A water wilderness: Battles over values and motorboats on Yellowstone Lake

Historical Geography

Volumn 35, Issue , 2007, Pages 185-213

  Yochim, Michael J ^a  

^a NATIONAL PARK SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; PARK MANAGEMENT; PLANNING HISTORY; SETTLEMENT HISTORY; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WATER MANAGEMENT; WILDERNESS AREA;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WYOMING; YELLOWSTONE LAKE;

EID: 38049173996     PISSN: 10916458     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (210)

1. Lon Garrison, "A Conversation with an Osprey," Rare Separates Files, Rare Book Room; Senate Committee on Appropriations, Proposed Boating Regulations for Yellowstone Lake, Hearings Before a Sub-committee of the Committee on Appropriations, 86th Congress, 2nd session 1960: 148;
2. Richard A. Crysdale, "An Analysis of Lake Zoning Factors, Objectives and Problems on Yellowstone Lake" (master's thesis, Utah State University, 1965): 115-116;
3. Advisory Committee on Boating (Luis A. Gastellum, Otto M. Brown, David del Condon, Frank E. Mattson, and Ernest K. Field) to Superintendent, 21 November 1958, file '"[untitled]," Box W-156;
4. Warren F. Hamilton to Regional Director, 5 October 1956 and E.T. Scoyen to Senator Mike Mansfield, 7 Aug. 1957, file "W4624 #1 Sept. 1953-June 1959 2 of 2," Box W-254;
5. and "Yellowstone Lake Zoning Proposal," unpublished timeline of key events, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning) January-February 1960," Box W-158.
6. The zoning idea had actually originated with a committee suggested by National Park Service (NPS) Director Conrad Wirth on a visit to Yellowstone a few weeks earlier (Luis Gastellum, "Chronology of Events Leading to the Zoning of Yellowstone Lake," unpublished report, file "Chronology of of Events Leading to Hearing and Miscellaneous Correspondence," and Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 12 December 1958, file "[untitled]," both in Box W-156).
7. Crysdale, "An Analysis of Lake Zoning Factors...," 54-55, 115-120.
8. Lemuel Garrison, "A Conversation with an Osprey," and another untitled memoir of the controversy written in August, 1974, file "Lon Garrison - Miscell. Items," Box A-1 (source of last quote);
9. and Orville Bach, interviews by author, Belgrade, Montana, 22 December 2002, and by telephone on 30 June 2004.
10. Creation of place in the national parks is discussed by many scholars. See Paul Schullery, Searching for Yellowstone: Ecology and Wonder in the Last Wilderness (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1997);
11. Judith Meyer, The Spirit of Yellowslone (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996);
12. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979);
13. Thomas R. Vale and Geraldine R. Vale, Walking with Muir/Across Yosemite (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998);
14. and Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1977).
15. David Louter, in Windshield Wilderness: Cars, Roads, and Nature in Washington's National Parks (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 2006), uses the historical geography of the three national parks in Washington to demonstrate the changing NPS understanding of the relationship of roads and cars to wilderness preservation in the parks. Louter also discusses Mission 66, the agency's construction program in the late 1950s and 60s, which was intended to cope with rising visitor numbers in the postwar era but which spawned conservationist criticism of increasing development at the expense of wilderness preservation.
16. Several scholars have examined conservationist wilderness values, commonly finding meanings of sacredness in nature. See Stephen Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1981);
17. Catherine L. Albanese, Nature Religion in America: From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990);
18. Linda Graber, Wilderness as Sacred Space (Washington: American Association of Geographers, 1976);
19. Thomas R. Dunlap, Faith in Nature: Environmentalism as Religious Quest (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2004);
20. Thomas R. Vale, The American Wilderness: Reflections on Nature Protection in the United States (Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press, 2005), 13-15;
21. and Sandra Nykerk, "Pilgrims and Rituals in Yellowstone National Park: Touristic Encounters with the Sacred" (Directed Interdisciplinary Studies Bachelor's Honors Thesis, Montana State University-Bozeman, 2000).
22. One of the most common themes in NPS discussions and histories is the balance between preservation and visitor accommodation which the agency is directed to negotiate in its Organic Act, which states that the agency shall "conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations" (An Act to Establish a National Park Service, and for Other Purposes," 39 Stat. 535, approved 25 August 1916). Some good discussions of this tension can be found in Lary M. Dilsaver, Cumberland Island National Seashore: A History of Conservation Conflict (Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press, 2004;
23. Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1997),
24. Lary M. Dilsaver and William C. Tweed, Challenge of the Big Trees: A Resource History of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (Three Rivers, Cal.: Sequoia Natural History Association, 1990);
25. Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, 1979;
26. and Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, Inc., 1984).
