The consequences of income inequality for redistributive policy in the United States

Social Inequality

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 797-820

  Lenz, Gabriel S ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 37748999070     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (104)

1. Albritton, Robert. 1989. "Impacts of Intergovernmental Financial Incentives on State Welfare Policymaking and Interstate Equity." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19: 127-41.
2. Alesina, Alberto, and Howard Rosenthal. 1995. Partisan Politics, Divided Government, and the Economy. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
3. Allen, Michael Patrick, and John L. Campbell. 1994. "State Revenue Extraction from Different Income Groups: Variations in Tax Progressivity in the United States, 1916 to 1986." American Sociological Review 59: 169-96.
4. Barrilleaux, Charles, and Belinda C. Davis. 2003. "Explaining State-Level Variations in Levels and Change in the Distribution of Income in the United States, 1978 to 1990." American Politics Research 31(3): 280-300.
5. Barrilleaux, Charles J., and Mark E. Miller. 1988. "The Political Economy of State Medicaid Policy." American Political Science Review 82: 1089-1107.
6. Bartels, Larry M. 2002. "Economic Inequality and Political Representation." Unpublished paper. Princeton University.
7. Bartels, Larry M. 2003. "Partisan Politics and the U.S. Income Distribution." Unpublished paper. Princeton University.
8. Baumgardner, James R. 1993. "Tests of Median Voter and Political Support Maximization Models: The Case of Federal State Welfare Programs." Public Finance Quarterly 21(1): 48-83.
9. Becker, Gary S. 1983. "A Theory of Competition Among Groups for Political Influence." Quarterly Journal of Economics 98(3): 371-400.
10. Benabou, Roland. 1996. "Inequality and Growth." In National Bureau of Economic Research Macro Annual, edited by Ben S. Bernanke and Julio J. Rotemberg. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
11. Berch, Neil. 1995. "Explaining Changes in Tax Incidence in the States." Political Research Quarterly 48(3): 629-41.
12. Bernard, Andrew B., and J. Bradford Jensen. 1998. "Understanding Increasing and Decreasing Wage Inequality." Working paper 6571. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
13. Berry, William D., Evan J. Ringquist, Richard C. Fording, and Russell L. Hanson. 1998. "Measuring Citizen and Government Ideology in the American States, 1960 to 1993." American Journal of Political Science 42(1): 327- 48. Available as study 1208 at: www.icpsr.umich.edu (updated April 17, 2001).
14. Besley, Timothy, and Anne Case. 2003. "Political Institutions and Policy Choices: Evidence from the United States." Journal of Economic Literature 41(1): 7-73.
15. Black, Duncan. 1958. The Theory of Committees and Elections. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
16. Blank, Rebecca M., and David E. Card. 1991. "Recent Trends in Insured and Uninsured Unemployment: Is There an Explanation?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 106: 1157-89.
17. Blinder, Alan, and Howard Esaki. 1978. "Macroeconomic Activity and Income Distribution in the Postwar United States." Review of Economics and Statistics 60: 604-9.
18. Borjas, George J., and Valerie A. Ramey. 1994. "Time-Series Evidence on the Sources of Trends in Wage Inequality." American Economic Review 84(2): 10-16.
19. Borjas, George J., and Valerie A. Ramey. 1995. "Foreign Competition, Market Power, and Wage Inequality." Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(4): 1075-1110.
20. Brown, Robert D. 1995. "Party Cleavages and Welfare Effort in the American States." American Political Science Review 89(1): 23-33.
21. Brown, Robert D., and Gerald C. Wright. 1992. "Elections and State Party Polarization." American Politics Quarterly 20(4): 411-26.
22. Burnham, Walter Dean. 1992. Partisan Division of American State Governments, 1834 to 1985. Conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research. Ann Arbor, Mich.: ICPSR.
23. Calvert, Randall. 1985. "Robustness of the Multidimensional Voting Model: Candidates' Motivations, Uncertainty, and Convergence." American Journal of Political Science 29: 69-95.
