메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 15, 2007, Pages 2141-2148

Levodopa responsiveness in disorders with parkinsonism: A review of the literature

Author keywords

Levodopa; Levodopa response; Parkinson's disease; Parkinsonian disorders; Parkinsonism

Indexed keywords

BENSERAZIDE PLUS LEVODOPA; CARBIDOPA PLUS LEVODOPA; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; LEVODOPA; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PLACEBO;

EID: 38049019848     PISSN: 08853185     EISSN: 15318257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mds.21578     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (72)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 33646082990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice Parameter: Diagnosis and prognosis of new onset Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • Suchowersky O, Reich S, Perlmutter J, et al. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice Parameter: diagnosis and prognosis of new onset Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2006;66:968-975.
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 968-975
    • Suchowersky, O.1    Reich, S.2    Perlmutter, J.3
  • 2
    • 0038147327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement Disorder Society Scientific Issues Committee Report. SIC task force appraisal of clinical diagnostic criteria for parkinsonian disorders
    • Litvan I, Bhatia KA, Burn DJ, et al. Movement Disorder Society Scientific Issues Committee Report. SIC task force appraisal of clinical diagnostic criteria for parkinsonian disorders. Mov Disord 2003;18:467-486.
    • (2003) Mov Disord , vol.18 , pp. 467-486
    • Litvan, I.1    Bhatia, K.A.2    Burn, D.J.3
  • 3
    • 0023898945 scopus 로고
    • The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease
    • Gibb WR, Lees AJ. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:745-752.
    • (1988) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 745-752
    • Gibb, W.R.1    Lees, A.J.2
  • 4
    • 0025993352 scopus 로고
    • Challenge tests to predict the dopaminergic response in untreated Parkinson's disease
    • Hughes AJ, Lees AJ, Stern GM. Challenge tests to predict the dopaminergic response in untreated Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1991;41:1723-1725.
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 1723-1725
    • Hughes, A.J.1    Lees, A.J.2    Stern, G.M.3
  • 5
    • 0014589404 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of parkinsonism with levodopa
    • Yahr MD, Duvoisin RC, Schear MJ, et al. Treatment of parkinsonism with levodopa. Arch Neurol 1969;21:343-354.
    • (1969) Arch Neurol , vol.21 , pp. 343-354
    • Yahr, M.D.1    Duvoisin, R.C.2    Schear, M.J.3
  • 6
    • 0016432612 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of clinical response and plasma dopa levels in Parkinson's disease
    • Tolosa ES, Martin WE, Cohen HP, et al. Patterns of clinical response and plasma dopa levels in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1975;25:177-183.
    • (1975) Neurology , vol.25 , pp. 177-183
    • Tolosa, E.S.1    Martin, W.E.2    Cohen, H.P.3
  • 7
    • 0020679488 scopus 로고
    • Sustained low-dose levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease: A 3-year follow-up
    • Lees AJ, Stern GM. Sustained low-dose levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease: a 3-year follow-up. Adv Neurol 1983;37:9-15.
    • (1983) Adv Neurol , vol.37 , pp. 9-15
    • Lees, A.J.1    Stern, G.M.2
  • 8
    • 0027465936 scopus 로고
    • A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of Parkinson's disease
    • Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Blankson S, et al. A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 1993;50: 140-148.
    • (1993) Arch Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 140-148
    • Hughes, A.J.1    Daniel, S.E.2    Blankson, S.3
  • 9
    • 0034066538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What clinical features are most useful to distinguish definite multiple system atrophy from Parkinson's disease?
    • Wenning GK, Ben-Shlomo Y, Hughes AJ, et al. What clinical features are most useful to distinguish definite multiple system atrophy from Parkinson's disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:434-440.
    • (2000) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.68 , pp. 434-440
    • Wenning, G.K.1    Ben-Shlomo, Y.2    Hughes, A.J.3
  • 10
    • 0026725332 scopus 로고
    • Levodopa-nonresponsive Lewy body parkinsonism: Clinicopathologic study of two cases
    • Mark MH, Sage JI, Dickson D, W., et al. Levodopa-nonresponsive Lewy body parkinsonism: clinicopathologic study of two cases. Neurology 1992;42:1323-1327.
