The decline of intergenerational coresidence in the United States, 1850 to 2000

American Sociological Review

Volumn 72, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 964-989

  Ruggles, Steven ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING POPULATION; SOCIAL SECURITY; TWENTIETH CENTURY; YOUNG POPULATION;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 37749034353     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000312240707200606     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Abel, Marjorie and Nancy Folbre. 1990. "Women's Market Participation in the Late 19th Century: A Methodology for Revising Estimates." Historical Methods 23:167-76.
2. Anselin, Luc. 1988. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
3. Aquilino, William S. 1990. "The Likelihood of Parent-Child Coresidence: Effects of Family Structure and Parental Characteristics." Journal of Marriage and the Family 52:405-19.
4. Bailey, Trevor C. and Anthony C. Gatrell. 1995. Interactive Spatial Data Analysis. New York: Prentice Hall.
5. Berkner, Lutz. 1972. "The Stem Family and the Developmental Cycle of the Peasant Household: An Eighteenth Century Austrian Example." American Historical Review 77:398-418.
6. Börsch-Supan, Axel, Vassilis Hajivassiliou, Laurence J. Kotlikoff, and John N. Morris. 1992. "Health, Children, and Elderly Living Arrangements: A Multiperiod Multinomial Probit Model with Unobserved Heterogeneity and Autocorrelated Errors." Pp. 79-104 in Topics in the Economics of Aging, edited by D. A. Wise. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
7. Bose, Christine. 1987. "Devaluing Women's Work: The Undercount of Women's Employment in 1900." Pp. 95-115 in Hidden Aspects of Women's Work, edited by C. Bose, R. Feldberg, and N. Sokoloff. New York: Praeger.
8. Brown, J. Douglas. 1972. An American Philosophy of Social Security: Evolution and Issues. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
9. Burch, Thomas K. 1967. "The Size and Structure of Families: A Comparative Analysis of Census Data." American Sociological Review 32:347-63.
10. Burgess, Ernest W. 1960. "Family Structure and Relationships." Pp. 271-98 in Aging in Western Societies, edited by E. W. Burgess. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
11. Caldwell, John. 1982. Theory of Fertility Decline. New York: Academic Press.
12. Carter, Susan B., Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael R. Haines, Alan L. Olmstead, Richard Sutch, and Gavin Wright, eds. 2006. Historical Statistics of the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
13. Carter, Susan B. and Richard Sutch. 1996. "Myth of the Industrial Scrap Heap: A Revisionist View of Turn-of-the-Century American Retirement." Journal of Economic History 56:5-38.
14. Choi, Namkee G. 2003. "Coresidence Between Unmarried Aging Parents and their Adult Children - Who Moved in With Whom and Why?" Research on Aging 25:384-404.
15. Clague, Ewan. 1961. "Factors Contributing to the Passage of the Social Security Act." Lecture delivered at a general staff meeting at the Social Security Administration Headquarters, Baltimore, MD on July 20, 1961. Retrieved January 18, 2007 (http://www.ssa.gov/history/ officials.html).
16. Costa, Dora L. 1997. "Displacing the Family: Union Army Pensions and Elderly Living Arrangements." Journal of Political Economy 6:1269-92.
17. Costa, Dora L. 1999. "A House of Her Own: Old Age Assistance and the Living Arrangements of Older Nonmarried Women." Journal of Public Economics 72:39-59.
18. Cowgill, Donald O. 1974. "The Aging of Populations and Societies." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 415:1-18.
19. Crimmins, Eileen M. and Dominique G. Ingegneri. 1990. "Interaction and Living Arrangements of Older Parents and their Children." Research on Aging 12:3-35.
20. Dahlin, Michel R. 1993. "Symbols of the Old Age Pension Movement: The Poorhouse, the Family, and the 'Childlike'Elderly." Pp. 123-29 in Societal Impact on Aging: Historical Perspectives, edited by K. W. Shaie and W A. Achenbaum. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
21. Eliot, Thomas A. 1961. "The Legal Background of the Social Security Act." Speech delivered at a general staff meeting at Social Security Administration Headquarters, Baltimore, MD, February 3, 1961. Retrieved January 18, 2007 (http://www.ssa.gov/history/officials.html).
22. Elman, Cheryl. 1998. "Intergenerational Household Structure and Economic Change at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." Journal of Family History 23:417-40.
23. Elman, Cheryl and Peter Uhlenberg. 1995. "Co-residence in the Early Twentieth Century: Elderly Women in the United States and Their Children." Population Studies 49:501-17.
24. Engelhardt, Gary V., Jonathan Gruber, and Cynthia D. Perry. 2005. "Social Security and Elderly Living Arrangements: Evidence from the Social Security Notch." Journal of Human Resources 40:354-72.