27. Several scholars examine interest group influence - primarily that of conservationists - including Fox, The American Conservation Movement;
28. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks;
29. James A. Pritchard, Preserving Yellowstone's Natural Conditions: Science and the Perception of Nature (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1999);
30. and Alston Chase, Playing God in Yellowstone: The Destruction of America's First National Park (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986).
31. See Don Hummel, Stealing the National Parks: The Destruction of Concessions and Park Access (Bellevue, Wash.: The Free Enterprise Press, 1987) for an argument in favor of continued motorized access.
32. Several ex-NPS directors call for reduced political influence upon the NPS, including William C. Everhart, The National Park Service (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1983);
33. George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the National Parks (Mt. Kisco, N.Y: Moyer Bell Ltd., 1988);
34. and James M. Ridenour, The National Parks Compromised: Pork Barrel Politics and America's Treasures (Merrillville, Ind.: ICS Books, Inc., 1994).
35. Political scientist William R. Lowry has published two books demonstrating that the U.S. NPS suffers more political tampering than the federal park agencies of other countries: The Capacity for Wonder: Preserving National Parks (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1994),
36. and Preserving Public Lands for the Future: the Politics of Intergenerational Goods (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press, 1998).
37. Biographical information from his own book, Lemuel A. Garrison, The Making of a Ranger: Forty Years with the National Parks (Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1983).
38. Advisory Committee on Boating to Superintendent, 21 November 1958, and Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 12 December 1958, both in file "[untitled]," Box W-156.
39. Acting Regional Director M. H. Harvey to The Director, 16 January 1959, Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 17 March 1959, Howard W. Baker to Superintendent, 19 June 1959, Conrad Wirth to Senator James E. Murray, 30 June 1959, and Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 13 June 1959, all in file "W4624 Book #1, Sept. 1953-June 1959, 1 of 2," Box W-254.
40. Joseph R. Murphy, "The Molly Island Nesting Colonies of Yellowstone Lake," 1960, vertical files, YNP library, Gardiner, Mont. (hereafter YNPL), V 5-9;
41. Paul D. Sebesta, "Wildlife Census and Effects of Power Boating in the Arms of Yellowstone Lake," and Otto M. Brown to Superintendent, 11 September 1959, both in file "W4624 Book #3, Jan-Mar. 1960, 1 of 3:" Box W-254 (Sebesta used the same data in his master's thesis, "The Effects of Human Disturbance on the Ecology of the Yellowstone Lake Shore Wilderness Areas" (University of Nebraska, 1961)). The canoe group also weathered a Richter-scale 7.5 earthquake, the largest ever recorded in the northern Rockies, which struck at night on August 17 (John Montagne, personal interview by author, Bozeman, Mont., 18 June 2003).
42. Garrison to Regional Director, 12 December 1958, file "[Untitled]," Box W-156 (note that Garrison refers to the "Outboard Boating Club" of Billings in this letter; all future correspondence referred to the "Billings Boat Club" instead);
43. Superintendent to Gastellum, Sylvester, McIntyre, and Beal (first names not provided on original), 16 January 1960, file "W4624-Boating (Lake Zoning) January-February 1960," Box W-158;
44. John Q. Nichols to Sherman Jones, 29 January 1959, Thomas J. Hallin to Sherman D. Jones, 12 January 1959, and Sherman D. Jones, "A Report on the National Park Service Proposal for Zoning of Yellowstone Lake as Related to the Yellowstone Park Company Boat Division Operation and Private Boat Owners," in a file of the same name, all three in Box YPC-79;
45. and Milton Rees, testimony at Senate Committee, Proposed Boating Regulations, 86.
46. Curtis E. Lees to Lon Garrison, 29 November 1958 and C. L. Conaway to Harrell F. Mosbaugh, 3 June 1959, both in file "W4624 Book #1, Sept. 1953-June 1959, 1 of 2," Box W-254.
47. The Billings Boat Club, "A Memorandum in Opposition...," file "Chronology of Events Leading to Hearing and Miscellaneous Correspondence," Box W-156.
48. The "benefit and enjoyment" and "pleasuring ground" quotes are from the Yellowstone National Park Organic Act, "An Act to Set Apart a Certain Tract of Land Lying Near the Headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a Public Park," 17 Stat. 32, approved 1 March 1872.
