Cerebrospinal fluid viral load, virus isolation, and intrathecal immunoactivation in HIV type 2 infection

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

Volumn 20, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 711-715

  Arvidson, Nicklas ^a   Gisslén, Magnus ^a   Albert, Jan ^b   Brandin, Eleonor ^b   Svennerholm, Bo ^a   Fuchs, Dietmar ^c   Hagberg, Lars ^a  

^a SAHLGRENSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; DIDANOSINE; LAMIVUDINE; NEOPTERIN; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; VIRUS RNA; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CASE REPORT; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 2; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; MALE; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PLEOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REBOUND; TREATMENT FAILURE; VIRUS ACTIVATION; VIRUS ISOLATION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TITRATION;

ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-2; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RNA, VIRAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 3843091616     PISSN: 08892229     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/0889222041524625     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. Andreasson PA, Dias F, Naucler A, Andersson S, and Biberfeld G: A prospective study of vertical transmission of HIV-2 in Bissau, Guinea Bissau. AIDS 1993;7:989-993.
2. De Cock KM, Adjorlolo G, Ekpini E, Sibailly T, Kouadio J, Maran M, Brattegaard K, Vetter KM, Doorly R, and Gayle HD: Epidemiology and transmission of HIV-2. Why there is no HIV-2 pandemic. JAMA 1993;270:2083-2086.
3. Marlink R, Kanki P, Thior I, Travers K, Eisen G, Siby T, Traore I, Hsieh CC, Dia MC, Gueye EH, et al: Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1. Science 1994;265:1587-1590.
4. Livrozet JM, Ninet J, Vighetto A, Touraine JL, Touraine F, Caudie C, Kindbeiter K, and Poly H: One case of HIV-2 AIDS with neurological manifestations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3: 927-928.
5. Clavel F, Mansiho K, Chamaret S, Guetard D, Favier V, Nina J, Santos-Ferreira M-O, Champalimaud J-L, and Montagnier L: Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection associated with AIDS in West Africa. New Engl J Med 1987;316:1180-1185.
6. Petursson G, Nathanson N, Georgsson G, Panitch H, and Palsson PA: Pathogenesis of visna. I. Sequential virological, serological and pathologic studies. Lab Invest 1976;35:402-412.
7. Lucas SB, Hounnou A, Peacock C, Beaumel A, Djomand G, N'Gbichi J-M, Yeboue K, Honde M, Diomande M, Giordano C, Doorly R, Brattegaard K, Kestens L, Smithwick R, Kadio A, Ezani N, Yapi A, and De Cock KM: The mortality and pathology of HIV infection in a West African city. AIDS 1993;7:1569-1579.
8. Guyader M, Emerman M, Sonigo P, Clavel F, Montagnier L, and Alizon M: Genome organization and transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Nature 1987;326:662-669.
9. Reeves JD and Schultz TF: The CD4-independent tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 involves several regions of the envelope protein and correlates with a reduced activation threshold for envelope-mediated fusion. J Virol 1997;71:1453-1465.
10. Brun-Vezinet F, Rey MA, Katlama C, Girard PM, Roulot D, Yeni P, Lenoble L, Clavel F, Alizon M, Gadelle S, Madjar JJ, and Harzic M: Lymphadenopathy- associated virus type 2 in AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Clinical and virological features in four patients. Lancet 1987;1:128-132.
11. Andersson S, Norrgren H, da Silva Z, Biague A, Bamba S, Kwok S, Christopherson C, Biberfeld G, and Albert J: Plasma viral load in HIV-1 and HIV-2 singly and dually infected individuals in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: Significantly lower plasma virus set point in HIV-2 infection than in HIV-1 infection. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(21):3286-3293.
12. Werner ER, Bichler A, Daxenbichler G, et al.: Determination of neopterin in serum and urine. Clin Chem 1987;33:62-66.
13. Bjerrum OW, Lage S, and Hansen OE: Measurement of beta-2-microglobulin in human cerebrospinal fluid by ELISA technique. Acta Neurol Scand 1986;74:177-180.
14. Tibbling G, Link H, and Öhman S: Principles of albumin and IgG analyses in neurological disorders. I. Establishment of reference values. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1977;37:385-390.
15. Cazein F, Hamers F, Alix J, and Brunet JB: Prevalence of HIV-2 infection in Europe. Euro Surveill 1996;1(3):21-23.
16. Gisslén M, Fuchs D, Svennerholm B, and Hagberg L: Cerebrospinal fluid viral load, intrathecal immunoactivation, and cerebrospinal fluid monocytic cell count in HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;21:271-276.
17. Andersson L-M, Svennerholm B, Hagberg L, and Gisslén M: Higher HIV-1 RNA cutoff level required in cerebrospinal fluid than in blood to predict positive HIV-1 isolation. J Med Virol 2000;62:9-13.
18. Bell JE, Busuttil A, Ironside JW, Rebus S, Donaldson YK, Simmonds P, and Peutherer JF: Human immunodeficiency virus and the brain: Investigation of virus load and neuropathologic changes in pre-AIDS subjects. J Infect Dis 1993;168:818-824.
19. Donaldson YK, Bell JE, Ironside JW, Brettle RP, Robertson JR, Busuttil A, and Simmonds P: Redistribution of HIV outside the lymphoid system with onset of AIDS. Lancet 1994;343:383-385.
20. Bock PJ and Markovitz DM: Infection with HIV-2. AIDS 2001;5:S35-S45.
21. Abdulle S, Hagberg L, Svennerholm B, Fuchs D, and Gisslén M: Continuing intrathecal immunoactivation despite two years of effective antiretroviral therapy against HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2002;16:2145-2149.