Postoperative pain and its management

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 204-211

  Chaturvedi, Sona ^a   Chaturvedi, Amit ^b  

^a MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b GULF MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (United Arab Emirates)

Author keywords

Management; Post operative pain

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ALFENTANIL; ANALGESIC AGENT; BUPRENORPHINE; BUTORPHANOL; CLONIDINE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; DICLOFENAC; DIFLUNISAL; FENTANYL; GABAPENTIN; INDOMETACIN; KETAMINE; KETOROLAC; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MORPHINE; NALBUPHINE; NAPROXEN; NEOSTIGMINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; PARACETAMOL; PENTAZOCINE; PETHIDINE; PIROXICAM; PREGABALIN; SUFENTANIL; TRAMADOL; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANALGESIA; ATELECTASIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DYSPHORIA; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IMMOBILIZATION; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUSCLE ATROPHY; NAUSEA; NERVE BLOCK; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT CONTROLLED ANALGESIA; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRESCRIPTION; PRURITUS; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REST; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; STRESS; URINE RETENTION; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE; VOMITING;

EID: 37849052464     PISSN: 09725229     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.37716     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Mersky H. Pain terms: A list with definitions and notes on usage. Recommended by the IASP subcommittee on Taxonomy. Pain 1979;6:249-252.
2. th ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone: Philadelphia; 2006. p. 635.
3. Gjessing J, Tomlin PJ. Patterns of postoperative pain. A study of the use of continuous epidural analgesia in the postoperative period. Anaesthesia 1979;34:624.
4. Parbrook GD, Steel DF, Dalrymple DG. Factors predisposing to postoperative pain and pulmonary complications. Br J Anaesth 1973;45:21-33.
5. Keeri-Szanto M, Heaman S. Postoperative demand analgesia. Surg Gynaecol Obs 1972;134:647-51.
6. nd ed. Edward Arnold: London; 1994. p. 65.
7. Macrae WA. Chronic pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth 2001;87:88-98.
8. Perkins FM, Kehlet H. Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery. A review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology 2000;93:1123-33.
9. Zahn PK, Pogatzki EM, Brennan TJ. Mechanisms for pain caused by incisions. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002;27:514-6.
10. Kawamata M, Watanabe H, Nishikawa K, Takahashi T, Kozuka Y, Kawamata T, et al. Different mechanisms of development and maintenance of experimental incision-induced hyperalgesia in human skin. Anesthesiology 2002;97:550-9.
11. th ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone: Philadelphia; 2006. p. 292.
12. th ed. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd: Oxford; 1997. p. 750.
13. Charlton E. The management of postoperative pain. Update Anaesthesia 1997;7:1-7.
14. Wall PD. The prevention of postoperative pain. Pain 1988;33:289-90.
15. Gilron I. Is gabapentin a "Broad-spectrum" analgesic? Anesthesiology 2002;97:537-9.
16. Woolf CJ, Thompson SW. The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation: Implications for the treatment of post-injury pain hypersensitivity states. Pain 1991;44:293-9.
17. Ilkjaer S, Bach LF, Neilson PA, Wernberg M, Dahl JB. Effect of preoperative oral dextromethorphan on immediate and late postoperative pain and hyperalgesia after total abdominal hysterectomy. Pain 2000;86:19-24.
18. Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J. Use and efficacy of low-dose ketamine in the management of acute postoperative pain: A review of current techniques and outcomes. Pain 1999;82:111-25.
19. Dirks J, Frendensborg B, Christensen D, Fomsgaard JS, Flyger H, Dahl JB. A randomized study of the effects of single-dose gabapentin versus placebo on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after mastectomy. Anesthesiology 2002;97:560-4.
20. McLeskey CH, Shafter SL. Transdermal opioids. Literature scan. Anesthesiology 1991;5:2,27.
21. Sechzar PH. Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) a retrospective. Anesthesiology 1990;72:735-6.
22. Wasylak TJ, Abbott FV, English MJ, Jeans ME. Reduction of postoperative morbidity following patient controlled morphine. Can J Anaesth 1990;37:726-31.
23. Walder B, Schafer M, Henzi I, Tramèr MR. Efficacy and safety of patient-controlled opioid analgesia for acute postoperative pain. A quantitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001;45:795-804.
24. Wang JK. Analgesic effect of intrathecally administered morphine. Reg Anaesth 1979;2:8.
25. McQuay HJ, Sullivan AF, Smallman K, Dickenson AH. Intrathecal opioids, potency and lipophilicity. Pain 1989;36:111-5.
26. Holte K, Kehlet H. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia-effects on surgical stress responses and implications for postoperative nutrition. Clin Nutrition 2002;21:199-206.
27. Pleuvry BJ. Opioid receptors and their relevance to anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1993;71:119-26.
28. Lambert DG. Recent advances in opioid pharmacology. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:1-2.
29. th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia; 2006. p. 88-9.
30. Nimmo WS, Todd JG. Fentanyl by constant rate i.v. infusion for postoperative analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1985;57:250-4.
