Muscularis mucosae - The forgotten sibling

Journal of Smooth Muscle Research

Volumn 43, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 157-177

  Uchida, Kohsuke ^a   Kamikawa, Yuichiro ^a  

^a DOKKYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Autonomic innervation; Digestive tract; Inflammatory bowel disease; Motor activity; Muscularis mucosae

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; CAT; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; DOG; DRUG EFFECT; ENTERITIS; ESOPHAGUS; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GUINEA PIG; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; INNERVATION; INTESTINE; MUCOSA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RABBIT; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE; STOMACH;

ANIMALS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; CATS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; DOGS; ESOPHAGUS; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GUINEA PIGS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; INTESTINES; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; MUSCLE, SMOOTH; RABBITS; STOMACH;

EID: 37149025012     PISSN: 09168737     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.43.157     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Akbarali, H.I., Bieger, D. and Triggle, C.R. (1986). Tetrodotoxin- sensitive and -insensitive relaxations in the rat oesophageal tunica muscularis mucosae. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 381: 49-63.
2. Akbarali, H.I., Bieger, D. and Triggle, C.R. (1988a). Inhibition of field stimulation-evoked relaxations in rat oesophageal smooth muscle by the calcium antagonist PN 200-110. Br. J. Pharmacol. 95: 512-518.
3. Akbarali, H.I., Bieger, D., Ohia, S.E. and Triggle, C.R. (1988b). Similarity of relaxations evoked by BRL 34915, pinacidil and field-stimulation in rat oesophageal tunica muscularis mucosae. Br. J. Pharmacol. 95: 519-525.
4. - currents in rabbit oesophageal smooth muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 460: 117-133.
5. Angel, F., Schmalz, P.F., Morgan, K.G., Go, V.L.W. and Szurszewski, J.H. (1982). Innervation of the muscularis mucosa in the canine stomach and colon. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 17: 71-75.
6. Angel, F., Go, V.L.W., Schmalz, P.F. and Szurszewski, J.H. (1983). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: a putative transmitter in the canine gastric muscularis mucosa. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 341: 641-654.
7. Angel, F., Go, V.L.W. and Szurszewski, J.H. (1984). Innervation of the muscularis mucosae of canine proximal colon. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 357: 93-108.
8. Astolfi, M., Manzini, S., Maggi, C.A. and Giachetti, A. (1993). Comparison of NK-2 selective peptide and non-peptide antagonists in rat distal colon muscularis mucosae. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 13: 381-386.
9. Bailey, D.M. (1965). The action of sympathomimetic amines on circular and longitudinal smooth muscle from the isolated oesophagus of the guinea-pig. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 17: 782-787.
10. Barbara, G., De Giorgio, R., Stanghellini, V., Cremon, C., Salvioli, B. and Corinaldesi, R. (2004). New pathophysiological mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 20 (Suppl. 2): 1-9.
11. Barocelli, E., Morini, G., Ballabeni, V., Lavezzo, A. and Impicciatore, M. (1990). Effects of two new pirenzepine analogs on the contractile response of the guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae to acetylcholine, bethanechol, histamine and high potassium. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 179: 89-96.
12. Bartlet, A.L. (1968a). The effect of vagal stimulation and eserine on isolated guinea-pig oesophagus. Qt. Jl. Exp. Physiol. 53: 170-174.
13. Bartlet, A.L. (1968b). Actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine on the neural structures and muscularis mucosae of the guinea-pig oesophagus. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother. 33: 184-192.
14. Baumgarten, H.G. and Lange, W. (1969). Adrenergic innervation of the oesophagus in the cat (Felis domestica) and rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus). Z. Zellforsch. 95: 529-545.
15. Baxter, G.S., Craig, D.A. and Clarke, D.E. (1991). 5-Hydroxytryptamine4 receptors mediate relaxation of the rat oesophageal tunica muscularis mucosae. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 343: 439-446.
16. Beech, D.J. (1997). Actions of neurotransmitters and other messengers on Ca2+ channels and K+ channels in smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol. Ther. 73: 91-119.
17. Bieger, D. and Triggle, C. (1985). Pharmacological properties of mechanical responses of the rat oesophageal muscularis mucosae to vagal and field stimulation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 84: 93-106.
18. Brownhill, V.R., Hourani, S.M.O. and Kitchen, I. (1996). Differential ontogeny of adenosine receptors in the longitudinal muscle and muscularis mucosae of the rat isolated duodenum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 317: 321-328.
19. Brownhill, V.R., Hourani, S.M.O. and Kitchen, I. (1997). Ontogeny of P2-purinoceptors in the longitudinal muscle and muscularis mucosae of the rat isolated duodenum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 122: 225-232.
20. Bülbring, E., Brading, A.F., Jones, A.W. and Tomita, T. (1981). Smooth muscle: an assessment of current knowledge, Edward Arnold, London.