49. Conaway to Mosbaugh, 3 June 1959, Mike Mansfield to Conrad Wirth, 29 April 1959, and Acting Director E.T. Scoyen to Mike Mansfield, 7 May 1959, all in file "W4624 Book #1, Sept. 1953-June 1959, 1 of 2," Box W-254; Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 13 August 1959, file "W4624 #2, July 1959-Jan. 1960, 2 of 2," Box W-254;
50. and The Billings Boat Club, "A Memorandum in Opposition."
51. Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 17 September 1959,
52. Howard W. Baker to Superintendent, 13 October 1959,
53. Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 21 November 1959,
54. and Howard W. Baker to The Director, 18 December 1959, all in file "W4624 Book #2, July 1959-Jan. 1960, 1 of 2," Box W-254;
55. and E.T. Scoyen to Regional Director, 16 or 18 January 1960 (date is indistinguishable on original), file "W4624 #3 Jan.-Mar. 1960, 2 of 3," both in Box W-254.
56. Many authors mention Mission 66, and all argue that it was the consuming focus of the NPS and Director Wirth in the late 1950s. See Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 1997, 180-212;
57. Runte, National Parks, 1997, 173;
58. Foresta, America's National Parks and their Keepers, 1984, 52-57;
59. and Garrison, The Making of a Ranger, 1983, 254-265. As Yellowstone's superintendent, Garrison oversaw one of the single largest Mission 66 developments nationally, the park's Canyon Village.
60. Conservationist correspondence: Lemuel A. Garrison to E. Sue Gloriod, 12 June 1959, file "W4624 Book #1, Sept. 1953-June 1959, 1 of 2," Box W-254;
61. Hillory A. Tolson to Joseph W. Penfold, 4 September 1959, file "Boat Regulations on Yellowstone Lake," Box 7:4,
62. Izaak Walton League Collection (CONS 41), Conservation Collection, Denver Public library, Denver, Colo. (hereafter IWL);
63. and Hillory A. Tolson to John H. Baker, 4 September 1959
64. and Anthony Wayne Smith to Conrad L. Wirth, 20 November 1959, both in file W4624 Book #2, July 1959-Jan. 1960, 1 of 2," Box W-254.
65. Political correspondence: Duane D. Jacobs, "Brief Summary of [Washington Office] Replies to Congressmen and Senators Concerning Proposed Yellowstone Lake Zoning,"
66. James E. Murray to Conrad Wirth, 16 October 1959,
67. Curtis E. Lees to Mike Mansfield, 20 September 1959,
68. Mike Mansfield to Conrad L. Wirth, 23 September 1959, and Director [Wirth] to Mike Mansfield, [n.d.], all in file "W4624 Book #2, July 1959-Jan. 1960, 1 of 2," Box W-254.
69. Numerous constituent letters to Gale McGee in 1959 in Folder 14, Box 561, Gale W. McGee Collection, Accession #9800, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie (hereafter AHC). Information on McGee from TA. Larson, Preface to "The Gale W. McGee Papers: A Guide," finding aide to the Gale W. McGee collection, available on-line at http://ahc.uwyo.edu/~mcgee/mcgee.pdf, 10 December 2003.
70. Information on the hearing from Carl Hayden to Fred A. Seaton, 11 January 1960,
71. and Acting Regional Director M. H. Harvey to Superintendent, 22 January 1960, both in file "W4624 #3 Jan.-Mar. 1960, 2 of 3," Box W-254;
72. and Gale McGee to James E. Murray, Frank Church, Mike Mansfield, and Frank E. Moss, 15 January 1960, Folder "Yellowstone Lake Correspondence," Box 836, AHC.
73. Note that Garrison reported the date of this hearing incorrectly in his book; it was held in 1960, not 1961 (Garrison, The Making of a Ranger, 288).
74. Secretary of the Wyoming Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs John C. Borzea, testimony at Senate Committee, Proposed Boating Regulations, 42.
75. Senate Committee, Proposed Boating Regulations.
76. Phil Empey to Gate McGee, 9 February 1960 (source of quote), Folder 3, Box 570, AHC.
77. Yi-Fu Tuan, in Space and Place (1977), argues that machines confer a sense of freedom: "Being free has several levels of meaning. Fundamental is the ability to transcend the present condition, and this transcendence is most simply manifest as the elementary power to move.... Tools and machines enlarge man's sense of space and spaciousness" (52-53).
78. Senate Committee, Proposed Boating Regulations,
79. and Olaus J. Murie, "Wilderness on Yellowstone Lake," National Parks Magazine, December 1959, 2, which was commonly quoted in 1960, such as in "FLASH: Yellowstone Boating Hearing, February 3, Cody, Wyoming," 19 January 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), January-February 1960," Box W-158.