    • (1992) Neurology , vol.42 , pp. 1323-1327
    • Mark, M.H.1    Sage, J.I.2    Dickson, D.W.3
  • 11
    • 0034058514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of non-dopaminergic pathways in Parkinson's disease: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications
    • Bonnet A-M. Involvement of non-dopaminergic pathways in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2000;13:351-364.
    • (2000) CNS Drugs , vol.13 , pp. 351-364
    • Bonnet, A.-M.1
  • 13
    • 0036651262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monosymptomatic resting tremor and Parkinson's disease: A multiracer positron emission tomographic study
    • Ghaemi M, Raethjen J, Hilker R, et al. Monosymptomatic resting tremor and Parkinson's disease: a multiracer positron emission tomographic study. Mov Disord 2002;17:782-788.
    • (2002) Mov Disord , vol.17 , pp. 782-788
    • Ghaemi, M.1    Raethjen, J.2    Hilker, R.3
  • 14
    • 27744491218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of multiple system atrophy: State of the art
    • Colosimo C, Tiple D, Wenning GK. Management of multiple system atrophy: state of the art. J Neural Transm 2005;112:1695-1704.
    • (2005) J Neural Transm , vol.112 , pp. 1695-1704
    • Colosimo, C.1    Tiple, D.2    Wenning, G.K.3
  • 15
    • 0029099919 scopus 로고
    • Multiple system atrophy presenting as parkinsonism: Clinical features and diagnostic criteria
    • Albanese A, Colosimo C, Bentivoglio AR, et al. Multiple system atrophy presenting as parkinsonism: clinical features and diagnostic criteria. J Neurol Neurosci Neurosurg 1995;59:144-151.
    • (1995) J Neurol Neurosci Neurosurg , vol.59 , pp. 144-151
    • Albanese, A.1    Colosimo, C.2    Bentivoglio, A.R.3
  • 16
    • 0033081705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy
    • Gilman S, Low PA, Quinn N, et al. Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 1999;163:94-98.
    • (1999) J Neurol Sci , vol.163 , pp. 94-98
    • Gilman, S.1    Low, P.A.2    Quinn, N.3
  • 17
    • 27744600040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The North American Multiple System Atrophy Study Group
    • Gilman S, May SJ, Shults CW, et al. The North American Multiple System Atrophy Study Group. J Neural Transm 2005;112:1687-1694.
    • (2005) J Neural Transm , vol.112 , pp. 1687-1694
    • Gilman, S.1    May, S.J.2    Shults, C.W.3
  • 18
    • 26444527059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic strategies in multiple system atrophy
    • Wenning GK, Geser F, Poewe W. Therapeutic strategies in multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 2005;20:S67-S76.
    • (2005) Mov Disord , vol.20
    • Wenning, G.K.1    Geser, F.2    Poewe, W.3
  • 19
    • 26444434929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration
    • Lang AE. Treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord 2005;20:S83-S91.
    • (2005) Mov Disord , vol.20
    • Lang, A.E.1
  • 20
    • 0027326997 scopus 로고
    • Retrospective study of drug response in 87 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy
    • Nieforth KA, Golbe LI. Retrospective study of drug response in 87 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993;16:338-346.
    • (1993) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 338-346
    • Nieforth, K.A.1    Golbe, L.I.2
  • 21
    • 0029967196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) and clinical predictors of survival: A clinicopathological study
    • Litvan I, Mangone CA, D'Olhaberriague L, et al. Natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) and clinical predictors of survival: a clinicopathological study. J Neurol Neurosci Neurosurg 1996;60:615-620.
    • (1996) J Neurol Neurosci Neurosurg , vol.60 , pp. 615-620
    • Litvan, I.1    Mangone, C.A.2    D'Olhaberriague, L.3
  • 22
    • 0028969115 scopus 로고
    • Progressive supranuclear palsy: Neuropathologically based diagnostic clinical criteria
    • Collins SJ, Shlskog JE, Parisi JE, et al. Progressive supranuclear palsy: neuropathologically based diagnostic clinical criteria. J Neurol Neurosci Neurosurg 1995;58:167-173.
    • (1995) J Neurol Neurosci Neurosurg , vol.58 , pp. 167-173
    • Collins, S.J.1    Shlskog, J.E.2    Parisi, J.E.3
  • 23
    • 20444436764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism
    • Williams DR, deSilva R, Paviour DC, et al. Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson's syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism. Brain 2005;128:1247-1258.
