An ITS phylogeny of tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) and a new delimitation of Senecio L.

Taxon

Volumn 56, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 1077-1104

  Pelser, Pieter B ^a,b   Nordenstam, Bertil ^c   Kadereit, Joachim W ^d   Watson, Linda E ^a  

^a MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITEIT LEIDEN BRANCH   (Netherlands)

^c SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

^d JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Molecular phylogenetics; Senecio; Senecioneae; Taxonomy

Indexed keywords

ANGIOSPERM; BIOGEOGRAPHY; DIVERSITY INDEX; MORPHOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; TAXONOMY;

ASTERACEAE; CULCITIUM; HASTEOLA; LASIOCEPHALUS; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; ROBINSONIA; SENECIO; SENECIONEAE;

EID: 37749042071     PISSN: 00400262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/25065905     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. Afzelius, K. 1924. Embryologische und zytologische Studien in Senecio und verwandten Gattungen. Acta Horti Berg. 8: 123-219.
2. Alvarez Fernández, I., Fuertes Aquilar, J., Panero, J.L. & Nieto Feliner, G. 2001. A phylogenetic analysis of Doronicum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) based on morphological, nuclear ribosomal (ITS), and chloroplast (trnL-F) evidence. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 20: 41-64.
3. Álvarez Fernández, I. & Wendel, J.F. 2003. Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 29: 417-434.
4. Arano, H. 1962. Cytological studies in subfamily Carduoideae (Compositae) of Japan. VIII. The karyotype analysis in tribe Senecioneae. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 75: 401-412.
5. Arano, H. 1964. Cytological studies in subfamily Carduoideae (Compositae) of Japan. XVI. The karyotype analysis in tribe Senecioneae. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 77: 59-66.
6. Arano, H. 1968. The karyotypes and the geographical distribution in some groups of subfamily Carduoideae (Compositae) of Japan. Kromosomo 72-73: 2371-2388.
7. Arano, H. 1970. The cytological studies in subfamily Carduoideae of Compositae of Japan. XXIII. The somatic chromosome number in fifty species, four subspecies and six varieties. J. Saitama Univ., Nat. Sci. 18: 93-107.
8. Arano, H. 1975. The cytogenetic studies in subfamily Carduoideae of Japanese Compositae XXVIII. The karyotypes and the speciations in the tribe Senecioneae. J. Saitama Univ., Nat. Sci. 24: 15-29.
9. Bain, J.F. & Golden, J.L. 2000. A phylogeny of Packerei (Senecioneae; Asteraceae) based on internal transcribed spacer region sequence data and a broad sampling of outgroups. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 16: 331-338.
10. Bain, J.F. & Jansen, R.K. 1995. A phylogenetic analysis of the aureoid Senecio (Asteraceae) complex based on ITS sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. 195: 209-219.
11. Bain, J.F. & Jansen, R.K. 2006. A chloroplast DNA hairpin structure provides useful phylogenetic data within tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae). Canad. J. Bot. 84: 862-868.
12. Barkley, T.M. 1978. Senecio. Pp. 50-139 in: North American Flora, series II, part 10. New York Botanical Garden, New York.
13. Bayer, R.J. & Starr, J.R. 1998. Tribal phylogeny of the Asteraceae based on two non-coding chloroplast sequences, the trnL intron and trnL/trnF intergenic spacer. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 242-256.
14. Beaman, J.H. & Turner, B.L. 1962. Chromosome numbers in Mexican and Guatemalan Compositae. Rhodora 64: 271-276.
15. Beltran Santiago, H. & Galan de Mera, A. 1996. Senecio [sect. Senecio] ser. Lomincola nova y notas corológicas y taxonómica sobre Senecio sect. Senecio (Asteraceae) para los Andes centrals del Perú. Bot. Complut. 21: 99-111.
