Overview of glycemic control in critical care: Relating performance and clinical results

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 82-91

  Geoffrey Chase, J ^a,b   Hann, Christopher E ^a   Shaw, Geoffrey M ^b   Wong, Jason ^a   Lin, Jessica ^a   Lotz, Thomas ^a   Le Compte, Aaron ^a   Lonergan, Timothy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Clinical results; Control; Glucose variability; Hyperglycemia; Metabolism; Model based; Mortality

Indexed keywords

EID: 37849024514     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19322968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/193229680700100113     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC: Stress hyperglycemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet 2000;355:773-778.
2. Van Den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R: Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1359-1367.
3. Mizock BA: Alterations in fuel metabolism in critical illness: hyperglycemia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;15:533-551.
4. McCowen KC, Malhotra A, Bistrian BR: Stress-induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin 2001;17:107-124.
5. Patino JF, De Pimiento SE, Vergara A, Savino P, Rodriguez M, Escallon J: Hypocaloric support in the critically ill. World J Surg 1999;23:553-559.
6. Weissman C: Nutrition in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 1999;3:R67-75.
7. Woolfson AM: Control of blood glucose during nutritional support in ill patients. Intensive Care Med 1980;7:11-14.
8. Ahrens CL, Barletta JF, Kanji S, Tyburski JG, Wilson RF, Janisse JJ, Devlin JW: Effect of low-calorie parenteral nutrition on the incidence and severity of hyperglycemia in surgical patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2005;33:2507-2512.
9. Kim H, Son E, Kim J, Choi K, Kim C, Shin W, Suh O. Association of hyperglycemia and markers of hepatic dysfunction with dextrose infusion rates in Korean patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2003;60:1760-1766.
10. Krishnan JA, Parce PB, Martinez A, Diette GB, Brower RG: Caloric intake in medical ICU patients: consistency of care with guidelines and relationship to clinical outcomes. Chest 2003;124:297-305.
11. Bistrian BR: Hyperglycemia and Infection: Which is the Chicken and Which is the Egg? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001;25:180-181.
12. Marik PE, Raghavan M: Stress-hyperglycemia, insulin and immunomodulation in sepsis. Intensive Care Medicine 2004;30:748-756.
13. Diringer MN: Improved outcome with aggressive treatment of hyperglycemia - Hype or hope? Neurology 2005;64:1330-1331.
14. Krinsley JS: Decreased mortality of critically ill patients with the use of an intensive glycemic management protocol. Crit Care Med 2003;31:A19.
15. Krinsley JS: Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:992-1000.
16. Van Den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P: Outcome beneft of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 2003;31:359-366.
17. Van Den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, Meersseman W, Wouters PJ, Milants I, Van Wijngaerden E, Bobbaers H, Bouillon R: Intensive Insulin Therapy in the Medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;354:449-461.
18. Krinsley JS, Jones RL: Cost analysis of intensive glycemic control in critically ill adult patients. Chest 2006;129:644-650.
19. Van Den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Kesteloot K, Hilleman DE: Analysis of healthcare resource utilization with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2006;34:612-616.
20. Thomas AN, Marchant AE, Ogden MC, Collin S: Implementation of a tight glycemic control protocol using a web-based insulin dose calculator. Anaesthesia 2005;60:1093-1100.
21. Goldberg PA, Siegel MD, Sherwin RS, Halickman JI, Lee M, Bailey VA, Lee SL, Dziura JD, Inzucchi SE: Implementation of a safe and effective insulin infusion protocol in a medical intensive care unit. Diabetes Care 2004;27:461-467.
22. Laver S, Preston S, Turner D, McKinstry C, Padkin A: Implementing intensive insulin therapy: development and audit of the Bath insulin protocol. Anaesth Intensive Care 2004;32:311-316.
23. Lonergan T, Le Compte A, Willacy M, Chase JG, Shaw GM, Wong XW, Lotz T, Lin J, Hann CE: A Simple Insulin-Nutrition Protocol for Tight Glycemic Control in Critical Illness: Development and Protocol Comparison. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006;8:191-206.
24. Wong XW, Chase JG, Shaw GM, Hann CE, Lin J, Lotz T: Comparison of Adaptive and Sliding-Scale Glycemic Control in Critical Care and the Impact of Nutritional Inputs. In: Proc of the 12th International Conf on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME 2005), Singapore, p 4.
25. Chee F, Fernando T, Van Heerden PV: Closed-loop control of blood glucose levels in critically ill patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2002;30:295-307.
26. Chase JG, Lonergan T, Le Compte A, et al. (2005) Tight glucose control in critically ill patients using a specialized insulin-nutrition table. In: Proc of the 12th International Conf on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME 2005), Singapore, p 4.
27. Queale WS, Seidler AJ, Brancati FL: Glycemic control and sliding scale insulin use in medical inpatients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:545-552.