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 1247-1258
    • Williams, D.R.1    deSilva, R.2    Paviour, D.C.3
  • 24
    • 8944226575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): Report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop
    • Litvan I, Agid Y, Calne D, et al. Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop. Neurology 1996;47:1-9.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 1-9
    • Litvan, I.1    Agid, Y.2    Calne, D.3
  • 25
    • 0031846118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological therapy in progressive supranuclear palsy
    • Kompoliti K, Goetz CG, Litvan I, et al. Pharmacological therapy in progressive supranuclear palsy. Arch Neurol 1998;55:1099-1102.
    • (1998) Arch Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 1099-1102
    • Kompoliti, K.1    Goetz, C.G.2    Litvan, I.3
  • 26
    • 0000684002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical basal ganglionic degeneration
    • Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins;
    • Kumar R, Bergeron C, Pollanen MS, et al. Cortical basal ganglionic degeneration. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins;1998. p 297-316.
    • (1998) Parkinson's disease and movement disorders , pp. 297-316
    • Kumar, R.1    Bergeron, C.2    Pollanen, M.S.3
  • 27
    • 0001111974 scopus 로고
    • Cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration
    • Calne DB, editor, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders;
    • Lang AE, Riley DE, Bergeron C. Cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration. In: Calne DB, editor. Neurodegenerative diseases. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1994. p 877-894.
    • (1994) Neurodegenerative diseases , pp. 877-894
    • Lang, A.E.1    Riley, D.E.2    Bergeron, C.3
  • 28
    • 0035297141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dystonia in corticobasal degeneration
    • Vanek Z, Jankovic J. Dystonia in corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord 2001;16:252-257.
    • (2001) Mov Disord , vol.16 , pp. 252-257
    • Vanek, Z.1    Jankovic, J.2
  • 29
    • 0031947984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history and survival of 14 patients with corticobasal degeneration confirmed at postmortem examination
    • Wenning GK, Litvan I, Jankovic J, et al. Natural history and survival of 14 patients with corticobasal degeneration confirmed at postmortem examination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64: 184-189.
    • (1998) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 184-189
    • Wenning, G.K.1    Litvan, I.2    Jankovic, J.3
  • 30
    • 0007910193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical presentation and pharmacological therapy in corticobasal degeneration
    • Kompoliti K, Goetz CG, Boeve BF, et al. Clinical presentation and pharmacological therapy in corticobasal degeneration. Arch Neurol 1998;55:957-961.
    • (1998) Arch Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 957-961
    • Kompoliti, K.1    Goetz, C.G.2    Boeve, B.F.3
  • 31
    • 0034026904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in autopsy-proven cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration
    • Frucht S, Fahn S, Chin S, et al. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in autopsy-proven cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration. Mov Disord 2000;15:340-343.
    • (2000) Mov Disord , vol.15 , pp. 340-343
    • Frucht, S.1    Fahn, S.2    Chin, S.3
  • 32
    • 10744232694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrapyramidal features in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: A cross-sectional comparative study
    • Burn DJ, Rowan EN, Minett T, et al. Extrapyramidal features in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: A cross-sectional comparative study. Mov Disord 2003;18:884-889.
    • (2003) Mov Disord , vol.18 , pp. 884-889
    • Burn, D.J.1    Rowan, E.N.2    Minett, T.3
  • 33
    • 23944501017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of levodopa in the management of dementia with Lewy bodies
    • Molloy S, McKeith IG, O'Brien JT, et al. The role of levodopa in the management of dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1200-1203.
    • (2005) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.76 , pp. 1200-1203
    • Molloy, S.1    McKeith, I.G.2    O'Brien, J.T.3
  • 34
    • 3242768323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bonelli SB, Ransmayr G, Steffelbauer M, et al. L-dopa responsiveness in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson disease with and without dementia. Neurology 2004;63:376-378.
    • Bonelli SB, Ransmayr G, Steffelbauer M, et al. L-dopa responsiveness in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson disease with and without dementia. Neurology 2004;63:376-378.