16. Bentham, G. 1873a. Compositae. Pp. 163-533 in: Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D., Genera Plantarum, vol. 2, part 1. Lovell Reeve, London.
17. Bentham, G. 1873b. Notes on the classification, history and geographical distribution of Compositae. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 335-577.
18. Blattner, F.R. 1999. Direct amplification of the entire ITS region from poorly preserved plant material using recombinant PCR. Biotechniques 27: 1180-1186.
19. Bohlmann, F. & Grenz, M. 1979. Neue Tremeton-Derivate aus Doronicum macrophyllum. Phytochemistry 18: 179-181.
20. Bremer, K. 1987. Tribal interrelationships of the Asteraceae. Cladistics 3: 210-253.
21. Bremer, K. 1994. Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland.
22. Cabrera, A.L. 1939. Las Especies Tucumanas del Genero Senecio (Compositae). Lilloa 5: 65-120.
23. Cabrera, A.L. 1949. El genero Senecio en Chile. Lilloa 15: 27-501.
24. Cabrera, A.L. 1957. El genero Senecio (Compositae) en Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay. Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 15: 161-325.
25. Cabrera, A.L. 1985. El genero Senecio (Compositae) en Bolivia. Darwiniana 26: 79-217.
26. Cabrera, A.L. & Zardini, E.M. 1980. Sinopsispreliminarde las especies argentinas del genero Senecio (Compositae). Darwiniana 22: 427-492.
27. Cassini, H. 1819. Sur la famille des Synanthérées, contenant les caractères des tribus. J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 88: 189-204.
28. Choudry, S.A., Tanaka, R., Taniguchi, K. & Oginuma, K. 1980. Karyomorphology of Senecio nikoensis. Chromosome Inform. Serv. 29: 8-10.
29. Coleman, J.R. 1968. Chromosome numbers in some Brazilian Compositae. Rhodora 70: 228-240.
30. Coleman, J.R. 1970. Additional chromosome numbers in Brazilian Compositae. Rhodora 72: 94-99.
31. Coleman, M., Forbes, D.G. & Abbott, R.J. 2001. A new subspecies of Senecio mohavensis (Compositae) reveals Old-New World species disjunction. Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 389-403.
32. Coleman, M., Liston, A., Kadereit, J.W. & Abbott, R.J. 2003. Repeat intercontinental dispersal and Pleistocene speciation in disjunct Mediterranean and desert Senecio (Asteraceae). Amer. J. Bot. 90: 1446-1454.
33. Comes, H.P. & Abbott, R.J. 2001. Molecular phylogeography, reticulation, and lineage sorting in Mediterranean Senecio sect. Senecio (Asteraceae). Evolution 55: 1943-1962.
34. Cuatrecasas, J. 1950. Studies on Andean Compositae I. Fieldiana, Bot. 27(1): 1-54.
35. Cuatrecasas, J. 1951. Studies on Andean Compositae I. Fieldiana, Bot. 27 (2): 1-74.
36. Cuatrecasas, J. 1978. Studies in neotropical Senecioneae, Compositae. I. Reinstatement of genus Lasiocephalus. Phytologia 40: 307-312.
37. De Candolle, A.P. 1838. Prodromus systematic naturalis regni vegetabilis, vol. 6: 340-437. Crapelet, Paris.
38. Diers, L. 1961. Der Anteil der Polyploiden in den Vegetationsgürteln der Westkordillere Perus. Z. Bot. 49: 437-488.
39. Dillon, M. & Turner, B.L. 1982. Chromosome numbers of Peruvian Compositae. Rhodora 84: 131-137.
40. Felsenstein, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
41. Funk, V.A., Bayer, R.J., Keeley, S., Chan, R., Watson, L.E., Gemeinholzer, B., Schilling, E., Panero, J.L., Baldwin, B.G., Garcia-Jacas, N., Susanna, A. & Jansen, R.K. 2005. Everywhere but Antarctica: using a supertree to understand the diversity and distribution of the Compositae. Biol. Skr. 55: 343-374.
