Androgen-deprivation-therapy-induced fractures in men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer: What do we really know?

Nature Clinical Practice Urology

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 24-34

  Higano, Celestia S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; ANDROGEN; ANTIANDROGEN; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; ESTROGEN; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; GONADORELIN ANTAGONIST; IBANDRONIC ACID; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PLACEBO; RALOXIFENE; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; VITAMIN D; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ANDROGEN DEFICIENCY; BONE DENSITY; CALCIUM INTAKE; CARDIOTOXICITY; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG BINDING; DRUG MECHANISM; EXERCISE; FEMUR NECK FRACTURE; FRACTURE; HIP FRACTURE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MALE; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; ORCHIECTOMY; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SPINE FRACTURE; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TREATMENT DURATION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; BONE DENSITY; DIPHOSPHONATES; ESTROGENS; FRACTURES, BONE; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMANS; MALE; ORCHIECTOMY; PREVALENCE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 38049161524     PISSN: 17434270     EISSN: 17434289     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0995     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Jemal A et al. (2007) Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 57: 43-66
2. Higano CS (2004) Understanding treatments for bone loss and bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: A practical review and guide for the clinician. Urol Clin N Am 31: 331-352
3. The NCCN Prostate Cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (version 2.2007). ©2006 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. [http://www.nccn.org] (accessed 15 May 2007)
4. Bolla M et al. (2002) Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): A phase III randomised trial. Lancet 360: 103-108
5. Pilepich MV et al. (2005) Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma - long-term results of phase III RTOG 85-31. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61: 1285-1290
6. D'Amico AV et al. (2004) 6-Month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292: 821-827
7. Messing EM et al. (2006) Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Lancet Oncol 7: 472-479
8. Pettersson B et al. (2006) Duration of testosterone suppression after a 9.45 mg implant of the GnRH-analogue buserelin in patients with localised carcinoma of the prostate: 12-month follow-up study. Eur Urol 50: 483-489
9. Jenkins VA et al. (2005) Does neoadjuvant hormone therapy for early prostate cancer affect cognition? Results from a pilot study. BJU Int 96: 48-53
10. Herr HW et al. (2000) Quality of life of asymptomatic men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 163: 1743-1746
11. Shahinian VB et al. (2006) Risk of "androgen deprivation syndrome" in men receiving androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. Arch Intern Med 166: 465-471
12. Schow DA et al. (1998) Prevalence of hot flushes during and after neoadjuvant hormonal therapy for localized prostate cancer. South Med J 91: 855-857
13. Potosky AL et al. (2002) Quality of life following localized prostate cancer treated initially with androgen deprivation therapy or no therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 94: 430-437
14. Choo R et al. (2005) How are hemoglobin levels affected by androgen deprivation in non-metastatic prostate cancer patients. Can J Urol 12: 2547-2552
15. Bogdanos J et al. (2003) Combined androgen blockade-induced anemia in prostate cancer patients without bone involvement. Anticancer Res 23: 1757-1762
16. Smith MR et al. (2006) Insulin sensitivity during combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1305-1308
17. Maillefert JF et al. (1999) Bone mineral density in men treated with synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 161: 1219-1222
18. Mittan D et al. (2002) Bone loss following hypogonadism in men with prostate cancer treated with GnRH analogs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 3666-3661
19. Ryan CW et al. (2006) Zoledronic acid initiated during the first year of androgen deprivation therapy increases bone mineral density in patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 176: 972-978
20. Michaelson MD et al. (2007) Randomized controlled trial of annual zoledronic acid to prevent gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced bone loss in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 25: 1038-1042
21. Smith MR et al. (2001) Pamidronate to prevent bone loss during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 345: 948-955