31. Stone PA, Macintyre PE, Jarvis DA. Norpethidine toxicity and patient controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1993;71:738-40.
32. Alfonsi P, Sessler DI, DuManoir B, Levron JC, Le Moing JP, Chauvin M. The effects of meperidine and sufentanil on the shivering threshold in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 1998;89:43-8.
33. Budd K, Langford R. Tramadol revisited. Br J Anaesth 1999;82:493-5.
34. Nieuwenhuijs D, Bruce J, Drummond GB, Warren PM, Dahan A. Influence of oral tramadol on the dynamic ventilatory response to carbon-dioxide in healthy volunteers. Br J Anaesth 2001;87:860-5.
35. Romsing M, Moiniche S, Dahl JB. Rectal and parenteral paracetamol and in combination with NSAID's for postoperative analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2002;88:215-26.
36. Power I, Barratt S. Analgesic agents for the postoperative period. Nonopioids. Surg Clin North Am 1999;79:175-92.
37. Romsing M, Moiniche S, Ostergaard D, Dahl JB. Local infiltration with NSAID's for postoperative analgesia: Evidence for a peripheral analgesic action. Acta Anaesth Scand 2000;44:672-83.
38. Powell H, Smallman JM, Morgan M. Comparison of intramuscular ketorolac and morphine in pain control after laparotomy. Anaesthesia 1990;45:538-42.
39. Gillies GW, Kenny GN, Bullingham RE, McArdle CS. The morphine sparing effects of ketorolac tromethamine. A study of a new, parenteral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent after abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 1987;42:727-31.
40. Barden J, Edwards JE, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Single-dose rofecoxib for acute postoperative pain in adults: A quantitative systematic review. Anesthesiology 2002;2:4.
41. Stoltz RR, Harris SI, Kuss ME, LeComte D, Talwalker S, Dhadda S, et al. Upper GI-mucosal effects of parecoxib sodium in healthy elderly subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:65-71.
42. Noveck RJ, Laurent A, Kuss M. Parecoxib sodium does not impair platelet function in healthy elderly and non-elderly individuals. Clin Drug Investg 2001;21:465-76.
43. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg 2002;183:630-41.
44. Armand S, Langlade A, Boutros A, Lobjoit K, Monrigal C, Ramboatiana R, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of extradural clonidine to relieve postoperative pain: An impossible task. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:126-34.
45. Curatolo M. Is epinephrine unfairly neglected for postoperative epidural mixtures? Anaesth Analg 2002;94:1381-3.
46. Niemi G, Breivik H. The minimally effective concentration of adrenaline in a low-concentration thoracic epidural analgesic infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery. A randomized, double-blind dose-finding study. Acta Anaesth Scand 2003;47:439-50
47. Moiniche S, Mikkelson S, Wetterslev J, Dahl JB. A qualitative systematic review of incisional local anaesthesia for postoperative pain relief after abdominal operations. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:377-83.
48. Rowlingson JC. How can local analgesic in the wound not help? Anesth Analg 2001;92:3-4.
49. Moiniche S, Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Dahl JB. Local anaesthetic infiltration for postoperative pain relief after laparoscopy: A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of intraperitoneal, port-site infiltration and mesosalpinx block. Anesth Analg 2000;90:899-912.
50. Moiniche S, Mikkelsen S, Wetterslev J, Dahl JB. A systematic review of intra-articular local anaesthetic for postoperative pain relief after arthroscopic knee surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999;24:430-7.
51. Rawal N, Allvin R, Axelsson K, Hallén J, Ekbäck G, Ohlsson T, et al. Patient-controlled regional analgesia (PCRA) at home: Controlled comparison between bupivacaine and ropivacaine brachial plexus analgesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1290-6.
52. Unlugenc H, Ozalevli M, Guler T, Isik G. Postoperative pain management with intravenous patient-controlled morphine: comparison of the effect of adding magnesium of ketamine. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2003;20:416-21.
53. Fukunaga AF, Alexander GE, Stark CW. Characterization of the analgesic actions of adenosine: Comparison of adenosine and remifentanil infusions in patients undergoing major surgical procedures. Pain 2003;101:129-38.
54. Bisgaard T, Klarskov B, Kehlet H, Rosenberg J. Preoperative dexamethasone improves surgical outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 2003;238:651-60.
55. Bjordal JM, Johnson MI, Ljunggreen AE. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can reduce postoperative analgesic consumption. A meta-analysis with assessment of optimal treatment parameters for postoperative pain. Eur J Pain 2003;7:181-8.
56. Ernst E, Pittler MH. The effectiveness of acupuncture in treating acute dental pain: A systematic review. Br Dent J 1998;184:443-7.
57. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Anaesthesia, surgery and challenges in postoperative recovery. Lancet 2003;362:1921-8.
58. Walker SM, Goudas LC, Cousins MJ, Carr DB. Combination spinal analgesic chemotherapy: A systematic review. Anaesth Analg 2002;95:674-715.
59. Rawal N, Berggren L. Organisation of acute pain services: A lowcost model. Pain 1994;57:117-23.
60. Rawal N. Acute pain services revisited: Good from far, far from good? Reg Anaesth Pain Med 2002;27:117-21.
61. Anonymous. Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting - developed by ASA Task Force in Pain Management, Acute Pain Section. Anesthesiology 1995;82:1071-81.