  • 35
    • 0032874321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Striatal dopaminergic markers in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: Rostrocaudal distribution
    • Piggott MA, Marshall EF, Thomas N, et al. Striatal dopaminergic markers in dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: rostrocaudal distribution. Brain 1999;122:1449-1468.
    • (1999) Brain , vol.122 , pp. 1449-1468
    • Piggott, M.A.1    Marshall, E.F.2    Thomas, N.3
  • 36
    • 0037111151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease and co-occurrence with dementia: Role of D3 and not D2 receptors
    • Joyce JN, Ryoo HI, Beach TB, et al. Loss of response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease and co-occurrence with dementia: role of D3 and not D2 receptors. Brain Res 2002;95:138-152.
    • (2002) Brain Res , vol.95 , pp. 138-152
    • Joyce, J.N.1    Ryoo, H.I.2    Beach, T.B.3
  • 37
    • 26444527544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia
    • Poewe W. Treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. Mov Disord 2005;20:S77-S82.
    • (2005) Mov Disord , vol.20
    • Poewe, W.1
  • 38
    • 33244491712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family history of dementia: Dementia with Lewy bodies and dementia in Parkinson's disease
    • Papapetropoulos S, Lieberman A, Gonzalez J, et al. Family history of dementia: dementia with Lewy bodies and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;18:113-116.
    • (2006) Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 113-116
    • Papapetropoulos, S.1    Lieberman, A.2    Gonzalez, J.3
  • 39
    • 0029806563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical genetic analysis of Parkinson's disease in the Contursi kindred
    • Golbe LI, Di Iorio G, Sanges G, et al. Clinical genetic analysis of Parkinson's disease in the Contursi kindred. Ann Neurol 1996;40: 767-775.
    • (1996) Ann Neurol , vol.40 , pp. 767-775
    • Golbe, L.I.1    Di Iorio, G.2    Sanges, G.3
  • 40
    • 0035031258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical phenotype in patients with α-synuclein Parkinson's disease living in Greece in comparison with patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease
    • Papapetropoulos S, Paschalis C, Athanassiadou A, et al. Clinical phenotype in patients with α-synuclein Parkinson's disease living in Greece in comparison with patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:662-665.
    • (2001) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.70 , pp. 662-665
    • Papapetropoulos, S.1    Paschalis, C.2    Athanassiadou, A.3
  • 41
    • 0033849551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism
    • Saito M, Maruyama M, Ikeuchi K, et al. Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Brain Dev 2000;22:S115-117.
    • (2000) Brain Dev , vol.22
    • Saito, M.1    Maruyama, M.2    Ikeuchi, K.3
  • 42
    • 2442451698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical findings in a large family with a parkin ex3640 mutation
    • Munhoz RP, Sa DS, Rogaeva E, et al. Clinical findings in a large family with a parkin ex3640 mutation. Arch Neurol 2004;61:701-704.
    • (2004) Arch Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 701-704
    • Munhoz, R.P.1    Sa, D.S.2    Rogaeva, E.3
  • 43
    • 24644462201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lewy body Parkinson's disease in a large pedigree with 77 Parkin mutation carriers
    • Pramstaller PP, Schlossmacher MG, Jacques TS, et al. Lewy body Parkinson's disease in a large pedigree with 77 Parkin mutation carriers. Ann Neurol 2005;58:411-422.
    • (2005) Ann Neurol , vol.58 , pp. 411-422
    • Pramstaller, P.P.1    Schlossmacher, M.G.2    Jacques, T.S.3
  • 44
    • 0031951197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility locus for Parkinson's disease maps to chromosome 2p13
    • Gasser T, Muller-Myhsok B, Wszolek ZK, et al. Susceptibility locus for Parkinson's disease maps to chromosome 2p13. Nat Genet 1998;18:262-265.
    • (1998) Nat Genet , vol.18 , pp. 262-265
    • Gasser, T.1    Muller-Myhsok, B.2    Wszolek, Z.K.3
  • 45
    • 0032911910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A chromosome 4p haplotype segregating with Parkinson's disease and postural tremor
    • Farrer M, Gwinn-Hardy K, Muenter M, et al. A chromosome 4p haplotype segregating with Parkinson's disease and postural tremor. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8:81-85.