28. Kletter GG: Sliding scale fallacy. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1472.
29. Radack HB: Sliding scale insulin use. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1776.
30. Sawin CT: Action without beneft. The sliding scale of insulin use. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:489.
31. Chase JG, Shaw GM, Lin J, Doran CV, Hann C, Robertson MB, Browne PM, Lotz T, Wake GC, Broughton B: Adaptive bolus-based targeted glucose regulation of hyperglycemia in critical care. Med Eng Phys 2005;27:1-11.
32. Chase JG, Shaw GM, Lin J, Doran CV, Hann C, Lotz T, Wake GC, Broughton B: Targeted glycemic reduction in critical care using closedloop control. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005;7:274-282.
33. Chee F, Fernando TL, Savkin AV, Van Heeden V: Expert PID control system for blood glucose control in critically ill patients. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2003;7:419-425.
34. Blaha J, Hovorka R, Matias M, et al: Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: comparison of standard and MPC protocols. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:S203.
35. Plank J, Blaha J, Cordingley J, Wilinska ME, Chassin LJ, Morgan C, Squire S, Haluzik M, Kremen J, Svacina S, Toller W, Plasnik A, Ellmerer M, Hovorka R, Pieber TR: Multicentric, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate blood glucose control by the model predictive control algorithm versus routine glucose management protocols in intensive care unit patients. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1987-1988.
36. Doran CV (2004) Modelling and Control of Hyperglycemia in Critical Care Patients. In: Mechanical Engineering. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
37. Basi S, Pupim LB, Simmons EM, Sezer MT, Shyr Y, Freedman S, Chertow GM, Mehta RL, Paganini E, Himmelfarb J, Ikizler TA: Insulin resistance in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 2005;289:F259-F264.
38. Krinsley JS: Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:1471-1478.
39. Lind L, Lithell H: Impaired glucose and lipid metabolism seen in intensive care patients is related to severity of illness and survival. Clin Intensive Care 1994;5:100-105.
40. Christiansen C, Toft P, Jorgensen HS, Andersen SK, Tonnesen E: Hyperglycemia and mortality in critically ill patients - A prospective study. Intensive Care Medicine 2004;30:1685-1688.
41. Prigeon RL, Roder ME, Porte D, Jr., Kahn SE: The effect of insulin dose on the measurement of insulin sensitivity by the minimal model technique. Evidence for saturable insulin transport in humans. J Clin Invest 1996;97:501-507.
42. Natali A, Gastaldelli A, Camastra S, Sironi AM, Toschi E, Masoni A, Ferrannini E, Mari A: Dose-response characteristics of insulin action on glucose metabolism: a non-steady-state approach. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000;278:E794-801.
43. Chase JG, Shaw GM, Lin J, Doran CV, Hann C, Robertson MB, Browne PM, Lotz T, Wake GC, Broughton B: Impact of Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Removal Saturation on Dynamic Modelling and Control of Hyperglycemia. Int J Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications (IJISTA) 2005;1:79-94.
44. Lonergan T, Le Compte A, Willacy M, et al.: A Pilot Study of the SPRINT Protocol for Tight Glycemic Control in Critically Ill Patients. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006;8(4):449-462.
45. Dickerson RN: Hypocaloric feeding of obese patients in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005;8:189-196.
46. Dickerson RN, Boschert KJ, Kudsk KA, Brown RO: Hypocaloric enteral tube feeding in critically ill obese patients. Nutrition 2002;18:241-246.
47. McCowen KC, Friel C, Sternberg J, Chan S, Forse RA, Burke PA, Bistrian BR: Hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition: effectiveness in prevention of hyperglycemia and infectious complications-a randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2000;28:3606-3611.
48. Cerra FB, Benitez MR, Blackburn GL, Irwin RS, Jeejeebhoy K, Katz DP, Pingleton SK, Pomposelli J, Rombeau JL, Shronts E, Wolfe RR, Zaloga GP: Applied nutrition in ICU patients. A consensus statement of the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest 1997;111:769-778.
49. Waeschle R, Moerer O, Wahaha D, Neumann P, Quintel M: Intensive Insulin Therapy on ICU: Comparison of two algorithms to control the blood glucose level. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:S203.
50. Mackenzie I, Ingle S, Zaidi S, Buczaski S: Tight glycemic control: a survey of intensive care practice in large English hospitals. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1136.
51. Bland DK, Fankhanel Y, Langford E, Lee M, Lee SW, Maloney C, Rogers M, Zimmerman G: Intensive versus modifed conventional control of blood glucose level in medical intensive care patients: a pilot study. Am J Crit Care 2005;14:370-376.
52. Schultz MJ, Spronk PE, Moeniralam HS: Tight glycemic control: a survey of intensive care practice in the Netherlands. Intensive Care Med 2006;32(4):618-619.
53. Gale SC, Gracias VH: Glycemic control needs a standard reference point. Critical care medicine 2006;34:1856-1857; author reply 1857-1858.