80. Senate Committee, Proposed Boating Regulations,
81. Horace M. Albright to Gale W. McGee, 22 January 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), January-February 1960," Box W-158; and see the letters in Folder 4, Box 570, AHC for examples of letters to McGee in support of Zoning from his constituents.
82. J. D. Love to Olaus Murie, 27 January 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), January-February 1960," Box W-158.
83. Senate Committee, Proposed Boating Regulations, 33-36;
84. and Howard W. Baker to The Director, 4 February 1960,
85. Luis A. Gastellum to Superintendent, 6 February 1960,
86. and Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 12 February 1960, all in file "W4624 #3 Jan.-Mar. 1960, 2 of 3," Box W-254.
87. Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 10 February 1960,
88. and 12 February 1960, E.T. Scoyen to Regional Director, 29 February 1960,
89. and Howard W. Baker to The Director, 16 February 1960, all in file "W4624 #3, Jan.-Mar. 1960, 2 of 3," Box W-254;
90. Howard W. Baker to The Director, 16 February 1960, file "[Untitled]", Box W-156;
91. Conrad L. Wirth to Secretary of the Interior, 6 April 1960, file "Office of the Secretary - Parks & Sites - Yellowstone National Park, Part 3 - January 6, 1960 to September 3, 1960," Box 337, Central Classified Files, 1959-1963, Record Group 48, National Archives, College Park, Md. (hereafter NACP);
92. and 25 Federal Register 101: 4554-4555, 24 May 1960.
93. L. F. Cook to The Director, 3 March 1960, file "W4624 Book #4, Mar.-July 1960, 2 of 2," Box W-255; Keith Thomson to Roger C. Ernst, 2 February 1960, file "Office of the Secretary - Parks & Sites - Yellowstone National Park, Part 3 - Jan. 6, 1960, to Sept. 3, 1960," Box 337, Central Classified Files, 1959-1963, Record Group 48, NACP;
94. Henry Dworshak to Roger Ernst, 3 March 1960,
95. and Roger Ernst to Henry Dworshak, 29 March 1960, both in file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), March-June 1960," Box W-157;
96. and 25 Federal Register 101: 4554-4555, 24 May 1960.
97. Robert N. McIntyre to Acting Superintendent, 18 February 1960,
98. and Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 20 February 1960, both in file "[Untitled]," Box W-156;
99. Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 19 February 1960, file "W4624 Book #3, Jan.-Mar. 1960, 1 of 3," Box W-254;
100. William R. Lorenzen to Lon Garrison, 7 March 1960, file "W4624 Book #4, Mar.-July 1960, 2 of 2," Box W. 255;
101. Robert N. McIntyre, "Proposal for Zoning Yellowstone Lake to Motor Boat Use with the Protection of Primary Wilderness Values," address given to Bonneville County Sportsmens' Association, Idaho Falls, Idaho, 12 March 1960, YNPL;
102. and "Statement of Lemuel A. Garrison for Interior Department Hearing on Zoning of Yellowstone Lakes, Salt Lake City, Utah - July 17, 1961," file "Lake Zoning - Salt Lake Hearing W4624," Box W-156.
103. Lemuel A. Garrison to Mr. Charles L. Barron, 10 October 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Station), September-December 1960;" "Proposed Public Use Plan for Yellowstone Lake," file "W4624 - Lake Zoning, 1960;"
104. and "Statement of Lemuel A. Garrison for Interior Department Hearing on Zoning of Yellowstone Lakes, Salt Lake City, Utah - July 17, 1961," file "Lake Zoning - Salt Lake Hearing W4624," all in Box W-156.
105. Information on OBC comes from Ron Stone to Gale McGee, 17 February 1960, in Folder 5, Box 570, AHC;
106. OBC, "Special Legislative Report - Glacier and Yellowstone National Parks," file "W4624 Book #4, Mar.-July 1960, 2 of 2," Box W-255;
107. OBC, "Proposed Zoning of Yellowstone Lake" (source of quote), file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning) August 1960," Box W-157;
108. Department of the Interior-NPS, "Hearings on Proposed Motorboat Restrictions on Yellowstone Lake," 1960, 376, unpublished transcripts, file "W4624 - Lake Zoning Hearings," Box D-154;
109. "Yellowstone Boating," National Parks Magazine, April 1960, 15;
110. Conrad L. Wirth to Howard Zahniser, 1 April 1960, file "Correspondence: U.S. Department of the Interior - National Parks Service, 1960-1966," Box 4:300, The Wilderness Society Collection (CONS 130), Conservation Collection, Denver Public Library, Denver (hereafter TWS);
111. and David M. Abbott to Gale McGee, 2 February 1960, file "W4624 Book #3, Jan.-Mar., 1960, 1 of 3," Box W-254.
