A study of the microbial quality of grey water and an evaluation of treatment technologies for reuse

Ecological Engineering

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 187-197

  Winward, Gideon P ^a   Avery, Lisa M ^b   Frazer Williams, Ronnie ^a   Pidou, Marc ^a   Jeffrey, Paul ^a   Stephenson, Tom ^a   Jefferson, Bruce ^a  

^a CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b SCOTTISH CROP RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Grey water; Indicator bacteria; Membrane bioreactor; Pathogen; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Reed bed; Water reuse; Wetland

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; DISINFECTION; PATHOGENS; WETLANDS;

GREY WATER; INDICATOR BACTERIA; MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR; REED BED; WATER REUSE;

WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

BACTERIA; DISINFECTION; PATHOGENS; WASTEWATER TREATMENT; WETLANDS;

BACTERIUM; BIOINDICATOR; BIOREACTOR; CONSTRUCTED WETLAND; CORRELATION; PATHOGENICITY; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; RECYCLING; REEDBED; WASTEWATER; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CLOSTRIDIA; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 38349061491     PISSN: 09258574     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Anaissie E.J., Penzak S.R., and Dignani M.C. The hospital water supply as a source of nosocomial infections. Arch. Intern. Med. 162 13 (2002) 1483-1492
2. APHA (American Public Health Association), 1998. American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed., Washington, DC.
3. Axler R., Henneck J., and McCarthy B. Residential subsurface flow treatment wetlands in northern Minnesota. Water Sci. Technol. 44 11-12 (2001) 345-352
4. Birks R., Colbourne J., Hills S., and Hobson R. Microbiological water quality in a large in-building, water recycling facility. Water Sci. Technol. 50 2 (2004) 165-172
5. Brookes J.D., Hipsey M.R., Burch M.D., Regel R.H., Linden L.G., Ferguson C.M., and Antenucci J.P. Relative value of surrogate indicators for detecting pathogens in lakes and reservoirs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 8614-8621
6. Casanova L.M., Little V., Frye R.J., and Gerba C.P. A survey of the microbial quality of recycled household graywater. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 37 5 (2001) 1313-1319
7. Casanova L.M., Gerba C.P., and Karpiscak M. Chemical and microbial characterization of household graywater. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 36 4 (2001) 395-401
8. Christova-Boal D., Eden R.E., and McFarlane S. An investigation into grey water reuse for urban residential properties. Desalination 106 (1996) 391-397
9. Dallas S., and Ho G. Subsurface flow reedbeds using alternative media for the treatment of domestic grey water in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Water Sci. Technol. 51 10 (2005) 119-128
10. Decamp O., and Warren A. Bacterivory in ciliates isolated from constructed wetlands (reed beds) used for wastewater treatment. Water Res. 32 7 (1998) 1989-1996
11. Dietrich J.P., Basagaoglu H., Loge F.J., and Ginn T.R. Preliminary assessment of transport processes influencing the penetration of chlorine into wastewater particles and the subsequent inactivation of particle-associated organisms. Water Res. 37 (2003) 139-149
12. Dixon A., Butler D., Fewkes A., and Robinson M. Measurement and modelling of quality changes in stored untreated grey water. Urban Water 1 (1999) 293-306
13. Environment Agency, 2002. Standing Committee of Analysts. The Microbiology of Drinking Water 2002. Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials.
14. Eriksson E., Auffarth K., Eilersen A.-M., Henze M., and Ledin A. Household chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water SA 29 2 (2003) 135-146
15. FBR (Fachvereinigung Betriebs- und Regenwassernutzung e.V.), 2005. Greywater recycling: planning fundamentals and operation information, Information sheet H 201 (http://www.fbr.de/publikation/engl_%20H%20201.pdf).
16. Ferguson C.M., Coote B.G., Ashbolt N.J., and Stevenson I.M. Relationships between indicators, pathogens and water quality in an estuarine system. Water Res. 30 9 (1996) 2045-2054
17. Fischer U.R., Wieltschnig C., Kirschner A.K.T., and Velimirov B. Contribution of virus-induced lysis and protozoan grazing to benthic bacterial mortality estimated simultaneously in microcosms. Environ. Microbiol. 8 8 (2006) 1394-1407
18. Friedler E. Quality of individual domestic grey water streams and its implication for on-site treatment and reuse possibilities. Environ. Technol. 25 9 (2004) 997-1008
19. Friedler E., Kovalio R., and Galil N.I. On-site grey water treatment and reuse in multi-storey buildings. Water Sci. Technol. 51 10 (2005) 187-194
20. Friedler E., Kovalio R., and Ben-Zvi A. Comparative study of the microbial quality of grey water treated by three on-site treatment systems. Environ. Technol. 27 (2006) 653-663