22. Berruti A et al. (2002) Changes in bone mineral density, lean body mass and fat content as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in patients with prostate cancer without apparent bone metastases given androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 167: 2361-2367
23. Israeli RS et al. (2007) The effect of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Clin Genitourin Cancer 5: 271-277
24. Smith MR et al. (2003) Randomized controlled trial of zoledronic acid to prevent bone loss in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Urol 169: 2008-2012
25. Greenspan SL et al. (2005) Bone loss after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 6410-6417
26. Greenspan SL et al. (2007) Effect of once-weekly oral alendronate on bone loss in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 146: 416-424
27. Higano C (2006) Androgen deprivation therapy: Monitoring and managing the complications. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 20: 909-923
28. Weston R et al. (2005) Testosterone recovery and changes in bone mineral density after stopping long-term luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue therapy in osteoporotic patients with prostate cancer. BJU Int 95: 776-779
29. Kaku H et al. (2005) Time course of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels after cessation of long-term luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist treatment in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate 66: 439-444
30. Nejat RJ et al. (2000) A prospective analysis of time to normalization of serum testosterone after withdrawal of androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol 164: 1891-1894
31. Gulley JL et al. (2005) A prospective analysis of the time to normalization of serum androgens following 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy in patients on a randomized phase III clinical trial using limited hormonal therapy. J Urol 173: 1567-1571
32. Riggs BL et al. (2002) Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton. Endocr Rev 23: 279-302
33. Eastell R et al. (2006) Effect at an aromatase inhibitor on BMD and bone turnover markers: 2-year results of the anastrozole, tamoxifen, alone or in combination (ATAC) trial (18233230). J Bone Miner Res 21: 1215-1223
34. Fogelman I et al. (2003) Bone mineral density in premenopausal women treated for node-positive early breast cancer with 2 years of goserelin or 6 months of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). Osteoporos Int 14: 1001-1006
35. Higano C et al. (2004) Bone mineral density in patients with prostate cancer without bone metastases treated with intermittent androgen suppression. Urology 64: 1182-1186
36. Smith MR et al. (2005) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and fracture risk: A claims-based cohort study of men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 23: 7897-7903
37. Shahinian VB et al. (2005) Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 352: 154-164
38. Smith MR et al. (2006) Risk of clinical fractures after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol 175: 136-139
39. Schuit SCE et al. (2004) Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: The Rotterdam Study. Bone 34: 195-202
40. Adachi JD et al. (2001) The influence of osteoporotic fractures on health-related quality of life in community-dwelling men and women across Canada. Osteoporos Int 12: 903-908
41. Center JR et al. (1999) Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: An observational study. Lancet 353: 878-882
42. Kaufman JM et al. (2000) Background for studies on the treatment of male osteoporosis: State of the art. Ann Rheum Dis 59: 765-772
43. Chien AJ et al. (2006) Aromatase inhibitors and bone health in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 24: 5305-5312
44. Morote J et al. (2003) Osteoporosis during continuous androgen deprivation: Influence of the modality and length of treatment. Eur Urol 44: 661-665
45. Morote J et al. (2007) Prevalence of osteoporosis during long-term androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Urology 69: 500-504
46. Ryan CW et al. (2007) Lifestyle factors and duration of androgen deprivation affect bone mineral density of patients wilh prostate cancer during first year of therapy. Urology 70: 122-126
47. Kiratli J et al. (2001) Progressive decrease in bone density over 10 years of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Urology 57: 127-132
48. Blake GM et al. (1998) Applications of bone densitometry for osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 27:267-288
49. Agarwal MM et al. (2005) Factors affecting bone mineral density in patients with prostate carcinoma before and after orchidectomy. Cancer 103: 2042-2052
50. Conde FA et al. (2004) Age, body mass index, and serum prostate-specific antigen correlate with bone loss in men with prostate cancer not receiving androgen deprivation therapy. Urology 64 335-340