42. Geyer, C.J. 1991. Markov chain Monte Carlo maximum likelihood. Pp. 156-163 in: Keramidas, E.M. (ed.), Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium on the Interface. Interface Foundation of North America Inc., Fairfax.
43. Goertzen, L.R., Cannone, J.J., Gutell, R.R. & Jansen, R.K. 2003. ITS secondary structure derived from comparative analysis: implications for sequence alignment and phylogeny of the Asteraceae. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 29: 216-234.
44. Goloboff, P., Farris, J. & Nixon, K. 2003. T.N.T.: Tree Analysis Using New Technology. Program and documentation, available from the authors, and at www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny.
45. Greenman, J.M. 1903. Monographie der nord- und central-amerikanischen Arten der Gattung Senecio. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 1-33.
46. Harvey, W.H. 1865. Compositae. Pp. 44-530 in: Harvey, W.H. & Sonder, O.W. (eds.), Flora Capensis: Being a Systematic Description of the Plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, and Port Natal., vol. 3. L. Reeve and Co., Ashford, Kent, U.K.
47. Heath, P.V. 1997. Three new generic names in Asteraceae (part 1). Calyx 5: 136.
48. Heath, P.V. 1999. Three new generic names in Asteraceae (part 2). Calyx 6: 54-55.
49. Heiser, C. 1963. Numeración cromosómica de plantas equatorianas. Ci. & Naturaleza [Quito] 6: 2-6.
50. Hind, D.J.N. 1993. A checklist of the Brazilian Senecioneae (Compositae). Kew Bull. 48: 279-295.
51. Hoffmann, O. 1890. Compositae. Pp. 87-391 in: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (eds.), Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, vol. 4. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
52. Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F.R. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.
53. Hunziker, J.H., Escobar, A., Xifred, C.C. & Gamerro, J.C. 1990. Estudios cariologicos en Compositae. VI. Darwiniana 30: 115-121.
54. Ishikawa, M. 1916. A list of the number of chromosomes. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 30: 404-448.
55. Jansen, R.K. 1992. Current research. Pl. Molec. Evol. Newslett. 2: 13-14.
56. Jansen, R.K., Michaels, H.J. & Palmer, J.D. 1991. Phylogeny and character evolution in the Asteraceae based on chloroplast DNA restriction site mapping. Syst. Bot. 16: 98-115.
57. Jansen, R.K., Stuessy, T.F., Díaz-Piedrahíta, S. & Funk, V.A. 1984. Recuentos cromosómicos en Compositae de Colombia. Caldasia 14: 7-20.
58. Jeffrey, C. 1979. Generic and sectional limits in Senecio (Compositae): II, Evaluation of some recent studies. Kew Bull. 34: 49-58.
59. Jeffrey, C. 1986. Notes on Compositae, IV: The Senecioneae in east tropical Africa. Kew Bull. 41: 873-943.
60. Jeffrey, C. 1992. Notes on Compositae, VI: The tribe Senecioneae (Compositae) in the Mascarene Islands with an annotated world check-list of the genera of the tribe. Kew Bull. 47: 49-109.
61. Jeffrey, C. & Chen, Y.L. 1984. Taxonomic studies on the tribe Senecioneae (Compositae) of Eastern Asia. Kew Bull. 39: 205-446.
62. Jeffrey, C., Halliday, P., Wilmot-Dear, M. & Jones, S.W. 1977. Generic and sectional limits in Senecio (Compositae): I, Progress report. Kew Bull. 32: 47-67.
63. Kadereit, J.W. & Jeffrey, C. 1996. A preliminary analysis of cpDNA variation in the tribe Senecioneae (Compositae). Pp. 349-360 in: Hind, D.J.N & Beentje, H.J. (eds.), Compositae: Systematics. Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew, 1994, vol. 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
64. Kadereit, J.W., Uribe-Convers, S., Westberg, E. & Comes, H.P. 2006. Reciprocal hybridization at different times between Senecio flavus and Senecio glaucus gave rise to two polyploid species in north Africa and south-west Asia. New Phytol. 169: 431-441.
