51. Worchel, Stephen, Cooper, J., and Goethals, G. R. (1988). Understanding Social Psychology. Chicago: The Dorsey Press.
52. Yang, Alan S. (1997). The polls-trends: attitudes toward homosexuality. Public Opinion Quarterly 61: 477-507.
53. Yeager, Ken (1999). Trailblazers: Profiles of America's Gay and Lesbian Elected Officials. New York: Haworth Press.
54. Zarate, Michael A., and Smith, Eliot R. (1990). Person categorization and stereotyping. Social Cognition 8: 161-185.