25. Engerman, Stanley and Robert Gallman, eds. 2000. Cambridge Economic History of the United States. Vol. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press.
26. Epstein, Abraham. 1928. The Challenge of the Aged. New York: The Vanguard Press.
27. Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette. 1996. "Aging in a Never-Empty Nest: The Elasticity of the Stem Family." Pp. 75-99 in Aging and Generational Relations Over the Life Course: A Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective, edited by T. K. Hareven. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.
28. Ferrie, Joseph P. 2005. "The End of American Exceptionalism? Mobility in the U.S. Since 1850." Journal of Economic Perspectives 19:199-215.
29. Folbre, Nancy and Barnet Wagman. 1993. "Counting Housework: New Estimates of Real Product in the United States, 1800-1860." The Journal of Economic History 53(2):275-88.
30. Goldscheider, Frances K. and Regina M. Bures. 2003. "The Racial Crossover in Family Complexity in the United States." Demography 40:569-87.
31. Goldscheider, Frances K. and Leora Lawton. 1998. "Family Experiences and the Erosion of Support for Intergenerational Coresidence." Journal of Marriage and the Family 60:623-32.
32. Goode, William J. 1963. World Revolution and Family Patterns. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
33. Graebner, William. 1980. A History of Retirement: The Meaning and Function of an American Institution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
34. Gratton, Brian. 1986. Urban Elders: Family, Work, and Welfare Among Boston's Aged, 1890-1950. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
35. Gratton, Brian. 1996. "The Poverty of Impoverishment Theory: The Economic Well-Being of the Elderly, 1890-1950." Journal of Economic History 56:39-61.
36. Greenfield, Sydney S. 1961. "Industrialization and the Family in Sociological Theory." American Journal of Sociology 47:312-22.
37. Gutmann, Myron P., Sara M. Pullum-Piñón, and Thomas W. Pullum. 2002. "Three Eras of Young Adult Home Leaving in Twentieth-Century America." Journal of Social History 35:533-76.
38. Haber, Carole and Brian Gratton. 1994. Old Age and the Search for Security: An American Social History. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
39. Hall, Patricia Kelly and Steven Ruggles. 2004. "'Restless in the Midst of their Prosperity': New Evidence of the Internal Migration Patterns of Americans, 1850-1990." Journal of American History 91:829-46.
40. Hammel, E. A. 1995. "The Elderly in the Bosom of the Family: La Famille Souche and Hardship Reincorporation." Pp. 108-227 in Aging in the Past: Demography, Society and Old Age, edited by D. I. Kertzer and P. Laslett. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
41. Hareven, Tamara K. 1994. "Aging and Generational Relations: A Historical and Life Course Perspective." Annual Review of Sociology 20:442.
42. Hareven, Tamara K. 1996. "Introduction: Aging and Generational Relations Over the Life Course." Pp. 1-12 in Aging and Generational Relations Over the Life Course: A Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective, edited by T. K. Hareven. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.
43. Helvering v Davis, 301 U.S. 619 1937.
44. Houghton, Walter. 1957. The Victorian Frame of Mind. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
45. Kertzer, David. 1995. "Toward a Historical Demography of Aging." Pp. 363-85 in Aging in the Past: Demography, Society and Old Age, edited by D. Kertzer and P. Laslett. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
46. Kobrin, Frances E. 1976. "The Fall in Household Size and the Rise of the Primary Individual in the United States." Demography 13:127-38.
47. Kotlikoff, Laurence J. and John N. Morris. 1990. "Why Don't the Elderly Live with Their Children? A New Look." Pp. 149-69 in Issues in the Economics of Aging, edited by D. A. Wise. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
48. Kramarow, Ellen. 1995. "Living Alone Among the Elderly in the United States: Historical Perspectives on Household Change." Demography 32:335-52.
49. Lamoreaux, Naomi R. 2003. "Rethinking the Transition to Capitalism in the Early American Northeast." Journal of American History 90:437-61.
50. Laslett, Peter. 1965. The World We Have Lost. London, UK: Methuen.
51. Laslett, Peter. 1972. "Introduction: The History of the Family." Pp. 1-89 in Household and Family in Past Time, edited by P. Laslett and R. Wall. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
52. Lee, Chulhee. 2000. "The Economic Status of the Elderly in the Era of Industrialization: The Revisionist View Revisited." Institute of Economic Research Working Papers (Seoul National University) No. 29.
53. Le Play, Frédéric. 1884. L'organisation de la famille selon le vrai modèle signalé par l'histoire de toutes les races et de tous les temps. 3d ed. Tours, France: A. Mame.
54. Lesthaeghe, Ron. 1983. "A Century of Demographic and Cultural Change in Western Europe: An Exploration of Underlying Dimensions." Population and Development Review 9:411-35.