24. Card, David E., and Alan B. Krueger. 1995. Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
25. Council of State Governments. Various years. The Book of the States. Lexington, Ky.: Council of State Governments.
26. Cox, Gary W., and Matthew D. McCubbins. 1986. "Electoral-Politics as a Redistributive Game." Journal of Politics 48(2): 370-89.
27. Danziger, Sheldon, and Peter Gottschalk. 1995. America Unequal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
28. De Leon, Richard E. 1973. "Politics, Economic Surplus and Redistribution in the American States: A Test of a Theory." American Journal of Political Science 17: 781-96.
29. Di Nardo, John, Nicole M. Fortin, and Thomas Lemieux. 1996. "Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973 to 1992: A Semiparametric Approach." Econometrica 64(5): 1001-44.
30. Dixit, Avinash, and John Londregan. 1996. "The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics." Journal of Politics 58(4): 1132-55.
31. Dye, Thomas R. 1966. Politics, Economics, and the Public. American Politics Research Series. Chicago: Rand McNally.
32. Dye, Thomas R. 1969. "Income Inequality and American State Politics." American Political Science Review 63(March): 157-62.
33. Erikson, Robert S., Gerald C. Wright, and John P. McIver. 1993. Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
34. Gall, Gilbert J. 1988. The Politics of Right to Work: The Labor Federations as Special Interests, 1943 to 1979 Contributions in Labor Studies 24. New York: Greenwood Press.
35. Grogan, Colleen M. 1994. "Political-Economic Factors Influencing State Medicaid Policy." Political Research Quarterly 47(3): 589-622.
36. Grogan, Colleen M. 1996. "Correction Note: Political-Economic Factors Influencing State Medicaid Policy." Political Research Quarterly 49(3): 673-75.
37. Hacker, Jacob, Suzanne Mettler, Diane Pinderhughes, and Theda Skocpol. 2003. "Public Policy as a Cause and Effect of Inequality: The United States in Comparative and Historical Perspective." Background memoranda American Political Science Association Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy (March 31, 2003).
38. Hansen, Susan B. 1983. The Politics of Taxation: Revenue Without Representation. New York: Praeger.
39. Hanson, Russell L. 1984. "Medicaid and the Politics of Redistribution." American Journal of Political Science 28: 313-39.
40. Hanson, Russell L. 1996. "Intergovernmental Relations." In Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis, edited by Virginia Gray, Herbert Jacob, and Kenneth N. Vines. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
41. Hayes, Kathy J., and Daniel J. Slottje. 1989. "The Efficacy of State and Local Governments' Redistributive Programs." Public Finance Quarterly 17(3): 304.
42. Hayes, Kathy J., Daniel J. Slottje, and Susan Porter-Hudak. 1991. "U.S. Federal Redistributive Income Policies." Applied Economics 23(7): 1193.
43. Hibbs, Douglas A. 1987. The American Political Economy: Macroeconomics and Electoral Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
44. Hibbs, Douglas A., and Christopher Dennis. 1988. "Income Distribution in the United States." American Political Science Review 82(2): 467-90.
45. Hill, Kim Q., Jan E. Leighley, and Angela Hinton-Andersson. 1995. "Lower-class Mobilization and Policy Linkage in the United States." American Journal of Political Science 39(1): 75-86.
46. Hofferbert, Richard I. 1966. "The Relations Between Public Policy and Some Structural Environmental Variables." American Political Science Review 60: 73-82.
47. Hopkins, Thomas. 1965. "Income Distribution in Grant-in-Aid Equity Analysis." National Tax Journal 18(March): 209-13.
48. Husted, Thomas A. 1989. "Nonmonotonic Demand for Income Redistribution Benefits: The Case of AFDC." Southern Economic Journal 55(3): 710-27.
49. Husted, Thomas A., and Lawrence W. Kenny. 1997. "The Effect of Expansion of the Voting Franchise on the Size of Government." Journal of Political Economy 105(1): 54-82.
50. Jacobs, David. 1980. "Dimensions of Inequality and Public Policy in the States." Journal of Politics 42(1): 291-306.
51. Jacobs, David, and Don Waldman. 1983. "Toward a Fiscal Sociology: Determinants of Tax Regressivity in the American States." Social Science Quarterly 64(3): 550-65.