    • (1999) Hum Mol Genet , vol.8 , pp. 81-85
    • Farrer, M.1    Gwinn-Hardy, K.2    Muenter, M.3
  • 46
    • 10744227740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of kindreds with parkinsonism and α-synuclein genomic multiplications
    • Farrer M, Kachergus J, Forno L, et al. Comparison of kindreds with parkinsonism and α-synuclein genomic multiplications. Ann Neurol 2004;55:174-179.
    • (2004) Ann Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 174-179
    • Farrer, M.1    Kachergus, J.2    Forno, L.3
  • 47
    • 0032190090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ubiquitin pathway in Parkinson's disease
    • Leroy E, Boyer R, Auburger G, et al. The ubiquitin pathway in Parkinson's disease. Nature 1998;395:451-452.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.395 , pp. 451-452
    • Leroy, E.1    Boyer, R.2    Auburger, G.3
  • 48
    • 10044275502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the PINK1 gene in a large cohort of cases with Parkinson disease
    • Rogaeva E, Johnson J, Lang AE, et al. Analysis of the PINK1 gene in a large cohort of cases with Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2004;61:1898-1904.
    • (2004) Arch Neurol , vol.61 , pp. 1898-1904
    • Rogaeva, E.1    Johnson, J.2    Lang, A.E.3
  • 49
    • 20444399801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The PINK1 phenotype can be indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson disease
    • Albanese A, Valente EM, Romito LM, et al. The PINK1 phenotype can be indistinguishable from idiopathic Parkinson disease. Neurology 2005;64:1958-1960.
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.64 , pp. 1958-1960
    • Albanese, A.1    Valente, E.M.2    Romito, L.M.3
  • 50
    • 0036151884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization of autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism to chromosome 1p36 (PARK7) in an independent dataset
    • Bonifati V, Breedveld GJ, Squitieri F, et al. Localization of autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism to chromosome 1p36 (PARK7) in an independent dataset. Ann Neurol 2002;51:253-256.
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.51 , pp. 253-256
    • Bonifati, V.1    Breedveld, G.J.2    Squitieri, F.3
  • 51
    • 10744232719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features and neuroimaging of PARK7-linked parkinsonism
    • Dekker M, Bonifati V, van Swieten J, et al. Clinical features and neuroimaging of PARK7-linked parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2003; 18:751-757.
    • (2003) Mov Disord , vol.18 , pp. 751-757
    • Dekker, M.1    Bonifati, V.2    van Swieten, J.3
  • 52
    • 28544441181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations in the gene LRRK2 encoding dardarin (PARK8) cause familial Parkinson's disease: Clinical, pathological, olfactory and functional imaging and genetic data
    • Khan NL, Jain S, Lynch JM, et al. Mutations in the gene LRRK2 encoding dardarin (PARK8) cause familial Parkinson's disease: clinical, pathological, olfactory and functional imaging and genetic data. Brain 2005;128:2786-2796.
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 2786-2796
    • Khan, N.L.1    Jain, S.2    Lynch, J.M.3
  • 53
    • 19944431081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Italian Parkinson Genetics Network. A frequent LRRK2 gene mutation associated with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease
    • Di Fonzo A, Rohe CF, Ferreira J, et al. Italian Parkinson Genetics Network. A frequent LRRK2 gene mutation associated with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. Lancet 2005;365:412-415.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , pp. 412-415
    • Di Fonzo, A.1    Rohe, C.F.2    Ferreira, J.3
  • 54
    • 33645160640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The G6055A (G2019S) mutation in LRRK2 is frequent in both early and late onset Parkinson's disease and originates from a common ancestor
    • Goldwurm S, Di Fonzo A, Simons EJ, et al. The G6055A (G2019S) mutation in LRRK2 is frequent in both early and late onset Parkinson's disease and originates from a common ancestor. J Med Genet 2005;42:e65.
    • (2005) J Med Genet , vol.42
    • Goldwurm, S.1    Di Fonzo, A.2    Simons, E.J.3
  • 55
    • 27844571985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kufor Rakeb Disease: Autosomal recessive, levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with pyramidal degeneration, supranuclear gaze palsy, and dementia
    • Williams DR, Hadeed A, Al-Din AS, et al. Kufor Rakeb Disease: Autosomal recessive, levodopa-responsive parkinsonism with pyramidal degeneration, supranuclear gaze palsy, and dementia. Mov Disord 2005;20:1264-1271.
