Greywater recycling: Treatment options and applications

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Engineering Sustainability

Volumn 160, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 119-131

  Pidou, Marc ^a   Mamon, Fayyaz Ali ^b   Stephenson, Tom ^a   Jefferson, Bruce ^a   Jeffrey, Paul ^a  

^a CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Recycling reuse of materials; Waste management disposalwater supply

Indexed keywords

DISPOSAL WATER SUPPLY; GREYWATER; ORGANIC FRACTION;

WASTE MANAGEMENT; WATER FILTRATION; WATER RECYCLING;

WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

EID: 36249022631     PISSN: 14784629     EISSN: 17517680     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1680/ensu.2007.160.3.119     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. Guidelines for Water Reuse. USEPA, Washington, DC, 2004, Report EPA/625/ R-04/108.
2. LAINE A. T. Technologies for Greywater Recycling in Buildings. PhD thesis, Cranfield University, 2001.
3. JUDD S. Waste Water Reuse. Cranfield University, 1998, Report WW-09.
4. SEO G. T., AHAN H. I., KIM J. T., LEE Y. J. and KIM I. S. Domestic wastewater reclamation by submerged membrane bioreactor with high concentration powdered activated carbon for stream restoration. Water Science Technology, 2004, 50, No. 2, 173-178.
5. MARCH J. G., GUAL M. and OROZCO F. Experiences on greywater re-use for toilet flushing in a hotel (Mallorca Island, Spain). Desalination, 2004, 164, No. 3, 241-247.
6. DALLMER L. Sqirts - An on-site stormwater treatment and reuse approach to sustainable water management in Sydney. Water Science Technology, 2002, 46, No. 6-7, 151-158.
7. HILLS S., BIRKS R., DIAPER C. and JEFFREY P. An evaluation of single-house greywater recycling systems. Proceedings of the IWA 4th International Symposium on Wastewater Reclamation & Reuse, Mexico City, 2003.
8. JEFFERSON B., PALMER A., JEFFREY P., STUETZ R. and JUDD S. J. Greywater characterisation and its impact on the selection and operation of technologies for urban reuse. Water Science Technology, 2004, 50, No. 2, 157-164.
9. KUJAWA-ROELEVELD K. and ZEEMAN G. Anaerobic treatment in decentralised and source-separation-based sanitation concepts. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio-Technology, 2006, 5, No. 1, 115-139.
10. KARPISCAK M. M., FOSTER K. E. and SCHMIDT N. Residential water conservation. Water Resources Bulletin, 1990, 26, No. 6, 939-948.
11. ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. Conserving Water in Buildings: 3 Greywater. See www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/105385/ greywater_880769.pdf. for further details. Accessed 11/09/2007.
12. LU W. and LEUNG A. Y. T. A preliminary study on potential of developing shower/laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse system. Chemosphere, 2003, 52, No. 9, 1451-1459.
13. ARIKA M., KOBAYASHI H. and KIHARA H. Pilot plant test of an activated sludge ultrafiltration combined process for domestic wastewater reclamation. Desalination, 1977, 23, No. 1-3, 77-86.
14. HALL J. B., BATTEN C. E. and WILKINS J. R. Domestic Wash Water Reclamation for Reuse as Commode Water Supply Using a Filtration-Reverse Osmosis Technique. NASA, Langley Research Centre, Hampton, 1974, Technical Note D-7600.
15. HYPES W., BATTEN C. E. and WILKINS J. R. Processing of Combined Domestic Bath and Laundry Waste Waters for Reuse as Commode Flushing Water. NASA, Langley Research Centre, Hampton, 1975, Technical Note D-7937.
16. WINNEBERGER J. H. T. (ed.). Manual of Grey Water Treatment Practice. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1974.
17. NOLDE E. Greywater reuse systems for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings - over ten years experience in Berlin. Urban Water, 1999, 1, No. 4, 275-284.
18. SURENDRAN S. and WHEATLEY A. D. Greywater reclamation for non-potable reuse. Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 1998, 12, No. 6, 406-413.
19. BREWER D., BROWN R. and STANFIELD G. Rainwater and Greywater in Buildings: Project Report and Case Studies. BSRIA, Bracknell, 2000, Report 13285/1.
20. SANTALA E., UOTILA J., ZAITSEV G., ALASIURUA R., TIKKA R. and TENGVALL J. Microbiological grey water treatment and recycling in an apartment building. Proceedings of the 6th IWA International Conference on Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse, Milan, 1998, 319-324.
21. SHIN H.-S., LEE S.-M., SEO L-S., KIM G.-O., LIM K.-H. and SONG J.-S. Pilot-scale SBR and MF operation for the removal of organic and nitrogen compounds from greywater. Water Science Technology, 1998, 39, No. 1, 128-137.
22. CANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING CORPORATION. Final Assessment of Conservation Co-op's Greywater System. CHMC, Ottawa, 2002, Technical series 02-100.
23. HILLS S., SMITH A., HARDY P. and BIRKS R. Water recycling at the Millennium Dome. Water Science Technology, 2001, 43, No. 10, 287-294.
24. ANDERSEN M., KRISTENSEN G. H., BRYNJOLF M. and GRUTTNER H. Pilot-scale testing membrane bioreactor for wastewater in industrial laundry. Water Science Technology, 2001, 46, No. 4-5, 67-76.
25. FRIEDLER E. Performance of pilot scale greywater reuse RBC/ MBR based systems. Proceedings of Watersave, A One Day Event on Water Demand Management, 2005. Available at http://www.watersave.uk.net
26. GODDARD M. Urban greywater reuse at the D'LUX development. Desalination, 2006, 188, No. 1-3, 135-140.
27. Liu R., HUANG H., CHEN L., WEN X. and QIAN Y. Operational performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor for reclamation of bath wastewater. Process Biochemistry, 2005, 40, No. 1, 125-130.
28. FITTSCHEN I. and NIEMCZYNOWICZ J. Experiences with dry sanitation and greywater treatment in the ecovillage Toarp. Water Science Technology, 1997, 35, No. 9, 161-170.
29. GROSS A., SHMUELI O., RONEN Z. and RAVEH E. Recycled vertical flow constructed wetland (RVFCW)-a novel method of recycling greywater for irrigation in small communities and households. Chemosphere, 2007, 66, No. 5, 916-923.
30. 2-based photocatalytic oxidation for suburban and rural areas without sewer system. Water Science Technology, 2003, 48, No. 11-12, 101-106.
31. SHRESTHA R. R., HABERL R., LABER J., MANANDHAR R. and MADER J. Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Nepal. Water Science Technology, 2001, 44, No. 11-12, 381-386.
32. DALLAS S., SCHEFFE B. and HO G. Reedbeds for greywater treatment-case study in Santa Elena-Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Ecological Engineering, 2004, 23, No. 1, 55-61.
33. GUNTHER F. Wastewater treatment by greywater separation: outline for a biologically based greywater purification plant in Sweden. Ecological Engineering, 2000, 15, No. 1-2, 139-146.
34. LIN C-J., Lo S.-L., KUO C.-Y. and WU C.-H. Pilot-scale electrocoagulation with bipolar aluminium electrodes for on-site domestic greywater reuse. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2005, 131, No. 3, 491-495.
35. PARSONS S. A., BEDEL C and JEFFERSON B. Chemical vs. biological treatment of domestic greywater. Proceedings of the 9th International Gothenburg Symposium on Chemical Treatment, Istanbul, 2000, CD-rom.
36. SOSTAR-TURK S., PETRINIC I. and SIMONIC M. Laundry wastewater treatment using coagulation and membrane filatration. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2005, 44, No. 2, 185-196.
37. DALLAS S. and Ho G. Subsurface flow reedbeds using alternative media for the treatment of domestic greywater in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America. Water Science Technology, 2004, 51, No. 10, 119-128.
38. BINO M. J. Greywater reuse for sustainable water demand management. Proceedings of the International Water Demand Management Conference, 2004, CD-rom.
39. PRATHAPAR S. A., AHMED M., AL ADAWI S. and AL SIDIARI S. Design, construction and evaluation of an ablution water treatment unit in Oman: a case study. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 2006, 63, No. 3, 283-292.
40. JEFFREY P. and JEFFERSON B. Public receptivity regarding 'in-house' water recycling: results from a UK survey. Water Science Technology, 2003, 3, No. 3, 109-116.
41. HURLIMANN A. C and MCKAY J. M. What attributes of recycled water make it fit for residential purposes? The Mawson Lakes experience. Desalination, 2006, 187, No. 1-3, 167-177.
42. TAJIMA A. The behaviour of the pathogenic microbes in the treated wastewater reuse system and the establishment of the new technical standard for the reuse of treated wastewater. Proceedings of the IWA Specialty Conference on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Sustainability, 2005, CD-rom.
43. QUEENSLAND GOVERNMENT. Guidelines for the Use and Disposal of Greywater in Unsewered Areas. Queensland Government Local Government and Planning, Brisbane, 2003.
44. CANADA MORTGAGE AND HOUSING CORPORATION. Water Reuse Standards and Verification Protocol. CHMC, Ottawa, 2004, Research Report 1611-06.
45. MARS R. Case studies of greywater recycling in Western Australia. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Onsite Wastewater Treatment ft Recycling, Fremantle, 2004, CD-rom.
