Group stereotypes and political evaluation

American Politics Research

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 535-565

  Golebiowska, Ewa A ^a  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035594772     PISSN: 1532673X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1532673X01029006001     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Alexander, D., & Andersen, K. (1993). Gender as a factor in the attribution of leadership traits. Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), 527-545.
2. Best, D. L., & Williams, J. E. (1990). Measuring sex stereotypes: A thirty-nation study. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
3. Boxall, B. (1997). A new era set to begin in benefits for gay couples; Domestic partners: Hawaii law, which takes effect Tuesday, will allow unmarried couples to qualify for many things typically reserved for wedded couples. Los Angeles Times, July 7, Part A, p. 3.
4. Brewer, M. B. (1996). When stereotypes lead to stereotyping: The use of stereotypes in person perception. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping. New York: Guilford.
5. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
6. Cronbach, L. J. (1987). Statistical tests for moderator variables: Flaws in analyses recently proposed. Psychological Bulletin, 102(3), 414-417.
7. Davis, J. A., & Smith, T. W. (1996). General social surveys, 1972-1996, Machine-readable data file. Principal investigator, J.A. Davis; Director and co-principal investigator, T. W. Smith. NORC ed. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, producer, 1996; Storrs, CT: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut, distributor. 1 data file and 1 codebook.
8. Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. L. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 991 -1004.
9. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
10. Dovidio, J. F, & Gaertner, S. L. (Eds.). (1986). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
11. Dyer, R. A. (1998). Gay candidates do battle in unprecedented texas race. The Houston Chronicle, October 11, p. 1.
12. Fein, S., & Hilton, J. L. (1992). Attitudes toward groups and behavioral intentions toward individual group members: The impact of nondiagnostic information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 101-124.
13. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, From Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology: Vol. 23 (pp. 1-74). New York: Academic Press.
14. Golebiowska, E. A. (1996). The "pictures in our heads" and individual-targeted tolerance. Journal of Politics, 58(4), 1010-1034.
15. Golebiowska, E. A. (2000). The etiology of individual-targeted intolerance: Group stereotypes and judgments of individual group members. Political Psychology, 21(3), 443-464.
16. Golebiowska, E. A. (2001). Timing of group membership disclosure and tolerance judgments concerning groups and individual group members. Journal of Politics, 63(4), 1017-1040.
17. Golebiowska, E. A. (in press). Political implications of group stereotypes: Campaign experiences of openly gay political candidates. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.
18. Golebiowska, E. A., & Thomsen, C. J. (1999). Dynamics of attitudes towards openly gay and lesbian political candidates. In E. Riggle & B. Tadlock (Eds.), Gays and lesbians in the democratic process (pp. 192-219). New York: Columbia University Press.
19. Herek, G. M. (1999). Prevalence: Homophobia and heterosexism [Online]. Available: http:// psychology,ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/phobprev.html#tech_text
20. Herek, G. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (1996). "Some of my best friends:" Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and hetereosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 412-424.
21. Herek, G. M., & Glunt, E. K. (1993). Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men: Results from a national survey. The Journal of Sex Research, 30(3), 239-244.
22. Herrick, R., & Thomas, S. (1999). The effects of sexual orientation on citizen perceptions of candidate viability. In E. Riggle & B. Tadlock (Eds.) Gays and lesbians in the democratic process (pp. 170-191). New York: Columbia University Press.
23. Huffman, C., & Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 197-208.
24. Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993a). The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), 503-525.
25. Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993b). Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 119-147.
26. Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R. & Wan, C. K. (1990). Interaction effects in multiple regression. Newbury Park: Sage.
27. Kahn, K. F. (1992). Does being male help? An investigation of the effects of candidate gender and campaign coverage on evaluations of U.S. senate candidates. Journal of Politics, 54, 497-517.
28. Kahn, K. F. (1994). Does gender make a difference? An experimental examination of sex stereotypes and press patterns in statewide campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 162-195.