112. Murie's involvement in Olaus J. Muric to Howard Baker, 6 May 1960, file "Members: Olaus J. Murie, 1960," Box 3:201, TWS;
113. Olaus J. Murie, "Canoe Wilderness in Yellowstone," The Living Wilderness, Spring 1960, 15-20;
114. and Thomas B. Hyde to Superintendent, 1 June 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), March-June 1960," Box W-157.
115. MWA's involvement in Kenneth K. Baldwin, "New Yellowstone Lake Zoning Proposal Hearing," 10 August 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), August, 1960," Box W-157. Izaak Walton League's involvement in Lemuel A. Garrison to Charlie Piersall, 12 February 1960, file "W4624 #3, Jan.-Mar. 1960, 2 of 3," Box W-254.
116. Robert N. McIntyre to F. M. Paulson, 15 March 1960, and
117. and E.T. Scoyen to David R. Brower, 30 March 1960, both in file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), March-June 1960," Box W-157;
118. Lemuel A. Garrison to Charlie Piersall, 12 February 1960,
119. and Director [Wirth] to D. K. Bradley, date illegible, both in file "W4624 #3 Jan.-Mar. 1960, 2 of 3," Box W-254;
120. E.T.Scoyen to David Brower, 16 Match 1960, file "W4624 Book, #4, Mar.-July 1960, 2 of 2," Box W-255;
121. and Thomas B. Hyde to Burton W. Marston, 13 July 1960, (source of quote)
122. and Lemuel A. Garrison to Editor of the National Wildlands News Devereux Butcher, 19 July 1960, both in file "W4624 - Boating (Zoning), July 1960," Box W-157.
123. David Brower to Eivind T. Scoyen, 28 March 1960 and Conrad L. Wirth to David R. Brower, 7 June 1960, both in file "W4624 Book #4, March-July 1960, 1 of 2," Box W-255.
124. Bruce M. Kilgore to Lon Garrison, 12 August 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), August 1960, Box W-157;
125. Sierra Club, "Motorboats Have Been Given a Place, BUT Canoes, Wildlife and Wilderness Deserve Room on Yellowstone Lake, Too!" Outdoor Newsletter, 10 August 1960, in file "Chronology of Events Leading to Hearing and Miscellaneous Correspondence," Box W-156. See the numerous articles and updates on the topic in 1960 issues of National Parks Magazine, The Living Wlilderness, Outdoor America, and The Sierra Club Bulletin. Most conservation groups, and the General Federation of Women's Clubs, sent letters supporting zoning to the August hearings.
126. Olaus J. Murie, "Wilderness Conference on Yellowstone Lake," The Living Wilderness, Summer-Fall 1961, 14-16.
127. L. F. Cook to The Director, 3 March 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), March-June 1960," Box W-157,
128. and Luis A. Gastellum to Superintendent, 6 February 1960, file "W4624 #3, Jan.-Mar. 1960, 2 of 3," Box W-254. Garrison and Murie were certainly not the first conservationists to struggle with this difficulty;
129. as Robert Righter records in The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 206-208, John Muir and the defenders of the famous valley in Yosemite faced the same challenge several decades earlier, and also lost their cause. The situation had changed little in nearly fifty years, perhaps hinting that values of freedom (and in the Hetch Hetchy case, utilitarianism) are stronger in America than conservationist values.
130. Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 20 February 1960, file "[Untitled]," Box W-156;
131. and Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 17 June 1960, file "W4624 Book #4, Mar.-July 1960, 1 of 2," Box W-255 (source of quote);
132. Dept. of the Interior-NPS, "Hearings on Proposed Motorboat Restrictions on Yellowstone Lake," 1960, unpublished transcripts, file "W4624 - Lake Zoning Hearings," Box D-154,
133. and "Statement of Superintendent Garrison, Yellowstone National Park Departmental Hearings, Yellowstone Lake Zoning, August 23-26, 1960," file "W4624 - Lake Zoning 1960," Box W-156. By this time Garrison was informing new arriving staff members to focus on other reasons for zoning, not erosion (John Good, interview by author, Mammoth Hot Springs, 21 March 2003), as Garrison himself did at each hearing.