65. Kim, K.-J. & Jansen, R.K. 1995. ndhF sequence evolution and the major clades in the Sunflower family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91: 10379-10383.
66. Kim, K.-J., Jansen, R.K., Wallace, R.S., Michaels, H.J. & Palmer, J.D. 1992. Phylogenetic implications of rbcL sequence variation in the Asteraceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 428-445.
67. Knox, E.B. 1996. What is the origin of the giant Senecios in eastern Africa? Pp. 691-703 in: Hind, D.J N & Beentje, H.J. (eds.), Compositae: Systematics. Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew, 1994, vol. 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
68. Knox, E.B. & Kowal, R.R. 1993. Chromosome numbers of the East African giant Senecios and giant Lobelias and their evolutionary significance. Amer. J. Bot. 80: 847-853.
69. Knox, E.B. & Palmer, J.D. 1995. The origin of Dendrosenecio within the Senecioneae (Asteraceae) based on plastid DNA evidence. Amer. J. Bot. 82: 1567-1573.
70. Kochjarova, J. 1997. Nacrt taxonomickej problematiky rodu Tephroseris v Zapadnych Karpatoch. Preslia 69: 71-93.
71. Koyama, H. 1965. On the chromosome number of Senecio nikoensis. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 21: 132.
72. Koyama, H. 1967. Taxonomic studies on the tribe Senecioneae of Eastern Asia. I. General part. Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ., Ser. Biol. 33: 181-209.
73. Koyama, H. 1969. Taxonomic studies on the tribe Senecioneae of East Asia. II. Enumeration of the species of eastern Asia. Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ., Ser. Biol. 2: 19-59, 137-183.
74. Krach, B. 1988. Tephroseris integrifolia subsp. vindelicorum - eine neue Sippe vom Augsburger Lechfield. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 27: 73-86.
75. Krahulcova, A. 1990. Selected chromosome counts of the Czechoslovak flora II. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 25: 381-388.
76. Krogulevich, R.E. 1978. Kariologicheskii analiz vidov flory Vostochnogo Sayana. Pp. 19-48 in: Malyshev, L. & Peshlcova, G.A. (eds.), Flora Pribaikal'ya. Nauka Sibirskoe, Novosibirsk.
77. Krogulevich, R.E. & Rostovtseva, T.S. 1984. Khromosomnye chisla tsvetkovykh rastenii sibiri i dal 'nego vostoka. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
78. Lavrenko, A.N. & Serditov, N.P. 1987. Chisla khromosom nekotorykh predstavitelei flory Urala (Komi ASSR). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 72: 846-847.
79. Lavrenko, A.N., Serditov, N.P. & Ulle, L.G. 1988. Chisla khromosom nekotorykh vidov semeistv Asparagaceae, Asteraceae i Ranunculaceae s severnogo Urala (Komi ASSR). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 73: 605-607.
80. Lavrenko, A.N., Serditov, N.P. & Ulle, L.G. 1989. Chisla khromosom nekotorykh vidov tsvetkovykh rastenii Urala (Komi ASSR). Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1059-1061.
81. Liston, A. & Kadereit, J.W. 1995. Chloroplast DNA evidence for introgression and long distance dispersal in the desert annual Senecio flavus (Asteraceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 197: 33-41.
82. Liston, A., Rieseberg, L.H. & Elias, T.S. 1989. Genetic similarity is high between intercontinental disjunct species of Senecio (Asteraceae). Amer. J Bot. 76: 383-388.