52. Jennings, Edward T. 1979. "Competition, Constituencies, and Welfare Policies in American States." American Political Science Review 73(2): 414-29.
53. Johnson, Paul, and Steven Webb. 1993. "Explaining the Growth in the U.K. Income Inequality: 1979 to 1988." Economic Journal 103(417): 429-36.
54. Katz, Claudio, Vincent Mahler, and Michael Franz. 1983. "The Impact of Taxes on Growth and Distribution in Developed Capitalist Countries: A Cross-national Study." American Political Science Review 77: 871-86.
55. Kenworthy, Lane. 1998. "Do Social Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-national Assessment." In Luxembourg Income Study. Working paper no. 188. Syracuse, N.Y.: Center for Policy Research and Luxembourg Income Study.
56. Key, V. O. Jr. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
57. Kousser, Thad. 2002. "Politics of Discretionary Medicaid Spending, 1980 to 1993." Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 27(4): 639-71.
58. Kristov, Lorenzo, Peter Lindert, and Robert McClelland. 1992. "Pressure Groups and Redistribution." Journal of Public Economics 48(2): 135-63.
59. Kronebusch, Karl. 1997. "Medicaid and the Politics of Groups: Recipients, Providers, and Policymaking." Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 22(3): 839-78.
60. Langer, Laura. 1999. "Measuring Income Distribution Across Space and Time in the American States." Social Science Quarterly 80(1): 55-67.
61. Lee, David S. 1999. "Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion for Falling Minimum Wage?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(3): 977-1023.
62. Lidbeck, Assar, and Jorgen W. Weibull. 1993. "A Model of Political Equilibrium in Representative Democracy." Journal of Public Economics 51: 195-209.
63. Lowery, David. 1987. "The Distribution of Tax Burdens in the American States: The Determinants of Fiscal Incidence." Western Political Quarterly 40: 137-58.
64. Martinez, Michael D. 1997. "Don't Tax You, Don't Tax Me, Tax the Fella Behind the Tree: Partisan and Turnout Effects on Tax Policy." Social Science Quarterly 78(4): 895-906.
65. Matthews, Peter H., Ivan T. Kandilov, and Bradford Maxwell. 2002. "Interstate Differences in Insured Unemployment: Some Recent Evidence." Applied Economics Letters 9(14): 945-48.
66. McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. 2003. "Political Polarization and Income Inequality." Working paper. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
67. McKelvey, Richard D. 1976. "Intransitivities in Multidimensional Voting Models and Some Implications for Agenda Control." Journal of Economic Theory 12: 472-82.
68. Meltzer, Allan H., and Scott F. Richard. 1981. "A Rational Theory for the Size of Government." Journal of Political Economy 89(5): 914-27.
69. Milanovic, Branko. 2000. "The Median Voter Hypothesis, Income Inequality, and Income Distribution: An Empirical Test with the Required Data." European Journal of Political Economy 16(13): 367-410.
70. Moene, Karl O., and Michael Wallerstein. 2001. "Inequality, Social Insurance, and Redistribution." American Political Science Review 95(4): 859-74.
71. Moffitt, Robert. 1990. "Has State Redistribution Policy Grown More Conservative?" National Tax Journal 43(2): 123-42.
72. Moffitt, Robert, David Ribar, and Mark Wilhelm. 1998. "The Decline of Welfare Benefits in the United States: The Role of Wage Inequality." Journal of Public Economics 68(3): 421-52.
73. Morgan, David R. 1994. "Tax Equity in the American States: A Multivariate Analysis." Social Science Quarterly 75(3): 510-23.
74. Morris, Martina, and Bruce Western. 1999. "Inequality in Earnings at the Close of the Twentieth Century." Annual Review of Sociology 25: 623-57.