134. DOI-NPS, "Hearings on Proposed Motorboat Restrictions on Yellowstone Lake," 1960, with Gardner's quote on p. 57.
135. DOI-NPS, "Hearings on Proposed Motorboat Restrictions on Yellowstone Lake," 1960, 191-350.
136. DOI-NPS, "Hearings on Proposed Motorboat Restrictions on Yellowstone Lake," 1960, 351-541;
137. Lemuel A. Garrison, "Superintendent's Annual Report for 1961," Section VIII (2), YNPL;
138. L. F. Cook to Superintendent, 15 September 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Station), Sept.-Dec. 1960," Box W-156;
139. Nelson Murdock, "Progress Report - Proposed Zoning of Yellowstone Lake," presentation to the Montana Outfitters and Guides Association, 7-10 December 1960, file "W4624 Book #5, July 1960-Jan. 1961, 2 of 2," Box W-255;
140. Nelson Murdock to Superintendent, 30 September 1960, file "W4624 - Lake Zoning 1960," Box W-156;
141. and Lemuel A. Garrison to Kenneth Black, 30 August 1960, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning) August 1960," Box W-157.
142. Gale W. McGee to Fred A. Seaton, 15 November 1960, Press Release from the Office of Senator Gale W. McGee, 15 November 1960, and Gale W. McGee to Fred A. Seaton, 18 November 1960, all in Folder 4, Box 38, AHC;
143. McGee to Associated Press and United Press International, telegram, 17 November 1960, in Folder 2, Box 38, AHC;
144. and Gale W. McGee, "A Compromise Proposal Pertaining to the Status of the South and Southeast Arms of Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park," in Folder 6, Box 593, AHC. Note that McGee's proposal made no mention of a restricted 4- or 5-mph speed limit in the South and Southeast Arms.
145. McGee, "A Compromise Proposal," (source of quote),
146. and McGee to Seaton, 15 November 1960, Folder 4, Box 38, AHC.
147. Crysdale, "An Analysis of Lake Zoning Factors...," 62-63;
148. Gale W. McGee to Robert Rose, 18 August 1960, in Folder 7, Box 570, AHC;
149. McGee to Associated Press and UPI, telegram, 17 November 1960, Folder 2, Box 38, AHC (source of power boater quote; his November 15 letter and press release also promoted his compromise's benefits for the increasing number of power boaters);
150. and "Statement of Lemuel A. Garrison for Interior Department Hearing on Zoning of Yellowstone Lakes, Salt Lake City, Utah - July 17, 1961," file "Lake Zoning - Salt Lake Hearing W4624," Box W-156.
151. "Spurious" from McGee, "A Compromise Proposal;" and constituent quote from Floy Tonkin to Gale McGee, 18 September 1960, in Folder 7, Box 570, AHC.
152. Margaret E. Murie to McGee, 30 November 1960, file "Members: Margaret E. Murie 1960-1964," Box 3:200, TWS;
153. F. Howard Bradv to Fred A. Seaton, 1 December 1960, file "Boat Regulations on Yellowstone Lake," Box 7:4, IWL;
154. Department of the Interior, "Interior Department Regulates Motorboats in Yellowstone National Park," Press Release, 29 December 1960,
155. and Lemuel A. Garrison to Regional Director, 8 December 1960, both in file "W4624 Book #5, July 1960-Jan. 1961, 2 of 2;" and 25 Federal Register: 13970-13972, 30 December 1960.
156. Lemuel A. Garrison to Ken Baldwin and other conservationists, all dated 5 or 6 January 1961 and in file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning), 1961," Box W-158;
157. NPS Press Release, 8 February 1961, file "W4624 #6,jan.july 1961,2 of 2," Box W-255;
158. and "Statement of Lemuel A. Garrison for Interior Department Hearing on Zoning of Yellowstone Lakes, Salt Lake City, Utah - July 17, 1961," file "Lake Zoning - Salt Lake Hearing W4624," Box W-156.
159. Rumor discussions found in Florence W. Baldwin to Lon [Garrison], 23 March 1961, file "L48 - Wilderness Areas (Research Reserve) (Wilderness Assoc.) 1961 thru 1962," Box L-52,
160. and J. W Penfold to Stewart L. Udall, 15 May 1961, file "W4624a Salt Lake City Hearings Lake Zoning," Box W-157.
161. McGee's efforts in Gale W. McGee to John H. Larsen, 6 January 1961 (source of first two quotes),
162. Gale W McGee to Lee Underbrink, 10 January 1961,
163. Gale W McGee to PM. Cooper, 17 January 1961,
164. Gale W McGee to Frank Hicks, 16 January 1961,
165. Gale W McGee to "Frank" (Hicks), 24 January 1961 (source of third quote),
166. Gale W. McGee to Stewart Udall, 26 January 1961,
167. and Gale W. McGee to R. L. Bradford, 22 February 1961, all in Folder 2, Box 38, AHC;
168. and Stewart L. Udall to "Gale" (McGee), 6 February 1961, Folder 4, Box 38, AHC.