83. Liu, J.-Q., Gao, T.-G., Chen, Z.-D. & Lu, A.-M. 2002. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the Qinghai-Tibet
84. Plateau endemic Nannoglottis (Asteraceae). Molec. Phylog. Evol. 23: 307-325.
85. Liu, J.-Q., Wang, Y.-J., Wang, A.-L., Hideaki, O. & Abbott, R.J. 2006. Radiation and diversification within the Ligularia- Cremanthodium-Parasenecio complex (Asteraceae) triggered by uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 38: 31-49.
86. Löve, À. & Löve, D. 1975. Tephroseris palustris (L.) Fourr. ssp. congesta (R. Br.) Holub. In: Löve, À. (ed.), IOPB Chromosome Number Reports XLVIII. Taxon 24: 675.
87. Lövkvist, B. & Hultgå;rd, U.-M. 1999. Chromosome numbers in south Swedish vascular plants. Opera Bot. 137: 1-42.
88. Maddison, D.R. & Maddison, W.P. 2003. MacClade, vers. 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
89. Magulaev, A.Y. 1982. The number of chromosomes of the species of Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae and Plantaginaceae of the North Caucasus. Biol. Nauki (Alma-Ata) 11: 74-79.
90. Muschler, R. 1909. Systematische und pflanzengeographische Gliederung der afrikanischen Senecio-Arten. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 43: 1-74.
91. Murin, A. & Majovsky, J. 1978. Tephroseris aurantiacus (Hoppe) Griseb. & Schenk. In: Löve, À. (ed.), IOPB Chromosome Number Reports LXI. Taxon 27: 378.
92. Nixon, K. 1999. The Parsimony Ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistics 15: 407-414.
93. Nordenstam, B. 1977. Senecioneae and Liabeae - systematic review. Pp. 799-830 in: Heywood, V.H., Harborne, J.B. & Turner, B.L. (eds.), The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae. Academic Press, London.
94. Nordenstam, B. 1978. Taxonomic studies in the tribe Senecioneae (Compositae). Opera Bot. 44: 1-84.
95. Nordenstam, B. 1997. Nomenclatural notes on Ecuadorian Senecioneae. Compositae Newslett. 30: 46-49.
96. Nordenstam, B. 2002. Capelio B. Nord., a new name for a South African genus of the Senecioneae, and the description of a new species. Compositae Newslett. 38: 71-78.
97. Nordenstam, B. 2003a. Alciope versus Capelio - a nomenclatural ordeal. Compositae Newslett. 39: 48-51.
98. Nordenstam, B. 2003b. Recent progress in Senecioneae taxonomy. Compositae Newslett. 40: 26.
99. Nordenstam, B. 2006a. Additions to the genus Jacobaea Mill. (Compositae-Senecioneae). Compositae Newslett. 44: 12-13.
100. Nordenstam, B. 2006b. New genera and combinations in the Senecioneae of the Greater Antilles. Compositae Newslett. 44: 50-73.
101. Nordenstam, B. 2006c. Canariothamnus B. Nord., a new genus of the Compositae-Senecioneae, endemic to the Canary Islands. Compositae Newslett. 44: 24-31.
102. Nordenstam, B. 2006d. Bethencourtia Choisy. P. 709 in: Greuter, W. & von Raab-Straube, E. (eds.), Euro+Med Notulae 2. Willdenowia 36: 707-717.
103. Nordenstam, B. 2007. Tribe Senecioneae. Pp. 208-241 in: Kadereit, J.W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds.), Flowering Plants. Eudictos. Asterales. Vol. 8 of Kubitzki, J. (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer, Berlin.
104. Nordenstam, B. & Greuter, W. 2006. Jacobaea Mill. Pp. 711-713 in: Greuter, W. & von Raab-Straube, E. (eds.), Euro+Med Notulae 2. Willdenowia 36: 707-717.
105. Nordenstam, B. & Pelser, P.B. 2005. Dauresia and Mesogramma, two monotypic genera of the Asteraceae-Senecioneae from Southern Africa. Compositae Newslett. 42: 74-88.