46. GERBA C P., STRAUB T. M., ROSE J. B., KARSPISCAK M. M., FOSTER K. E. and BRITTAIN R. G. Water quality study of greywater treatment systems. Water Resources Bulletin, 1995, 31, No. 1, 109-116.
47. DIAPER C., DIXON A., BUTLER D., FEWKES A., PARSONS S. A., STRATHERM M. and STEPHENSON T. Small scale water recycling systems-risk assessment and modelling. Water Science Technology, 2001, 43, No. 10, 83-90.
48. ITAYAMA T., KIJI M., SUETSUGU A., TANAKA N., SAITO T., IWAMI N., MIZUOCHI M. and INAMORI Y. On site experiments of the slanted soil treatment systems for domestic gray water. Water Science Technology, 2004, 53, No. 9, 193-201.
49. AHN K.-H., SONG J.-H. and CHA H.-Y. Application of tubular ceramic membranes for reuse of wastewater from buildings. Water Science Technology, 1998, 38, No. 4-5, 373-382.
50. RAMON G., GREEN M., SEMIAT R. and DOSORETZ C LOW strength greywater characterization and treatment by direct membrane filtration. Desalination, 2004, 170, No. 3, 241-250.
51. BIRKS R. Biological Aerated Filters and Membranes for Greywater Treatment. MSc thesis, Cranfield University, 1998.
52. WARD M. Treatment of Domestic Greywater Using Biological and Membrane Separation Techniques. MPhil thesis, Cranfield University, 2000.
53. TCHOBANOGLOUS G., BURTON F. L. and STENSEL H. D. (eds). Wastewater Engineering-Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2003.
54. VIGNESWARAN S. and VISVANATHAN C. Water Treatment Processes: Simple Options. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995.
55. JEFFERSON B., LAINE A., DIAPER C., PARSONS S., STEPHENSON T. and JUDD S. J. Water recycling technologies in the UK. Proceedings of the Technologies for Urban Water Recycling Conference (STEPHENSON T. and DIAPER C. (eds)). Cranfield University, Cranfield, 2000.
56. JUDD S. and TILL S. W. Bacterial rejection in crossflow microfiltration of sewage. Desalination, 2000, 127, No. 3, 251-260.
57. NGHIEM L. D., OSCHMANN N. and SCHAFER A. I. Fouling in greywater recycling by direct ultrafiltration. Desalination, 2006, 187, No. 1-3, 283-290.
58. MCQUIRE S. West Brunswick Sustainable House Water Systems Retrofit. Final project report. See www.greenmakeover.com.au for further details. Accessed 03/12/2006.
59. FRIEDLER E., KOVALIO R. and GALIL N. I. On-site greywater treatment and reuse in multi-storey buildings. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Onsite Wastewater Treatment & Recycling, Fremantle, 2004, CD-rom.
60. IMURA M., SATO Y., INAMORI Y. and SUDO R. Development of a high efficiency household biofilm reactor. Water Science Technology, 1995, 31, No. 9, 163-171.
61. LESJEAN B. and GNIRSS R. Grey water treatment with a membrane bioreactor operated at low SRT and low HRT. Desalination, 2006, 199, No. 1-3, 432-434.
62. JENSSEN P. D., MOEHLUM T., KROGSTAD T. and VRALE L. High performance constructed wetlands for cold climates. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2005, 40, No. 6-7, 1343-1353.
63. LODGE B. Membrane Fouling During Domestic Water Recycling. EngD thesis, Cranfield University, 2003.
64. GARDNER T. and MILLAR G. The performance of a greywater system at the healthy home in South East Queensland - three years of data. Proceedings of the Onsite '03 Conference. (PATTERSON R. A. and JONES M. J. (eds)). Lanfax Laboratories, Australia, 2003, 145-152.
65. INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY SERVICE. Water Reuse and Recycling in Japan, Report of Overseas Mission of Science and Technology Experts in Japan, 16-20 October 2000. ITS, London, 2000.
66. STEPHENSON T., JUDD S. J., JEFFERSON B. and BRINDLE K. Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment. IWA Publishing, London, 2000.
67. JEFFERSON B., PALMER A., JUDD S. and JEFFREY P. Reliability of biological processes for urban reuse of grey and black water. Proceedings of the IWA Regional Symposium on Water Recycling in the Mediterranean Region, 2002, CD-rom.
68. BORIN M., COSSU R., LAVAGNOLO M. C and GANDINI M. Phytotreatment of greywater with yellow water addition from an aesthetic approach. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference Onsite Wastewater Treatment & Recycling, Fremantle, 2004, CD-rom.
69. FRAZER-WILLIAMS R., AVERY L., JEFFREY P., SHIRLEY-SMITH C., LIU S. and JEFFERSON B. Constructed wetlands for urban greywater recycling. Proceedings of the First Conference on Sustainable Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Nicosia, Cyprus, 2005, CD-rom.
70. SCHONBORN A., ZUST B. and UNDERWOOD E. Long term, performance of the sand-plant-filter Schattweid (Switzerland). Water Science Technology, 1997, 35, No. 5, 307-314.