54. Carson ER, Cobelli C (2001) Modelling methodology for physiology and medicine. Academic Press, San Diego.
55. Chee F, Fernando T, Van Heerden PV: Closed-loop glucose control in critically ill patients using continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in real time. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2003;7:43-53.
56. Wong XW, Chase JG, Shaw GM, Hann CE, Lotz T, Lin J, Singh-Levett I, Hollingsworth LJ, Wong OS, Andreassen S: Model Predictive Glycemic Regulation in Critical Illness using Insulin and Nutrition Input: a Pilot Study. Medical Engineering & Physics 2006;28(7):665-81.
57. Wong XW, Singh-Levett I, Hollingsworth LJ, Shaw GM, Hann CE, Lotz T, Lin J, Wong OS, Chase JG: A novel, model-based insulin and nutrition delivery controller for glycemic regulation in critically ill patients. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006;8:174-190.
58. Chase J, Shaw GM, Wong XW, Lotz T, Lin J, Hann CE: Model-based Glycemic Control in Critical Care - A review of the state of the possible. Biomedical Signal Processing & Control 2006;1:3-21.
59. Chase J, Shaw G, Le Compte A, et al. (2006) Tight Glycemic Control in Critical Care Using Insulin and Nutrition - the SPRINT Protocol. In: Society DK-DT (ed) Sixth Annual Diabetes Technology Meeting. Diabetes Technology Society, Atlanta, GA.
60. Vogelzang M, Zijlstra F, Nijsten MW: Design and implementation of GRIP: a computerized glucose control system at a surgical intensive care unit. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2005;5:10.
61. Chase JG, Wong XW, Shaw GM, Hann CE, Lin J, Lotz T (2005) Clinical Trials of Active Insulin and Nutrition Control in Critically Ill Patients. In: Proc of the 12th International Conf on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME 2005), Singapore, p 4.
62. Ledoux D, Finfer S, McKinley S: Impact of operator expertise on collection of the APACHE II score and on the derived risk of death and standardized mortality ratio. Anaesthesia and intensive care 2005;33:585-590.
63. Sleigh JW, Brook RJ, Miller M: Time-dependent error in the APACHE II scoring system. Anaesthesia and intensive care 1992;20:63-65.
64. Del Bufalo C, Morelli A, Bassein L, Fasano L, Quarta CC, Pacilli AM, Gunella G: Severity scores in respiratory intensive care: APACHE II predicted mortality better than SAPS II. Respir Care 1995;40:1042-1047.
65. Gubern C, Lopez-Bermejo A, Biarnes J, Vendrell J, Ricart W, Fernandez-Real JM: Natural antibiotics and insulin sensitivity: the role of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. Diabetes 2006;55:216-224.
66. Krogh-Madsen R, Moller K, Dela F, Kronborg G, Jauffred S, Pedersen BK: Effect of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on the response of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and FFAs to low-dose endotoxemia in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004;286:E766-772.
67. Vozarova B, Weyer C, Lindsay RS, Pratley RE, Bogardus C, Tataranni PA: High white blood cell count is associated with a worsening of insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51:455-461.
68. Fernandez-Real JM, Broch M, Richart C, Vendrell J, Lopez-Bermejo A, Ricart W: CD14 monocyte receptor, involved in the infammatory cascade, and insulin sensitivity. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2003;88:1780-1784.
69. Lin Y, Kohn FR, Kung AH, Ammons WS: Protective effect of a recombinant fragment of bactericidal/permeability increasing protein against carbohydrate dyshomeostasis and tumor necrosis factor-alpha elevation in rat endotoxemia. Biochem Pharmacol 1994;47:1553-1559.
70. Brownlee M, Hirsch IB: Glycemic variability: a hemoglobin A1cindependent risk factor for diabetic complications. Jama 2006;295:1707-1708.
71. Hirsch IB: Glycemic variability: it's not just about A1C anymore! Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2005;7:780-783.
72. Hirsch IB, Brownlee M: Should minimal blood glucose variability become the gold standard of glycemic control? J Diabetes Complications 2005;19:178-181.
73. Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, Michel F, Villon L, Cristol JP, Colette C: Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fuctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Jama 2006;295:1681-1687.
74. Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL: The effect of glucose variability on the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes care 2006;29:1486-1490.
75. Service FJ, Hall LD, Westland RE, O'Brien PC, Go VL, Haymond MW, Rizza RA: Effects of Size, Time of Day and Sequence of Meal Ingestion on Carbohydrate Tolerance in Normal Subjects. Diabetologia 1983;25:316-321.
76. Shaw GM, Chase JG, Lee DS, et al: Peak and Range of Blood Glucose Are Also Associated With ICU Mortality,. Critical Care Medicine 2005;32:A125.
77. Kovatchev BP, Clarke WL, Breton M, Brayman K, McCall A: Quantifying Temporal Glucose Variability in Diabetes via Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Mathematical Methods and Clinical Application. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005;7(6):849-862.
78. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE: APACHE II: a severity of disease classifcation system. Crit Care Med 1985;13:818-829.