106. Nylander, J.A.A. 2004. MrModeltest, vers. 2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
107. Olsen, J. 1980. Senecio arbutifolius H.B.K. In: Löve, Á. (ed.). IOPB Chromosome Number Reports LXVII. Taxon 29: 367.
108. Ornduff, R., Mosquin, T., Kyhos, D.W. & Raven, P.H. 1967. Chromosome numbers in Compositae. VI. Senecioneae. II. Amer. J. Bot. 54: 205-213.
109. Ornduff, R., Raven, P.H., Kyhos, D.W. & Kruckeberg, A.R. 1963. Chromosome numbers in Compositae. III. Senecioneae. Amer. J. Bot. 50: 131-139.
110. Packer, J.G. & McPherson, G.D. 1974. Chromosome numbers in some vascular plants from northern Alaska. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 1095-1099.
111. Panero, J.L. 2005. New combinations and infrafamilial taxa in the Asteraceae. Phytologia 87: 1-14.
112. Panero, J.L. & Funk, V.A. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proc. Biol. Soc Wash. 115: 909-922.
113. Panero, J.L., Francisco-Ortega, J., Jansen, R.K. & Santos-Guerra, A. 1999. Molecular evidence for multiple origins of woodiness and a New World biogeographic connection of the Macaronesian island endemic Pericallis (Asteraceae; Senecioneae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 13886-13891.
114. Pelser, P.B., de Vos, H., Theuring, H.C., Beuerle, T., Vrieling, K. & Hartmann, T. 2005. Frequent gain and loss of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the evolution of Senecio sect. Jacobaea (Asteraceae). Phytochemistry 66: 1285-1295.
115. Pelser, P.B., Gravendeel, B. & van der Meijden, R. 2002. Tackling speciose genera: species composition and phylogenetic position of Senecio sect. Jacobaea (Asteraceae) based on plastid and nrDNA sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 929-939.
116. Pelser, P.B., Gravendeel, B. & van der Meijden, R. 2003. Phylogeny reconstruction in the gap between too little and too much divergence: the closest relatives of Senecio jacobaea (Asteraceae) according to DNA sequences and AFLPs. Molec. Phylog. Evol. 29: 613-628.
117. Pelser, P.B., van den Hof, K., Gravendeel, B. & van der Meijden, R. 2004. The systematic value of morphological characters in Senecio sect. Jacobaea (Asteraceae). Syst. Bot. 29: 790-805.
118. Pelser, P.B., Veldkamp, J.-F. & van der Meijden, R. 2006. New combinations in Jacobaea Mill. (Asteraceae-Senecioneae). Compositae Newslett. 44: 1-11.
119. Powell, A.M. & Cuatrecasas, J. 1970. Chromosome numbers in Compositae: Colombian and Venezuelan species. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 57: 374-379.
120. Powell, A.M. & Cuatrecasas, J. 1975. Senecio cachacoensis Cuatr., S. pachypus Greenm, and S. semidentatus Klatt. In: Löve, Á. (ed.), IOPB Chromosome Number Reports L. Taxon 24: 676.
121. Powell, A.M. & King, R.M. 1969a. Chromosome number in the Compositae: West Indian Species. Sida 3: 319-320.
122. Powell, A.M. & King, R.M. 1969b. Chromosome numbers in the Compositae: Colombian species. Amer. J. Bot. 56: 116-121.
123. Rambaut, A. 1996. Se-Al: Sequence Alignment Editor. Available at http://evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk/.
124. Robinson, H. 1974. Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae), VI: the genus Arnoglossum. Phytologia 28: 294-295.
125. Robinson, H. & Brettell, R.D. 1973a. Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae), I: a new genus, Pittocaulon. Phytologia 26: 451-453.
126. Robinson, H. & Brettell, R.D. 1973b. Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae), II: a new genus, Nelsonianthus. Phytologia 27: 53-54.
