Transcriptional regulation of the open reading frame 35 encoded by Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Virology

Volumn 371, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 14-31

  Masa, Shiri Rivka ^a   Lando, Revital ^a   Sarid, Ronit ^a  

^a BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

AP 1, activator protein 1; HHV 8, human herpesvirus 8; KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus; ORF35, open reading frame 35; RTA, replication and transcription activator

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BASE SEQUENCE; BINDING SITES; CELL LINE; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DNA, COMPLEMENTARY; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEINS; HERPESVIRUS 8, HUMAN; HUMANS; KIDNEY; KINETICS; LYMPHOMA, PRIMARY EFFUSION; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; OPEN READING FRAMES; PLASMIDS; PROMOTER REGIONS (GENETICS); PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-FOS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN; RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; TRANS-ACTIVATORS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION SITE; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; TRANSFECTION; VIRAL PROTEINS;

GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8;

EID: 37849020487     PISSN: 00426822     EISSN: 10960341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.023     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Angel P., Imagawa M., Chiu R., Stein B., Imbra R.J., Rahmsdorf H.J., Jonat C., Herrlich P., and Karin M. Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor. Cell 49 (1987) 729-739
2. Bechtel J.T., Winant R.C., and Ganem D. Host and viral proteins in the virion of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 4952-4964
3. Bortz E., Whitelegge J.P., Jia Q., Zhou Z.H., Stewart J.P., Wu T.T., and Sun R. Identification of proteins associated with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 virions. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 13425-13432
4. Boshoff C., Gao S.J., Healy L.E., Matthews S., Thomas A.J., Coignet L., Warnke R.A., Strauchen J.A., Matutes E., Kamel O.W., Moore P.S., Weiss R.A., and Chang Y. Establishing a KSHV+ cell line (BCP-1) from peripheral blood and characterizing its growth in Nod/SCID mice. Blood 91 (1998) 1671-1679
5. Bowser B.S., Morris S., Song M.J., Sun R., and Damania B. Characterization of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K1 promoter activation by Rta. Virology 348 (2006) 309-327
6. Byun H., Gwack Y., Hwang S., and Choe J. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame (ORF) 50 transactivates K8 and ORF57 promoters via heterogeneous response elements. Mol. Cells 14 (2002) 185-191
7. Cai X., Lu S., Zhang Z., Gonzalez C.M., Damania B., and Cullen B.R. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus expresses an array of viral microRNAs in latently infected cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 5570-5575
8. Cannon J.S., Hamzeh F., Moore S., Nicholas J., and Ambinder R.F. Human herpesvirus 8-encoded thymidine kinase and phosphotransferase homologues confer sensitivity to ganciclovir. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 4786-4793
9. Carroll K.D., Bu W., Palmeri D., Spadavecchia S., Lynch S.J., Marras S.A., Tyagi S., and Lukac D.M. Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic switch protein stimulates DNA binding of RBP-Jk/CSL to activate the Notch pathway. J. Virol. 80 (2006) 9697-9709
10. Cartharius K., Frech K., Grote K., Klocke B., Haltmeier M., Klingenhoff A., Frisch M., Bayerlein M., and Werner T. MatInspector and beyond: promoter analysis based on transcription factor binding sites. Bioinformatics 21 (2005) 2933-2942
11. Cesarman E., Moore P.S., Rao P.H., Inghirami G., Knowles D.M., and Chang Y. In vitro establishment and characterization of two acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma cell lines (BC-1 and BC-2) containing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like (KSHV) DNA sequences. Blood 86 (1995) 2708-2714
12. Chang P.J., Shedd D., Gradoville L., Cho M.S., Chen L.W., Chang J., and Miller G. Open reading frame 50 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus directly activates the viral PAN and K12 genes by binding to related response elements. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 3168-3178
13. Chang P.J., Shedd D., and Miller G. Two subclasses of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic cycle promoters distinguished by open reading frame 50 mutant proteins that are deficient in binding to DNA. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 8750-8763
14. Chang H., Dittmer D.P., Shin Y.C., Hong Y., and Jung J.U. Role of Notch signal transduction in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 14371-14382
15. Chen J., Ueda K., Sakakibara S., Okuno T., and Yamanishi K. Transcriptional regulation of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor gene. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 8623-8634
16. Cohen A., Wolf D.G., Guttman-Yassky E., and Sarid R. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological aspects. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 42 (2005) 101-153
17. Cohen A., Brodie C., and Sarid R. An essential role of ERK signalling in TPA-induced reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Gen. Virol. 87 (2006) 795-802