169. Gale W. McGee to Stewart L. Udall, 9 March 1961, in Folder 4, Box 38, AHC;
170. Gale W McGee to "Frank," 19 April 1961, and 9 June 1961 (source of first quote),
171. and Gale W. McGee to "Bert" Reinow, 21 June 1961 (source of second quote), Folder 2, Box 38, AHC;
172. and Dept. of the Interior, Press Release, "Interior Department Reaffirms Controls on Yellowstone Boating," 9 June 1961, file "W4624 Book #6, Jan-July 1961, 1 of 2," Box W-255. The source of the 5 mph restriction is unclear, although it clearly echoed Baker's suggestion from two years earlier.
173. Howard Zahniser to Stewart L. Udall, 16 June 1961 and John A. Carver, Jr., to Howard Zahniser, 22 June 1961, both in file "States/Wyoming: Yellowstone National Park, 1959-1963," Box 7:195, TWS;
174. and 26 Federal Register. 5632, 23 June 1961.
175. Some letters contesting the decision are Kenneth B. Pomeroy to Stewart L. Udall, 28 June 1961, file "W4624a Salt Lake City Hearings Lake Zoning," Box W-157 (there are others in the same file);
176. and Ira N. Gabrielson to John A. Carver, Jr., 14 July 1961, and Carl W. Buchheister to Frank Barry, 12 July 1961, both in file "Boat Regulations on Yellowstone Lake," Box 7:4, IWL. Conservationist letters rallying members to the hearing include Michael Nadel to Members and Friends of The Wilderness Society, 7 July 1961, file "W4624a Salt Lake City Hearings Lake Zoning," Box W-157;
177. Anthony Wayne Smith to All Organizations Cooperating with National Parks Association, file "Boat Regulations on Yellowstone Lake," Box 7:4, IWL;
178. and Bruce M. Kilgore to Burton W. Marston, 3 July 1961, file "Yell. & Grand Teton National Park," Box 62, Izaak Walton League Papers, Accession #301, American Heritage Center, Univ. of Wyoming-Laramie. NYT opinion, "Motorboats vs. the Parks," 13 July 1961.
179. Harrell F. Mosbaugh to Charles H. Stoddard, 19 July 1961, and "Statement of the Izaak Walton League of America, Inc., in Regard to Motor Boat Zoning Regulations in Yellowstone National Park," both in file "W4624 Book #7, July-Aug. 1961," Box W-255;
180. "Testimony of National Parks Association at Hearings Held by the Solicitor,..." 17 July 1961, file "W4624 - Lake Zoning 1960," Box W-156;
181. Howard W. Baker to The Director, 24 July 1961,
182. and E. T. Scoyen to Regional Director, 9 August 1961, both in file "W4624a Salt Lake City Hearings Lake Zoning," Box W-157;
183. and Hartt Wixom, "No More Yellowstone Talks Set, Barry Says," Deseret News and Telegram (Salt Lake City), 19 July 1961.
184. "Statement of Lemuel A. Garrison for Interior Department Hearing on Zoning of Yellowstone Lakes, Salt Lake City, Utah - July 17,1961," file "Lake Zoning - Salt Lake Hearing W4624," Box W-156,
185. and Lemuel A. Garrison to Director, 9 November 1961 (source of quote), file "W4624 Book #8, Aug. 1961-Jan. 1962, 1 of 2," Box W-255.
186. "Deathly silence" from "The Editorial Page," National Parks Magazine (December 1962): 2. Garrison, The Making of a Ranger, 289-290.
187. Garrison, The Making of a Ranger, 289-290.
188. Frank J. Barry to The Secretary, 28 March 1962, file "Office of the Secretary - Parks and Sites - Yellowstone National Park, Part 6 - March 6, 1962 to March 22, 1963," Box 338, Central Classified Files, 1959-1963, Record Group 48, NACP.
189. John A. Carver, Jr., to Secretary Udall, Feb. [date of month illegible], 1962,
190. and John A. Carver, Jr., to Secretary, 29 January 1962, both in file "Office of the Secretary - Parks & Sites - Yellowstone National Park, Part 5 - Aug. 1, 1916 to Feb. 22, 1962," Box 337, Central Classified Files, 1959-1963, Record Group 48, NACP;
191. and Office of the Secretary, draft press release entitled "Yellowstone Boating Regulations Revised to Protect Two Wilderness Areas," [n.d.], Folder 4, Box 53, AHC.