127. Robinson, H. & Brettell, R.D. 1973c. Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae), III: the genus Psacalium. Phytologia 27: 254-264.
128. Robinson, H. & Brettell, R.D. 1973d. Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae), IV: the genera Mesadenia, Syneilesis, Miricacalia, Koyamacalia and Sinacalia. Phytologia 27: 265-276.
129. Robinson, H. & Brettell, R.D. 1974. Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae). V: the genera Psacaliopsis, Barkleyanthus, Telanthophora and Roldana. Phytologia 27: 402-439.
130. Robinson, H., Carr, G.D., King, R.M. & Powell, A.M. 1997. Chromosome numbers in Compositae, XVII: Senecioneae III. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 893-906.
131. Rutland, J.B. 1941. The Merton catalogue. A list of chromosome numbers of British plants. New Phytol. 40: 210-214.
132. Sanders, R.W., Stuessy, T.F., Marticorena, C. & Silva O., M. 1987. Phytogeography and evolution of Dendroseris and Robinsonia, tree-Compositae of the Juan Fernandez Islands. Opera Bot. 92: 195-215.
133. Sang, T., Crawford, D.J., Stuessy, T.F. & Silva O., M. 1995. ITS sequences and the phylogeny of the genus Robinsonia (Asteraceae). Syst. Bot. 20: 55-64.
134. Shishkin, B.K. 1995. Genus 1563. Senecio L. Pp. 801-908 in: Shishkin, B.K. & Bobrov, E.G., (eds.), Flora of the U.S.S.R., vol. 26. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh & Koeltz Scientific Books, Dehra Dun.
135. Sikes, D.S. & Lewis, P.O. 2001. Beta software, version 1. PAUPRat: PAUP* implementation of the parsimony ratchet. Distributed by the authors. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. University of Connecticut, Storrs, U.S.A.
136. Simmons, M.P. & Ochoterena, H. 2000. Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Syst. Biol. 49: 369-381.
137. Skalinska, M., Pogan, E. & Czapic, R. 1978. Further studies in chromosome numbers of Polish angrosperms. XII. Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 21: 31-63.
138. Skottsberg, C. 1956. Derivation of the flora and fauna of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island; part 1, The Juan Fernandez Islands. Pp. 193-405 in: Skottsberg, C. (ed.), Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, vol. 1. Almquist and Wiksell, Uppsala.
139. Small, J. 1919. The Origin and Development of the Compositae. New Phytologist Reprint 11. William Wesley and Son, London.
140. Sokolovskaia, A.P. & Strelkova, O.S. 1948. Geograficheskoe raspredelenie polypoiov III. Issledovanie flory alpiyskoi oblasti tsentralnogo kavkazskogo khrebta. Učen. Zap. Leningradsk. Gosud. Pedagog. Inst. Gercena 66: 195-216.
141. Spooner, D.M., De Jong, D.C.D., Sun, B.-Y., Stuessy, T.F., Gengler, K.M., Nesom, G.L. & Berry, P.E. 1995. Chromosome counts of Compositae from Ecuador and Venezuela. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 596-602.
142. Strother, J.L. 1983. More chromosome studies in Compositae. Amer. J. Bot. 70: 1217-1232.
143. Sundberg, S., Cowan, C.P. & Turner, B.L. 1986. Chromosome counts of Latin American Compositae. Amer. J. Bot. 73: 33-38.
144. Sundberg, S. & Dillon, M. 1986. Pseudogynoxys cordifolia (Cass.) Cabr. In: Löve, Á (ed.), Chromosome Number Reports XCI. Taxon 35: 410.
145. Swenson, U. & Bremer, K. 1997. Patterns of floral evolution of four Asteraceae genera (Senecioneae, Blennospermatinae) and the origin of white flowers in New Zealand. Syst. Biol. 46: 407-425.
146. Swenson, U. & Bremer, K. 1999. On the circumscription of the Blennospermatinae (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) based on ndhF sequence data. Taxon 48: 7-14.