18. Cunningham C., Davison A.J., MacLean A.R., Taus N.S., and Baines J.D. Herpes simplex virus type 1 gene UL14: phenotype of a null mutant and identification of the encoded protein. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 33-41
19. Davis D.A., Rinderknecht A.S., Zoeteweij J.P., Aoki Y., Read-Connole E.L., Tosato G., Blauvelt A., and Yarchoan R. Hypoxia induces lytic replication of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Blood 97 (2001) 3244-3250
20. Deng H., Song M.J., Chu J.T., and Sun R. Transcriptional regulation of the interleukin-6 gene of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). J. Virol. 76 (2002) 8252-8264
21. Deng H., Liang Y., and Sun R. Regulation of KSHV lytic gene expression. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 312 (2007) 157-183
22. Dittmer D.P., Gonzalez C.M., Vahrson W., DeWire S.M., Hines-Boykin R., and Damania B. Whole-genome transcription profiling of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 8637-8650
23. Dourmishev L.A., Dourmishev A.L., Palmeri D., Schwartz R.A., and Lukac D.M. Molecular genetics of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8) epidemiology and pathogenesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67 (2003) 175-212
24. Duan W., Wang S., Liu S., and Wood C. Characterization of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 ORF57 promoter. Arch. Virol. 146 (2001) 403-413
25. Glaunsinger B., and Ganem D. Lytic KSHV infection inhibits host gene expression by accelerating global mRNA turnover. Mol. Cell 13 (2004) 713-723
26. Gonzalez C.M., Wong E.L., Bowser B.S., Hong G.K., Kenney S., and Damania B. Identification and characterization of the Orf49 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 80 (2006) 3062-3070
27. Grundhoff A., Sullivan C.S., and Ganem D. A combined computational and microarray-based approach identifies novel microRNAs encoded by human gamma-herpesviruses. RNA 12 (2006) 733-750
28. Gwack Y., Byun H., Hwang S., Lim C., and Choe J. CREB-binding protein and histone deacetylase regulate the transcriptional activity of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 50. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 1909-1917
29. Gwack Y., Hwang S., Lim C., Won Y.S., Lee C.H., and Choe J. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 50 stimulates the transcriptional activity of STAT3. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 6438-6442
30. Hamza M.S., Reyes R.A., Izumiya Y., Wisdom R., Kung H.J., and Luciw P.A. ORF36 protein kinase of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 38325-38330
31. Haque M., Chen J., Ueda K., Mori Y., Nakano K., Hirata Y., Kanamori S., Uchiyama Y., Inagi R., Okuno T., and Yamanishi K. Identification and analysis of the K5 gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 2867-2875
32. Haque M., Wang V., Davis D.A., Zheng Z.M., and Yarchoan R. Genetic organization and hypoxic activation of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF34-37 gene cluster. J. Virol. 80 (2006) 7037-7051
33. Hengge U.R., Ruzicka T., Tyring S.K., Stuschke M., Roggendorf M., Schwartz R.A., and Seeber S. Update on Kaposi's sarcoma and other HHV8 associated diseases. Part 2: pathogenesis, Castleman's disease, and pleural effusion lymphoma. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2 (2002) 344-352
34. Hess J., Angel P., and Schorpp-Kistner M. AP-1 subunits: quarrel and harmony among siblings. J. Cell Sci. 117 (2004) 5965-5973
35. Jeong J., Papin J., and Dittmer D. Differential regulation of the overlapping Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vGCR (orf74) and LANA (orf73) promoters. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 1798-1807
36. Johannsen E., Luftig M., Chase M.R., Weicksel S., Cahir-McFarland E., Illanes D., Sarracino D., and Kieff E. Proteins of purified Epstein-Barr virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (2004) 16286-16291
37. Karamouzis M.V., Konstantinopoulos P.A., and Papavassiliou A.G. The activator protein-1 transcription factor in respiratory epithelium carcinogenesis. Mol. Cancer Res. 5 (2007) 109-120
38. Kirshner J.R., Lukac D.M., Chang J., and Ganem D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 57 encodes a posttranscriptional regulator with multiple distinct activities. J. Virol. 74 (2000) 3586-3597
39. Krishnan H.H., Naranatt P.P., Smith M.S., Zeng L., Bloomer C., and Chandran B. Concurrent expression of latent and a limited number of lytic genes with immune modulation and antiapoptotic function by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus early during infection of primary endothelial and fibroblast cells and subsequent decline of lytic gene expression. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 3601-3620
40. Krishnan H.H., Sharma-Walia N., Zeng L., Gao S.J., and Chandran B. Envelope glycoprotein gB of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is essential for egress from infected cells. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 10952-10967
41. Lan K., Kuppers D.A., Verma S.C., Sharma N., Murakami M., and Robertson E.S. Induction of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen by the lytic transactivator RTA: a novel mechanism for establishment of latency. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 7453-7465