29. Kerns, J. G., & Fine, M.A. 1994. The relation between gender and negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians - Do gender-role attitudes mediate this relation? Sex Roles, 31(5/6), 297-307.
30. Kite, M. E. (1984). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuals: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1/2), 69-81.
31. Kite, M. E. (1994). When perceptions meet reality: Individual differences in reactions to lesbians and gay men. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. Kite, M. E., & Deaux, K. 1987. Gender belief systems: Homosexuality and the implicit inversion theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11, 83-96.
33. Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E., Jr. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors, and civil rights: A meta-analysis. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 336-353.
34. Knight, K. (1985). Ideology in the 1980 election: Ideological sophistication does matter. Journal of Politics, 47, 8828-53.
35. Kunda, Z., Sinclair, L., & Griffin, D. (1997). Equal ratings but separate meanings: Stereotypes and the construal of traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 720-734.
36. LaMar, L., & Kite, M. (1998). Sex differences in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Journal of Sex Research, 35(2), 189-96.
37. Leeper, M. S. (1991). The impact of prejudice on female candidates: An experimental look at voter inference. American Politics Quarterly, 19, 248-261.
38. Locksley, A. B., Borgida, E., Brekke, N., & Hepburn, C. (1980). Sex stereotypes and social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 821-831.
39. Lodge, M. G., McGraw, K. M., & Stroh, P. (1989). An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 83, 399-420.
40. Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (1995). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47.
41. Madon, S. (1997). What do people believe about gay males? A study of stereotype content and strength. Sex Roles, 37, 663-85.
42. McDermott, M. L. (1997). Voting cues in low-information elections. American Journal of Political Science, 41(1), 270-283.
43. Miller, A. H., Wattenberg, M. P., & Malanchuk, O. (1986). Schematic assessments of presidential candidates. American Political Science Review, 80, 505-540.
44. Nelson, R. T. (1998). Cammermeyer shapes her image - Lesbian candidate projects moderation. The Seattle Times, February 22, p. B1.
45. Page, S., & Yee, M. (1985). Conception of male and female homosexual stereotypes among university undergraduates. Journal of Homosexuality, 10(1/2), 23-37.
46. Peffley, M., Hurwitz, J., & Sniderman, P. M. (1997). Racial stereotypes and Whites' political views of Blacks in the context of welfare and crime. American Journal of Political Science, 41, 30-60.
47. Popkin, S. L. (1994). The reasoning voter: Communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
48. Rahn, W. M. (1993). The role of partisan stereotypes in information processing about political candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(2), 472-496.
49. Rahn, W. M., Aldrich, J. H., Borgida, E., & Sullivan, J. L. (1990). A social cognitive model of candidate appraisal. In J. Kuklinski & J. Ferejohn (Eds.), Information and democratic processes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
50. Riggle, E. D., Ottati, V. C., Wyer, R. S., Kuklinski, J., & Schwartz, N. (1992). Bases of political judgments: The role of Stereotypic and nonstereotypic information. Political Behavior, 14, 67-87.
51. Sapiro, V. (1981-1982). If U.S. Senator Baker were a woman: An experimental study of candidate images. Political Psychology, 2, 61-83.
52. Seltzer, R. A., Newman, J., & Voorgees Leighton, M. (1997). Sex as political variable: Women as candidates and voters in U.S. elections. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
53. Sigelman, C. K., Sigelman, L., Walkosz, B. J., & Nitz, M. 1995). Black candidates, White voters: Understanding racial bias in political perceptions. American Journal of Political Science, 39(1), 243-265.
54. Sniderman, P. M., Glaser, J. M., & Griffin, R. (1990). Information and electoral choice. In P. M. Sniderman, R. A. Brody, & P. E. Tetlock (Eds.), Reasoning and choice: Explorations in political psychology. Cambridge University Press.
55. Sniderman, P. M., & Piazza, T. (1993). The scar of race. Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
56. Snyder, M. L., Kleck, R. E., Strenta, A. & Mentzer, S. J. (1979). Avoidance of the handicapped: An attributional ambiguity analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2297-2306.
57. Taylor, S. E. (1981). A categorization approach to stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
58. Victory Fund. (1999). Landmark new research shows hope and hurdles: Bipartisan majority of voters would consider supporting gay candidates for office [Online]. Available: http://204. 179.124.29/templates/victory fund/press/index.html?record=4
59. Witt, L., Paget, K. M., & Matthews, G. (1994). Running as a woman: Gender and power in American politics. New York: Free Press.
60. Yang, A. S. (1997). The polls - Trends: attitudes toward homosexuality. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 477-507.