147. Swenson, U. & Manns, U. 2003. Phylogeny of Pericallis (Asteraceae): a total evidence approach reappraising the double origin of woodiness. Taxon 52: 533-546.
148. Swofford, D.L. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and Other Methods), vers. 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
149. Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. & Bouvet, J. 1991. Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Pl. Molec. Biol. 17: 1105-1109.
150. Taniguchi, K., Tanaka, R., Yonezawa, Y. & Komatsu, H. 1975. Types of banding patterns of plant chromosomes by modified BSG method. Kromosomo 100: 3123-3135.
151. Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. 1997. The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 4876-4882.
152. Turner, B.L. & King, R.M. 1964. Chromosome numbers in the Compositae. VIII. Mexican and Central American species. Southw. Naturalist 9: 27-39.
153. Turner, B.L., Powell, A.M. & Cuatrecasas, J. 1967. Chromosome numbers in the Compositae XI. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 54: 172-177.
154. Turner, B.L., Powell, A.M. & King, R.M. 1962. Chromosome numbers in the Compositae VI. Additional Mexican and Guatemalan species. Rhodora 64: 251-271.
155. Uhrikova, A. & Majovsky, J. 1980. Tephroseris aurantiacus (Hoppe) Griseb. & Schenk. In: Löve, Á. (ed.), IOPB Chromosome Number Reports LXIX. Taxon 29: 726.
156. Vincent, P.L.D. 1996. Progress on clarifying the generic concept of Senecio based on an extensive world-wide sample of taxa. Pp. 597-611 in: Hind, D.J.N & Beentje, H.J. (eds.), Compositae: Systematics. Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew, 1994, vol. 1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
157. Volkova, S.A. & Boyko, E.V. 1989. Chromosome numbers in representatives of some families of the flora of the Soviet far east. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1810-1811.
158. Wagstaff, S.J. & Breitwieser, I. 2004. Phylogeny and classification of Brachyglottis (Senecioneae, Asteraceae): an example of a rapid species radiation in New Zealand. Syst. Bot. 29: 1003-1010.
159. Wagstaff, S.J., Breitwieser, I. & Swenson, U. 2006. Origin and relationships of the austral genus Abrotanella (Asteraceae) inferred from DNA sequences. Taxon 55: 95-106.
160. Waisman, C.E., Rozenblum, E. & Hunziker, J.H. 1986 Estudios cariológicos en Compositae III. Darwiniana 27: 179-189.
161. Wendel, J.F. & Doyle, J.J. 1998. Phylogenetic incongruence: window into genome history and molecular evolution. Pp. 265-296 in: Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E. & Doyle, J.J. (eds.), Molecular Systematics of Plants, II. DNA Sequencing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
162. White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Pp. 315-332 in: Innis, M., Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J. & White, T.J. (eds.), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press. San Diego.
163. Young, N.D. & Healy, J. 2003. GapCoder automates the use of indel characters in phylogenetic analysis. BMC Bioin formatics 4:6 (http://www.beiomedcentral.com/1471-2105/4/6).
164. Zhukova, P.G. 1964. Kariologiya nekotorykh vidiv Compositae v Polyarno-Alpiiskom botanicheskom sadu. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 49: 1656-1659.
165. Zhukova, P.G. 1965. Kariologicheskaya kharakteriska nekotorykh rasteniy Chukotskogo poluostrova. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 50: 1001-1004.
166. Zhukova, P.G. 1967. Karyology of some plants, cultivated in the Arctic-Alpine Botanical Garden. Pp. 139-149 in: Avrorin, N.A. (ed.), Plantarum in Zonam Polarem Transportatio. II. Nauka, Leningrad.
167. Zhukova, P.G. & Petrovsky, V.V. 1987. Chromosome numbers and taxonomy of some species from the northern Asian regions. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 72: 1617-1624.