42. Liang Y., and Ganem D. Lytic but not latent infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus requires host CSL protein, the mediator of Notch signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 8490-8495
43. Liang Y., and Ganem D. RBP-J (CSL) is essential for activation of the K14/vGPCR promoter of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by the lytic switch protein RTA. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 6818-6826
44. Liang Y., Chang J., Lynch S.J., Lukac D.M., and Ganem D. The lytic switch protein of KSHV activates gene expression via functional interaction with RBP-Jkappa (CSL), the target of the Notch signaling pathway. Genes Dev. 16 (2002) 1977-1989
45. Liao W., Tang Y., Kuo Y.L., Liu B.Y., Xu C.J., and Giam C.Z. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 transcriptional activator Rta is an oligomeric DNA-binding protein that interacts with tandem arrays of phased A/T-trinucleotide motifs. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 9399-9411
46. Lukac D.M., Renne R., Kirshner J.R., and Ganem D. Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection from latency by expression of the ORF 50 transactivator, a homolog of the EBV R protein. Virology 252 (1998) 304-312
47. Lukac D.M., Kirshner J.R., and Ganem D. Transcriptional activation by the product of open reading frame 50 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is required for lytic viral reactivation in B cells. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 9348-9361
48. Miller G., Heston L., Grogan E., Gradoville L., Rigsby M., Sun R., Shedd D., Kushnaryov V.M., Grossberg S., and Chang Y. Selective switch between latency and lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus in dually infected body cavity lymphoma cells. J. Virol. 71 (1997) 314-324
49. Mills R., Rozanov M., Lomsadze A., Tatusova T., and Borodovsky M. Improving gene annotation of complete viral genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (2003) 7041-7055
50. Moore P.S., Gao S.J., Dominguez G., Cesarman E., Lungu O., Knowles D.M., Garber R., Pellett P.E., McGeoch D.J., and Chang Y. Primary characterization of a herpesvirus agent associated with Kaposi's sarcomae. J. Virol. 70 (1996) 549-558
51. O'Connor C., and Kedes D. Mass spectrometric analyses of purified rhesus monkey rhadinovirus reveal 33 virion-associated proteins. J. Virol. 80 (2006) 1574-1583
52. Oka C., Nakano T., Wakeham A., de la Pompa J.L., Mori C., Sakai T., Okazaki S., Kawaichi M., Shiota K., Mak T.W., and Honjo T. Disruption of the mouse RBP-J kappa gene results in early embryonic death. Development 121 (1995) 3291-3301
53. Olive M., Krylov D., Echlin D.R., Gardner K., Taparowsky E., and Vinson C. A dominant negative to activation protein-1 (AP1) that abolishes DNA binding and inhibits oncogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 18586-18594
54. Pan H., Xie J., Ye F., and Gao S.J. Modulation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and replication by MEK/ERK, JNK, and p38 multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways during primary infection. J. Virol. 80 (2006) 5371-5382
55. Park J., Lee D., Seo T., Chung J., and Choe J. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8) open reading frame 36 protein is a serine protein kinase. J. Gen. Virol. 81 (2000) 1067-1071
56. Pearce M., Matsumura S., and Wilson A.C. Transcripts encoding K12, v-FLIP, v-cyclin, and the microRNA cluster of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus originate from a common promoter. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 14457-14464
57. Pearson W.R. Rapid and sensitive sequence comparison with FASTP and FASTA. Methods Enzymol. 183 (1990) 63-98
58. Pfeffer S., Sewer A., Lagos-Quintana M., Sheridan R., Sander C., Grasser F.A., van Dyk L.F., Ho C.K., Shuman S., Chien M., Russo J.J., Ju J., Randall G., Lindenbach B.D., Rice C.M., Simon V., Ho D.D., Zavolan M., and Tuschl T. Identification of microRNAs of the herpesvirus family. Nat. Methods 2 (2005) 269-276
59. Renne R., Zhong W., Herndier B., McGrath M., Abbey N., Kedes D., and Ganem D. Lytic growth of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nat. Med. 2 (1996) 342-346
60. Russo J.J., Bohenzky R.A., Chien M.C., Chen J., Yan M., Maddalena D., Parry J.P., Peruzzi D., Edelman I.S., Chang Y., and Moore P.S. Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996) 14862-14867
61. Sakakibara S., Ueda K., Chen J., Okuno T., and Yamanishi K. Octamer-binding sequence is a key element for the autoregulation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF50/Lyta gene expression. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 6894-6900
62. Samols M.A., Hu J., Skalsky R.L., and Renne R. Cloning and identification of a microRNA cluster within the latency-associated region of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 9301-9305
63. Sarid R., Flore O., Bohenzky R.A., Chang Y., and Moore P.S. Transcription mapping of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genome in a body cavity-based lymphoma cell line (BC-1). J. Virol. 72 (1998) 1005-1012
64. Sarid R., Wiezorek J.S., Moore P.S., and Chang Y. Characterization and cell cycle regulation of the major Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (Human herpesvirus 8) latent genes and their promoter [In Process Citation]. J. Virol. 73 (1999) 1438-1446