21. Green M.B., Griffin P., Seabridge J.K., and Dhobie D. Removal of bacteria in subsurface flow wetlands. Water Sci. Technol. 35 5 (1997) 109-116
22. Greenway M. The role of constructed wetlands in secondary effluent treatment and water reuse in subtropical and arid Australia. Ecol. Eng. 25 (2005) 501-509
23. Gross A., Kaplan D., and Baker K. Removal of chemical and microbiological contaminants from domestic greywater using a recycled vertical flow bioreactor (RVFB). Ecol. Eng. 31 (2007) 107-114
24. Health Protection Agency, 2003. Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus by membrane filtration. Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division. Ref: W10i3.2.
25. Hench K.R., Bissonnette G.K., Sexstone A.J., Coleman J.G., Garbutt K., and Skousen J.G. Fate of chemical, and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands. Water Res. 37 (2003) 921-927
26. Jefferson B., Laine A., Stephenson T., and Judd S.J. Advanced biological unit processes for domestic water recycling. Water Sci. Technol. 43 10 (2001) 211-218
27. Jefferson B., Palmer A., Jeffrey P., Stuetz R., and Judd S. Grey water characterisation and its impact on the selection and operation of technologies for urban reuse. Water Sci. Technol. 50 2 (2004) 157-164
28. Karathanasis A.D., Potter C.L., and Coyne M.S. Vegetation effects on fecal bacteria, BOD, and suspended solid removal in constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater. Ecol. Eng. 20 (2003) 157-169
29. LeChevallier M.W., Evans T.M., and Seidler R.J. Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42 1 (1981) 159-167
30. Leclerc H., Mossel D.A.A., Edberg S.C., and Struijk C.B. Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: their suitability as markers of microbial water safety. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55 (2001) 201-234
31. Madaeni S.S. The application of membrane technology for water disinfection. Water Res. 33 2 (1999) 301-308
32. Narkis N., Armon R., Offer R., Orshansky F., and Friedland E. Effect of suspended solids on wastewater disinfection efficacy by chlorine dioxide. Water Res. 29 1 (1995) 227-236
33. Nolde E. Grey water reuse systems for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings-over ten years experience in Berlin. Urban Water 1 4 (1999) 275-284
34. Ottoson J., and Stenström T.A. Faecal contamination of grey water and associated microbial risks. Water Res. 37 3 (2003) 645-655
35. Ottoson J., and Stenström T.A. Growth and reduction of microorganisms in sediments collected from a graywater treatment system. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 36 (2003) 168-172
36. Payment P., and Franco E. Clostridium perfringens and somatic coliphages as indicators of the efficiency of drinking water treatment for viruses and protozoan cysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 8 (1993) 2418-2424
37. Pidou M., Memon F.A., Stephenson T., Jeffrey P., and Jefferson B. Greywater recycling: treatment options and applications. J. ICE Eng. Sustain. 160 3 (2007) 119-131
38. Powelson D.K., and Mills A.L. Water saturation and surfactant effects on bacterial transport in sand columns. Soil Sci. 163 9 (1998) 694-704
39. Powelson D.K., and Mills A.L. Transport of Escherichia coli in sand columns with constant and changing water contents. J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2001) 238-245
40. Quiñónez-Díaz M.J., Karpiscak M.M., Ellman E.D., and Gerba C.P. Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a constructed wetland receiving untreated domestic wastewater. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 36 7 (2001) 1311-1320
41. Rijnaarts H.H.M., Norde W., Bouwer E.J., Lyklema J., and Zehnder A.J.B. Bacterial adhesion under static and dynamic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 10 (1993) 3255-3265
42. Rose J.B., Sun G., Gerba C.P., and Sinclair N.A. Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in graywater from various household sources. Water Res. 25 1 (1991) 37-42
43. Stevik T.K., Aa K., Ausland G., and Hanssen J.F. Retention and removal of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater percolating through porous media: a review. Water Res. 38 (2004) 1355-1367
44. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2004. Guidelines for Water Reuse. Report EPA/625/R-04/108, USEPA, Washington, DC, USA.
45. Wan J., Wilson J.L., and Kieft T.L. Influence of the gas-water interface on transport of microorganisms through unsaturated porous media. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 2 (1994) 509-516
46. Wertheim H.F.L., Melles D.C., Vos M.C., van Leeuwen W., van Belkum A., Verbrugh H.A., and Nouwen J.L. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5 12 (2005) 751-762
47. Wiel-Shafran A., Ronen Z., Weisbrod N., Adar E., and Gross A. Potential changes in soil properties following irrigation with surfactant-rich greywater. Ecol. Eng. 26 (2006) 348-354
48. Winward G.P., Avery L.M., Stephenson T., and Jefferson B. Chlorine disinfection of grey water for reuse: effect of organics and particles. Water Res. 42 (2008) 483-491