75. Musgrave, Richard A., and Peggy B. Musgrave. 1989. Public Finance in Theory and Practice. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
76. Orr, Larry. 1976. "Income Transfers as a Public Good: An Application to AFDC." American Economic Review 66: 359-71.
77. Paddock, Joel. 1998. "Explaining State Variation in Interparty Ideological Differences." Political Research Quarterly 51(3): 765-80.
78. Page, Benjamin I. 1983. Who Gets What from Government. Berkeley: University of California Press.
79. Pechman, Joseph A. 1986. The Rich, the Poor, and the Taxes They Pay. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
80. Peltzman, Sam. 1976. "Toward a More General Theory of Regulation." Journal of Law and Economics 19(2): 211-40.
81. Perotti, Roberto. 1994. "Income Distribution and Investment." European Economic Review 38(3-4): 827-35.
82. Perotti, Roberto. 1996. "Redistribution and Nonconsumption Smoothing in an Open Economy." Review of Economic Studies 63(3): 411-33.
83. Peterson, Paul, and Mark Rom. 1989. "American Federalism, Welfare Policy, and Residential Choices." American Political Science Review 83: 711-28.
84. Phares, Donald. 1973. State-Local Tax Equity. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath.
85. Plotnick, Robert D. 1986. "An Interest Group Model of Direct Income Redistribution." Review of Economics and Statistics 68(4): 594-602.
86. Plotnick, Robert, and Richard F. Winters. 1985. "A Politico-Economic Theory of Income Redistribution." American Political Science Review 79: 458-73.
87. Plott, Charles R. 1976. "Axiomatic Social Choice: An Overview and Interpretation." American Journal of Political Science 20: 511-96.
88. Poole, Keith T., and Howard Rosenthal. 1997. Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting. New York: Oxford University Press.
89. Riker, William. 1980. "Implications of the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions." American Political Science Review 74: 432-47.
90. Roberts, Kevin W. S. 1977. "Voting over Income Tax Schedules." Journal of Public Economics 8(3): 329-40.
91. Roberts, Russell D. 1984. "A Positive Model of Private Charity and Public Transfers." Journal of Political Economy 92(1): 136-48.
92. Roberts, Russell D. 1985. "Recipient Preferences and the Design of Government Transfer Programs." Journal of Law and Economics 28(1): 27-54.
93. Romer, Thomas. 1975. "Individual Welfare, Majority Voting, and the Properties of Linear Income Tax." Journal of Public Economics 42(2): 163-85.
94. Soss, Joe, Sanford F. Schram, Thomas P. Vartanian, and Evin O'Brien. 2001. "Setting the Terms of Relief: Explaining State Policy Choices in the Devolution Revolution." American Journal of Political Science 45(2): 378-95.
95. Stonecash, Jeffrey M. 1999. "Political Cleavage in U.S. State Legislative Houses." Legislative Studies Quarterly 24(2): 281-302.
96. Topel, Robert. 1993. "What Have We Learned from Empirical Studies of Unemployment and Turnover?" American Economic Review 83(2): 110-15.
97. Tweedie, Jack. 1994. "Resources Rather Than Needs: A State-Centered Model of Welfare Policymaking." American Journal of Political Science 38(3): 651-72.
98. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. 2002. "Table F-4: Gini Ratios for Families, by Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1947 to 2001." Current Population Survey, Annual Demographic Supplements. Available at: http://landview.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/f04.html (visited 2002).
99. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Health Care Financing Administration. 2000. A Profile of Medicaid: Chartbook 2000. Available at: http://cms.hhs.gov/charts/medicaid/2Tchartbk.pdf (visited 2003).
100. Uslaner, Eric, and Ronald Webber. 1975. "Politics of Redistribution: Toward a Model of Policymaking in the American States." American Politics Quarterly 3: 130-70.
101. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
102. Winters, Richard. 1976. "Party Control and Policy Change." American Journal of Political Science 20(4): 597-636.
103. Wittman, Donald. 1977. "Candidates with Policy Preferences: A Dynamic Model." Journal of Economic Theory 14: 180-89.
104. Wittman, Donald. 1983. "Candidate Motivation: A Synthesis of Alternatives." American Political Science Review 77: 142-57.