65. Schulz T.F. The pleiotropic effects of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus. J. Pathol. 208 (2006) 187-198
66. Sharma-Walia N., Krishnan H.H., Naranatt P.P., Zeng L., Smith M.S., and Chandran B. ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 induced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) early during infection of target cells are essential for expression of viral genes and for establishment of infection. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 10308-10329
67. Shaulian E., and Karin M. AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death. Nat. Cell Biol. 4 (2002) E131-E136
68. Song M.J., Brown H.J., Wu T.T., and Sun R. Transcription activation of polyadenylated nuclear RNA by RTA in human herpesvirus 8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 3129-3140
69. Song J., Ohkura T., Sugimoto M., Mori Y., Inagi R., Yamanishi K., Yoshizaki K., and Nishimoto N. Human interleukin-6 induces human herpesvirus-8 replication in a body cavity-based lymphoma cell line. J. Med. Virol. 68 (2002) 404-411
70. Song M.J., Li X., Brown H.J., and Sun R. Characterization of interactions between RTA and the promoter of polyadenylated nuclear RNA in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 5000-5013
71. Song M.J., Deng H., and Sun R. Comparative study of regulation of RTA-responsive genes in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 9451-9462
72. Song M.J., Hwang S., Wong W.H., Wu T.T., Lee S., Liao H.I., and Sun R. Identification of viral genes essential for replication of murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 using signature-tagged mutagenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 3805-3810
73. Wang S., Liu S., Wu M.H., Geng Y., and Wood C. Identification of a cellular protein that interacts and synergizes with the RTA (ORF50) protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in transcriptional activation. J. Virol. 75 (2001) 11961-11973
74. Wang S.E., Wu F.Y., Fujimuro M., Zong J., Hayward S.D., and Hayward G.S. Role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) in activation of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic-cycle replication-associated protein (RAP) promoter in cooperation with the KSHV replication and transcription activator (RTA) and RAP. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 600-623
75. Wang S.E., Wu F.Y., Yu Y., and Hayward G.S. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha is induced during the early stages of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic cycle reactivation and together with the KSHV replication and transcription activator (RTA) cooperatively stimulates the viral RTA, MTA, and PAN promoters. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 9590-9612
76. Wang S.E., Wu F.Y., Chen H., Shamay M., Zheng Q., and Hayward G.S. Early activation of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus RTA, RAP, and MTA promoters by the tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced AP1 pathway. J. Virol. 78 (2004) 4248-4267
77. West J.T., and Wood C. The role of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 regulator of transcription activation (RTA) in control of gene expression. Oncogene 22 (2003) 5150-5163
78. Whitby D., Stossel A., Gamache C., Papin J., Bosch M., Smith A., Kedes D.H., White G., Kennedy R., and Dittmer D.P. Novel Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus homolog in baboons. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 8159-8165
79. Xie J., Pan H., Yoo S., and Gao S.J. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus induction of AP-1 and interleukin 6 during primary infection mediated by multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 15027-15037
80. Xue Y., Zhou F., Fu C., Xu Y., and Yao X. SUMOsp: a web server for sumoylation site prediction. Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (2006) W254-W257
81. Yamauchi Y., Wada K., Goshima F., Takakuwa H., Daikoku T., Yamada M., and Nishiyama Y. The UL14 protein of herpes simplex virus type 2 translocates the minor capsid protein VP26 and the DNA cleavage and packaging UL33 protein into the nucleus of coexpressing cells. J. Gen. Virol. 82 (2001) 321-330
82. Yamauchi Y., Wada K., Goshima F., Daikoku T., Ohtsuka K., and Nishiyama Y. Herpes simplex virus type 2 UL14 gene product has heat shock protein (HSP)-like functions. J. Cell Sci. 115 (2002) 2517-2527
83. Yamauchi Y., Daikoku T., Goshima F., and Nishiyama Y. Herpes simplex virus UL14 protein blocks apoptosis. Microbiol. Immunol. 47 (2003) 685-689
84. Ye J., Shedd D., and Miller G. An Sp1 response element in the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus open reading frame 50 promoter mediates lytic cycle induction by butyrate. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 1397-1408
85. Yu Y., Wang S.E., and Hayward G.S. The KSHV immediate-early transcription factor RTA encodes ubiquitin E3 ligase activity that targets IRF7 for proteosome-mediated degradation. Immunity 22 (2005) 59-70
86. Zhang L., Chiu J., and Lin J.C. Activation of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) thymidine kinase (TK) TATAA-less promoter by HHV-8 ORF50 gene product is SP1 dependent. DNA Cell Biol. 17 (1998) 735-742
87. Zhu F.X., Chong J.M., Wu L., and Yuan Y. Virion proteins of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 79 (2005) 800-811