    • (2005) Mov Disord , vol.20 , pp. 1264-1271
    • Williams, D.R.1    Hadeed, A.2    Al-Din, A.S.3
  • 56
    • 18444364221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome screen to identify susceptibility genes for Parkinson disease in a sample without parkin mutations
    • Pankratz N, Nichols WC, Uniacke SK, et al. Genome screen to identify susceptibility genes for Parkinson disease in a sample without parkin mutations. Am J Hum Genet 2002;71:124-135.
    • (2002) Am J Hum Genet , vol.71 , pp. 124-135
    • Pankratz, N.1    Nichols, W.C.2    Uniacke, S.K.3
  • 57
    • 0345701479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significant linkage of Parkinson disease to chromosome 2q36-37
    • Pankratz N, Nichols WC, Uniacke SK, et al. Significant linkage of Parkinson disease to chromosome 2q36-37. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72:1053-1057.
    • (2003) Am J Hum Genet , vol.72 , pp. 1053-1057
    • Pankratz, N.1    Nichols, W.C.2    Uniacke, S.K.3
  • 58
    • 0036830525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A susceptibility gene for late-onset idiopathic Parkinson's disease
    • Hicks AA, Petursson H, Jonsson T, et al. A susceptibility gene for late-onset idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2002;52: 549-555.
    • (2002) Ann Neurol , vol.52 , pp. 549-555
    • Hicks, A.A.1    Petursson, H.2    Jonsson, T.3
  • 59
    • 12444281013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and functional characterization of a novel R621C mutation in the synphilin-1 gene in Parkinson's disease
    • Marx FP, Holzmann C, Strauss KM, et al. Identification and functional characterization of a novel R621C mutation in the synphilin-1 gene in Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2003;12: 1223-1231.
    • (2003) Hum Mol Genet , vol.12 , pp. 1223-1231
    • Marx, F.P.1    Holzmann, C.2    Strauss, K.M.3
  • 60
    • 0032961367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical correlates of vascular parkinsonism
    • Winikates J, Jankovic J. Clinical correlates of vascular parkinsonism. Arch Neurol 1999;56:98-102.
    • (1999) Arch Neurol , vol.56 , pp. 98-102
    • Winikates, J.1    Jankovic, J.2
  • 61
    • 0034776121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular parkinsonism: A distinct, heterogeneous clinical entity
    • Demirkiran M, Bozdemir H, Sarica YV. Vascular parkinsonism: a distinct, heterogeneous clinical entity. Acta Neurol Scand 2001; 104:63-67.
    • (2001) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.104 , pp. 63-67
    • Demirkiran, M.1    Bozdemir, H.2    Sarica, Y.V.3
  • 62
    • 25144471628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different clinical and evolutional patterns in late idiopathic and vascular parkinsonism
    • Rampello L, Alvano A, Battaglia G, et al. Different clinical and evolutional patterns in late idiopathic and vascular parkinsonism. J Neurol 2005;252:1045-1049.
    • (2005) J Neurol , vol.252 , pp. 1045-1049
    • Rampello, L.1    Alvano, A.2    Battaglia, G.3
  • 64
    • 0024365485 scopus 로고
    • Lower body parkinsonism: Evidence for vascular etiology
    • FitzGerald PM, Jankovic J. Lower body parkinsonism: evidence for vascular etiology. Mov Disord 1989;4:249-260.
    • (1989) Mov Disord , vol.4 , pp. 249-260
    • FitzGerald, P.M.1    Jankovic, J.2
  • 65
    • 0033772440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extrapyramidal motor signs in degenerative ataxias
    • Schols L, Peters S, Szymanski S, et al. Extrapyramidal motor signs in degenerative ataxias. Arch Neurol 2000;57:1495-1500.
    • (2000) Arch Neurol , vol.57 , pp. 1495-1500
    • Schols, L.1    Peters, S.2    Szymanski, S.3
  • 66
    • 0035118860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 phenotypically resembling Parkinson disease in a black family
    • Gwinn-Hardy K, Singleton A, O'Suilleabhain P, et al. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 phenotypically resembling Parkinson disease in a black family. Arch Neurol 2001;58:296-299.