55. Lesthaeghe, Ron and Dominique Meekers. 1986. "Value Changes and the Dimensions of Familism in the European Community." European Journal of Population 2:225-68.
56. Levy, Marion. 1965. "Aspects of the Analysis of Family Structure." Pp. 1-63 in Aspects of the Analysis of Family Structure, edited by A. J. Coale, L. J. Fallers, M. J. Levy Jr., D. M. Schneider, and S. S. Tomkins. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
57. Litwak, Eugene. 1965. "Extended Kin Relations in an Industrial Democratic Society." Pp. 290-323 in Social Structure and the Family: Generational Relations, edited by E. Shanas and G. F. Streib. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
58. Lubove, Roy. 1968. The Struggle for Social Security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
59. Macunovich, Diane J., Richard A. Easterlin, Christine M. Schaeffer, and Eileen M. Crimmins. 1995. "Echoes of the Baby Boom and Bust: Recent and Prospective Changes in Living Alone Among Elderly Widows in the United States." Demography 32:17-28.
60. Margo, Robert. 2000. "The Labor Force in the Nineteenth Century." Pp. 207-44 in The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, edited by S. Engerman and R. Gallman. New York: Cambridge University Press.
61. Mason, Karen Oppenheim. 1992. "Family Change and Support of the Elderly in Asia: What Do We Know?" Asia-Pacific Population Journal 7:13-32.
62. McGarry, Kathleen and Robert F. Schoeni. 2000. "Social Security, Economic Growth, and the Rise in Independence of Elderly Widows in the 20th century," Demography 37:221-36.
63. Messineo, Melinda J. and Roger A. Wojtkiewicz. 2004. "Coresidence of Adult Children with Parents from 1960 to 1990: Is the Propensity to Live at Home Really Increasing?" Journal of Family History 29:71-83.
64. Michael, Robert T., Victor R. Fuchs, and Sharon R. Scott. 1980. "Changes in the Propensity to Live Alone, 1950-1976." Demography 17:39-53.
65. Mintz, Steven and Susan Kellogg. 1988. Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life. New York: Free Press.
66. Moehling, Carolyn. 1995. "Work and Family: Intergenerational Support in American Families, 1880-1920." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Economics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
67. Mulhall, Michael G. 1899. The Dictionary of Statistics. London, UK: Routledge.
68. Nimkoff, Meyer F. 1962. "Changing Family Relationships of Older People in the United States During the Last Fifty Years." Pp. 405-14 in Social and Psychological Aspects of Aging, edited by C. Tibbitts and W. Donahue. New York: Columbia University Press.
69. Norling, LisaA. 2000. Captain Ahab Had a Wife: New England Women and the Whale fishery, 1720-1870. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
70. Ogburn, William F. and Meyer F. Nimkoff. 1950. Sociology. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
71. Pampel, Fred C. 1983. "Changes in the Propensity to Live Alone: Evidence from Consecutive Cross-sectional Surveys." Demography 23:433-47.
72. Parsons, Talcott. 1949. "The Social Structure of the Family." Pp. 173-201 in The Family: Its Function and Destiny, edited by R. N. Anshen. New York: Harper.
73. Parsons, Talcott and Robert F. Bales. 1955. Family, Socialization and Interaction Process. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
74. Quadagno, Jill S. 1994. "Welfare Capitalism and the Social Security Act of 1935." American Sociological Review 49:632-47.
75. Robinson, William S. 1950. "Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals." American Sociological Review 15:351-57.
76. Rosenfeld, Michael. 2006. "Young Adulthood as a Factor in Social Change in the United States." Population and Development Review 32:27-51.
77. Ruggles, Steven. 1987. Prolonged Connections: The Rise of the Extended Family in Nineteenth Century England and America. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
78. Ruggles, Steven. 1993. "Confessions of a Microsimulator: Problems in Modeling the Demography of Kinship." Historical Methods 26:161-69.
79. Ruggles, Steven. 1994. "The Transformation of American Family Structure." American Historical Review 99:103-28.
80. Ruggles, Steven. 1996a. "The Effects of Demographic Change on Multigenerational Family Structure: United States Whites 1880-1980." Pp. 21-40 in Les systèmes demographiques dupassé, edited by A. Bideau, A. Perrenoud, K. A. Lynch and G. Brunet. Lyons, France: Centre Jacques Cartier.
81. Ruggles, Steven. 1996b. "Living Arrangements of the Elderly in America, 1880-1980." Pp. 254-71 in Aging and Generational Relations Over the Life Course: A Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective, edited by T. K. Hareven. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.