51. Finkelstein JS (2000) Osteoporosis. In Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 1366-1373 (Eds Goldman L et al.) Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company
52. Smith MR et al. (2001) Low bone mineral density in hormone-naïve men with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 91 2238-2245
53. Planas J et al. (2007) The relationship between daily calcium intake and bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer. BJU Int 99: 812-816
54. Kanis JA et al. (2001) Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds. Osteopporos Int 12: 989-995
55. Faulkner KG (2000) Bone matters: Are density increases necessary to reduce fracture risk? J Bone Miner Res 15: 183-187
56. Cummings SA et al. (2006) BMD and risk of hip and nonvertebrall fractures in older men: A prospective study and comparison with older women. J Bone Miner Res 21:1550-1556
57. Siris ES et al. (2001) Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: Results from the national osteoporosis risk assessment. JAMA 286: 2815-2822
58. Selby PL et al. (2000) Do men and women fracture bones at similar bone densities? Osteoporos Int 11: 153-157
59. Orsini LS et al. (2005) Health care utilization and expenditures in the United States: A study of osteoporosis-related fractures. Osteoporas Int 16: 359-371
60. Segal RJ et al. (2003) Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 21: 1653-1659
61. Sawka AM et al. (2005) Health-related quality of life measurements in elderly Canadians with osteoporosis compared to other chronic medical conditions: A population-based study from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Osteoporos Int 16: 1836-1840
62. Burge R et al. (2007) Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res 22: 465-475
63. Kiebzak GM et al. (2002) Undertreatment of osteoporosis in men with hip fractures. Arch Intern Med 162: 2217-2222
64. Gregg EW et al. (1998) Physical activity and osteoporotic fractures risk in older women. Study of Osteoporatic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 129: 81-88
65. Ettinger B et al. (1999) Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: Results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA 282: 637-645
66. Ringe JD et al. (2004) Alendronate treatment of established primary osteoporosis in men: 3-year results of a prospective, comparative, two-arm study. Rheumatol Int 24: 110-113
67. Black DM et al. (2007) Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 356: 1809-1822
68. Dawson-Hughes B et al. (1997) Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age and older. N Engl J Med 337:670-676
69. Smith MR et al. (2004) Raloxifene to prevent gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced bone loss in men with prostate cancer: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89. 3841-3846
70. Michaud LB et al. (2006) Cancer-treatment-induced bone loss, part 2. Am J Health Syst Pharm 63: 534-546
71. Diamond TH et al. (2004) Osteoporosis in men with prostate carcinoma receiving androgen-deprivation therapy: Recommendations for diagnosis and therapies. Cancer 100: 892-899
72. Delmas PD (2002) Tmatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 359: 2018-2026
73. Reid IR et al. (1995) Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 98: 331-335
74. 3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in man and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 3011-3019
75. Eriksson S et al (1999) Bone mineral density in patients with prostatic cancer treated with orchidectomy and with estrogens. Calcif Tissue Int 57: 97-99
76. Fosamax® package insert (Merck & Go, Inc. 2006)
77. Actonel® package insert (sanofi-aventis 2007)
78. Boniva® package insert (Roche Laboratories, Inc. 2006)
79. ClinicalTrials.gov [http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/ NCT00329797?order=1] (accessed 15 May 07)
80. Scherr D et al. (2002) Diethylstilbestrol revisited: Androgen deprivation, osteoporosis and prostate cancer. J Urol 167 535-538
81. Taxel P et al. (2002) The effect of micronized estradiol on bone turnover and calciotropic hormones in older men receiving hormonal suppression therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 7: 4907-4913
82. Smith PD (2005) Therapy insight: Osteoporosis during hormone therapy for prostate cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2: 608-615
83. Hillner BE et al. (2003) American Society of Clinical Oncology 2003 update on the role of bisphosphonates and bone health issues in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 21: 4042-4057
84. Delmas PD (2000) Markers of bone turnover for monitoring treatment of osteoporosis with antiresorptive drugs. Osteoporos Int 11 (Suppl 6): S66-S76
85. Medicare Coverage Database. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/mcd/viewlcd.asp?lcd_id=23694&lcd_version= 4&show=all] (accessed 15 May 2007)