    • (2001) Arch Neurol , vol.58 , pp. 296-299
    • Gwinn-Hardy, K.1    Singleton, A.2    O'Suilleabhain, P.3
  • 67
    • 0038504370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 presenting as an L-DOPA responsive dystonia phenotype in a Chinese family
    • Wilder-Smith E, Tan EK, Law HY, et al. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 presenting as an L-DOPA responsive dystonia phenotype in a Chinese family. J Neurol Sci 2003;213:25-28.
    • (2003) J Neurol Sci , vol.213 , pp. 25-28
    • Wilder-Smith, E.1    Tan, E.K.2    Law, H.Y.3
  • 68
    • 3042589632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dramatic levodopa responsiveness of dystonia in a sporadic case of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
    • Nandagopal R, Moorthy SG. Dramatic levodopa responsiveness of dystonia in a sporadic case of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Post-grad Med J 2004;80:363-365.
    • (2004) Post-grad Med J , vol.80 , pp. 363-365
    • Nandagopal, R.1    Moorthy, S.G.2
  • 69
    • 10744231577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic testing in spinocerebellar ataxia in Taiwan: Expansions of trinucleotide repeats in SCA8 and SCA17 are associated with typical Parkinson's disease
    • Wu YR, Lin HY, Chen CM, et al. Genetic testing in spinocerebellar ataxia in Taiwan: expansions of trinucleotide repeats in SCA8 and SCA17 are associated with typical Parkinson's disease. Clin Genet 2004;65:209-214.
    • (2004) Clin Genet , vol.65 , pp. 209-214
    • Wu, Y.R.1    Lin, H.Y.2    Chen, C.M.3
  • 70
    • 0021682977 scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced parkinsonism in the elderly
    • Stephen PJ, Williamson J: Drug-induced parkinsonism in the elderly. Lancet 1984;2:1082-1083.
    • (1984) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1082-1083
    • Stephen, P.J.1    Williamson, J.2
  • 71
    • 0025800014 scopus 로고
    • Persistent and progressive parkinsonism after discontinuation of chronic neuroleptic therapy: An additional tardive syndrome?
    • Melamed E, Achiron A, Shapira A, et al. Persistent and progressive parkinsonism after discontinuation of chronic neuroleptic therapy: an additional tardive syndrome? Clin Neuropharmacol 1991;14: 273-278.
    • (1991) Clin Neuropharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 273-278
    • Melamed, E.1    Achiron, A.2    Shapira, A.3
  • 72
    • 0027405556 scopus 로고
    • Nigral dysfunction in drug-induced parkinsonism: An 18F-dopa PET study
    • Burn DJ, Brooks DJ. Nigral dysfunction in drug-induced parkinsonism: an 18F-dopa PET study. Neurology 1993;43:552-556.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 552-556
    • Burn, D.J.1    Brooks, D.J.2
  • 73
    • 0242319849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DAT imaging in drug-induced and psychogenic parkinsonism
    • Tolosa E, Coelho M, Gallardo M. DAT imaging in drug-induced and psychogenic parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2003;18:S28-S33.
    • (2003) Mov Disord , vol.18
    • Tolosa, E.1    Coelho, M.2    Gallardo, M.3
  • 74
    • 33644553116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in patients with drug induced parkinsonism
    • Lee PH, Kim JS, Shin DH, et al. Cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in patients with drug induced parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:372-374.
    • (2006) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.77 , pp. 372-374
    • Lee, P.H.1    Kim, J.S.2    Shin, D.H.3
  • 75
    • 0023920165 scopus 로고
    • Neuroleptic-induced Parkinson's syndrome: Clinical features and results of treatment with levodopa
    • Hardie RJ, Lees AJ. Neuroleptic-induced Parkinson's syndrome: clinical features and results of treatment with levodopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:850-854.
    • (1988) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 850-854
    • Hardie, R.J.1    Lees, A.J.2
  • 76
    • 0023179276 scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of L-dopa and procyclidine on neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal and schizophrenic symptoms
    • Chouinard G, Annable L, Mercier P, et al. Long-term effects of L-dopa and procyclidine on neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal and schizophrenic symptoms. Psychopharmacol Bull 1987;23:221-226.
    • (1987) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.23 , pp. 221-226
    • Chouinard, G.1    Annable, L.2    Mercier, P.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.