82. Ruggles, Steven. 1997. "The Rise of Divorce and Separation in the United States, 1880-1990." Demography 34:455-66.
83. Ruggles, Steven. 2003. "Multigenerational Families in Nineteenth-Century America." Continuity and Change 18:139-65.
84. Ruggles, Steven and Susan Brower. 2003. "The Measurement of Family and Household Composition in the United States, 1850-1999" Population and Development Review 29:73-101.
85. Ruggles, Steven and Ronald Goeken. 1992. "Race and Multigenerational Family Structure, 1900-1980." Pp. 15-42 in The Changing American Family: Sociological and Demographic Perspectives, edited by S. J. South and S. E. Tolnay. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
86. Ruggles, Steven, Matthew Sobek, Trent Alexander, Catherine A. Fitch, Ronald Goeken, Patricia Kelly Hall, Miriam King, and Chad Ronnander. 2004. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0 [machine-readable database]. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Population Center [producer and distributor].
87. Schoeni, Robert. 1998. "Reassessing the Decline in Parent-Child Old-Age Coresidence During the Twentieth Century." Demography 35:307-13.
88. Schwartz, Saul, Sheldon Danziger, and Eugene Smolensky. 1984. "The Choice of Living Arrangements by the Elderly." Pp. 229-50 in Retirement and Economic Behavior, edited by H. J. Aaron and G. Burtless. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
89. Siegel, Reva B. 1996. "'The Rule of Love': Wife Beating as Prerogative and Privacy." Yale Law Journal 105:2117-2207.
90. Sellers, Charles. 1991. The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846. New York: Oxford.
91. Shammas, Carole. 2002. A History of Household Government in America. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
92. Shammas, Carole, Marylynn Salmon, and Michel Dahlin. 1987. Inheritance in America: From Colonial Times to the Present. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
93. Shanas, Ethel. 1961. Family Relationships of Older People. New York: Health Information Foundation.
94. Shorter, Edward. 1975. The Making of the Modern Family. New York: Basic Books.
95. Silver, Catherine B., ed. 1982. Frédéric Le Play on Family, Work, and Social Change. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
96. Smith, Daniel Scott. 1986. "Accounting for Change in the Families of the Elderly in the United States, 1900-Present." Pp. 87-109 in Old Age in a Bureaucratic Society: The Elderly, the Experts, and the State in American History, edited by D. Van Tassel and P. N. Stearns. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
97. Smith, Daniel Scott. 1992. "The Meanings of Family and Household: Change and Continuity in the Mirror of the American Census." Population and Development Review 18:421-56.
98. Smith, Daniel Scott. 1993. "The Curious History of Theorizing About the History of the Western Nuclear Family." Social Science History 17:325-53.
99. Soldo, Beth J. 1981. "The Living Arrangements of the Elderly in the Near Future." Pp. 491-512 in Aging: Social Change, edited by S. B. Kiesler, J. N. Morgan, and V K. Oppenheimer. New York: Academic Press.
100. Squier, Lee Welling. 1912. Old Age Dependency in the United States. New York: Macmillan.
101. Stone, Lawrence. 1977. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. New York: Harper and Row.
102. Sussman, Marvin B. 1959. "The Isolated Nuclear Family: Fact or Fiction?" Social Problems 6:333-40.
103. Therborn, Göran. 2004. Between Sex and Power: Family in the World, 1900-2000. London, UK: Routledge.
104. Thornton, Arland. 2005. Reading History Sideways: The Fallacy and Enduring Impact of the Developmental Paradigm on Family Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
105. Tynes, Sheryl R. 1996. Turning Points in Social Security: From 'Cruel Hoax' to 'Sacred Entitlement.' Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
106. Uhlenberg, Peter. 1996. "Mortality Decline in the Twentieth Century and the Supply of Kin Over the Life Course." The Gerontologist 36:681-85.
107. Wall, Richard. 1995. "Elderly Persons and Members of their Households in England and Wales from Preindustrial Times to the Present." Pp. 81-106 in Aging in the Past: Demography, Society and Old Age, edited by D. Kertzer and P. Laslett. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
108. Ward, Russell, John Logan, and Glenna Spitze. 1992. "The Influence of Parent and Child Needs on Coresidence in Middle and Later Life." Journal of Marriage and the Family 54:209-21.
109. Weiss, Thomas. 1992. "U.S. Labor Force Estimates and Economic Growth, 1800-1860." Pp. 19-75 in American Economic Growth and Standards of Living Before the Civil War, edited by R. E. Gallman and J. J. Wallis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
110. Wirth, Louis. 1938. "Urbanism as a Way of Life." American Journal of Sociology 44:1-24.
111. Wister, A. V. and Thomas K. Burch. 1983. "Fertility and Household Status of Older Women in Canada, 1921." Canadian Studies in Population 10: 1-13.