192. "Yellowstone National Park Boating Regulations Still in Doubt," National Wildlands News (June 1962):1;
193. Dave Toeppen, "Conservation Report on Yellowstone Park," AYH Byways (journal of American Youth Hostels) (September 1962):2;
194. and Lon Garrison, untitled memoir of the controversy, August, 1974, file "Lon Garrison - Miscell. Items," Box A-1. The NACP, Yellowstone Archives, the American Heritage Center, and the Kennedy Presidential Library contain no written correspondence with Udall on the issue. Perhaps Kennedy took Udall aside before or after some cabinet hearing and told him to stand down, but there is no record of it.
195. Complaints to President and Udall from Ralph A. Dungan to Secretary of the Interior, 16 August 1962, Folder "Public Affairs, June 21, 1962 to Aug. 25, 1962," Box 657, John F. Kennedy Presidential library, National Archives; and John A, Carver, Jr., to Leo Drey, 15 October 1962 (source of first quote), John A. Carver, Jr., to Thomas D. Mulhern, Jr., 21 November 1962, and Robert M. Mangan to Lindsay Hoben, 23 January 1963, all in file "Office of the Secretary -P arks and Sites - Yellowstone National Park, Part 6 - March 6, 1962 to March 22, 1963," Box 338, Central Classified Files, 1959-1963, Record Group 48, NACP. Quote to Brooks in Oscar T. Dick to Acting Superintendent, 22 October 1962, file "W4624 - Boating (Lake Zoning General), 1962," Box W-156. Calls for investigation from David R. Toeppen to Mr. President, 29 July 1962, and Betty Groth to John F. Kennedy, 8 August 1962, both in Folder 6, Box 593, AHC.
196. Department of the Interior-NPS, "Yellowstone National Park Wilderness Proposal Hearing," 1972, unpublished transcripts (each) for the 11 March 1972 Jackson, Wyoming hearing, the 13 March 1972 Idaho
197. U.S. Department of the Interior - NPS, Wilderness Recommendation, Yellowstone National Park, August 1972, 12-15 and 25-28;
198. Stanley W. Hulett to Legislative Counsel, 15 August 1972, file "Wilderness Areas and Research Reserves, May thru December 1972," Box L-29;
199. Rogers B. Morton to Mr. President, 14 September 1972, file "EIS - Wilderness," Management Assistant's Office files, NPS, Yellowstone National Park;
200. and William Ringle, "Yellowstone Plans Largest Wilderness," The [Boise] Idaho Statesman, 22 September 1972.
201. Garrison, The Making of a Ranger, 293;
202. and untitled memoir of the controversy, August, 1974, file "Lon Garrison - Misc. Items," Box A-1.
203. New directives from Peter A. Coates, "The Strange Stillness of the Past: Toward an Environmental History of Sound and Noise," Environmental History 10 (2005): 636-665.
204. A business promoting natural quiet is the Pine Edge Cabins in Silver Gate, Mont. (radio advertisement, Yellowstone Public Radio, Fall 2005). Noise on Yellowstone Lake from Orville Bach, personal communication with the author, Old Faithful, 20 July 2004; and personal experience on Yellowstone Lake, 2003. Protecting natural quiet continues to be a controversial endeavor; Deputy Assistant Interior Secretary Paul Hoffman, for example, proposed eliminating the provision to protect and restore natural soundscapes from the agency's Management Policies in 2005
205. (Brodie Farquhar, "Park Service plans meet opposition," Casper (Wyo.) Star-Tribune, 1 November 2005).
206. However, in August 2006 the agency reaffirmed its commitment to preserving natural quiet (National Park Service, Management Policies: The Guide to Managing the National Park Service, 2006, http:// www.nps.gov/policy/MP2006.pdf, accessed 27 September 2006).
207. Although conservationists arguably derive the most value from the spiritual meanings, they also enjoy its recreation potential, although often in ways different than motorized users. Similarly, motorized users also appreciate the special nature of Yellowstone and other preserves. However, each group seems to find primary value in the meanings with which they are commonly identified, such as in this story. See also Judith Layzer, The Environmental Case: Translating Values into Policy (Washington, DC, CQ Press, 2006), who argues that this is the primary value conflict underlying many contemporary federal land management controversies.
208. Michael J. Yochim, "Compromising Yellowstone: The Interest Group-National Park Service Relationship in Modern Policy-making" (Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004), 237-356 (see also the chapter on the Fishing Bridge controversy in the same work, pp. 94-152, for another recreational controversy illustrating the same value conflict);
209. and Michael J. Yochim, "Victims or Victors: Yellowstone and the Snowmobile Capital of the World," Historical Geography 34 (2006): 159-184.
210. Yochim, "Compromising Yellowstone," 2004.