21. Buckner, C.K. and Christopherson, R.C. (1974). Adrenergic receptors of rat esophageal smooth muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 189: 467-475.
22. Christensen, J. (1975). Pharmacology of the esophageal motor function. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 15: 243-258.
23. Christensen, J. and Percy, W.H. (1984). A pharmacological study of oesophageal muscularis mucosae from the cat, dog and American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Br. J. Pharmacol. 83: 329-336.
24. Christensen, J., Rick, G.A. and Soll, D.J. (1987a). Intramural nerves and interstitial cells revealed by the Champy-Maillet stain in the opossum esophagus. J. Auton. Nerv. Sys. 19: 137-151.
25. Christensen, J., Williams, T.H., Jew, J. and O'Dorisio, T.M. (1987b). Distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive structures in the opossum esophagus. Gastroenterol. 92: 1007-1018.
26. Cohen, S. (1979). Motor disorders of the esophagus. N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 184-192.
27. Daniel, E.E., Cipris, S., Manaka, Y., Bowker, P. and Regoli, D. (1989). Classification of tachykinin receptors in muscularis mucosae of opossum oesophagus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 97: 1013-1018.
28. 2- subtype. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 442-446.
29. 3- adrenoceptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 116: 1945-1947.
30. Dietrich, A., Chubanov, V., Kalwa, H., Rost, B.R. and Gudermann, T. (2006). Cation channels of the transient receptor potential superfamily: their role in physiological and pathophysiological processes of smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol. Ther. 112: 744-760.
31. Dobreva, G., Mizhorkova, Z., Kortezova, N. and Papasova, M. (1994). Some characteristics of the muscularis mucosae of the cat lower esophageal sphincter. Gen. Pharmacol. 25: 639-643.
32. Domoto, T., Jury, J., Berezin, I., Fox, J.E.T. and Daniel, E.E. (1983). Dose substance P comediate with acetylcholine in nerves of opossum esophageal muscularis mucosa? Am. J. Physiol. 245: G19-G28.
33. Eglen, R.M. and Whiting, R.L. (1988). Comparison of the muscarinic receptors of the guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae and trachea in vitro. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 8: 181-189.
34. Eglen, R.M., Michel, A.D., Sharif, N.A., Swank, S.R. and Whiting, R.L. (1989). The pharmacological properties of the peptide, endothelin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 97: 1297-1307.
35. Elliott, A.C. (2001). Recent developments in non-excitable cell calcium entry. Cell Calcium 30: 73-93.
36. 4 receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 211: 117-120.
37. Freeman,W.H. and Bracegirdle, B. (1967). An Atlas of Histology, Heinemann Educational Book, London.
38. Fujinuma, S., Kamikawa, Y. and Shimo, Y. (1985). Pharmacological characterization of the histamine receptor in the isolated muscularis mucosae of the guinea-pig oesophagus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 86: 619-625.
39. Fujinuma, S., Kamikawa, Y. and Shimo, Y. (1986). Mast cell distribution in the esophagus and the ileum of the guinea-pig, rat and hamster. Dokkyo J. Med. Sci. 13: 31-36.
40. Fujinuma, S., Kamikawa, Y. and Shimo, Y. (1987). Histamine-independent contraction of the isolated muscularis mucosae of the guinea-pig esophagus caused by compound 48/80. Dokkyo J. Med. Sci. 14: 163-172.
41. Fujinuma, S. (1988). Pharmacological characterizations of the in vitro anaphylactic contraction of the guinea-pig esophageal muscularis mucosae (in Japanese). Folia Pharmacol. Japon 91: 17-27.
42. Furness, J.B. and Costa, M. (1980). Types of nerves in the enteric nervous system. Neuroscience 5: 1-20.
43. Furness, J.B., Li, Z.S., Young, H.M. and Förstermann, U. (1994). Nitric oxide synthase in the enteric nervous system of the guinea-pig: a quantitative description. Cell Tissue Res. 277: 139-149.
44. Gallacher, M., Mackenna, B.R. and McKirdy, H.C. (1973). Effects of drugs and of electrical stimulation on the muscularis mucosae of rabbit large intestine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 47: 760-764.
45. 4 receptor modulation of tachykinergic excitation of rat oesophageal tunica muscularis mucosae. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 323: 229-233.
46. Greenwood, B. and Davison, J.S. (1987). The relationship between gastrointestinal motility and secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 252: G1-G7.
47. Grundy, D., Al-Chaer, E.D., Aziz, Q., Collins, S.M., Ke, M., Tache, Y. and Wood, J.D. (2006). Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology: basic science. Gastroenterol. 130: 1391-1411.
48. Hatakeyama, N., Mukhopadhyay, D., Goyal, R.K. and Akbarali, H.I. (1996). Tyrosine kinase-dependent modulation of calcium entry in rabbit colonic muscularis mucosae. Am. J. Physiol. 270: C1780-C1789.
49. Hawkey, C.J. and Rampton, D.S. (1985). Prostaglandins and the gastrointestinal mucosa: Are they important in its function, disease, or treatment? Gastroenterol. 89: 1162-1188.
50. Holloway, R.H., Dodds, W.J., Helm, J.F., Hogan, W.J., Dent, J. and Arndorfer, R.C. (1986). Integrity of cholinergic innervation to the lower esophageal sphincter in achalasia. Gastroenterol. 90: 924-929.
51. Holzer, P., Emson, P.C., Iversen, L.L. and Sharman, D.F. (1981). Regional differences in the response to substance P of the longitudinal muscle and the concentration of substance P in the digestive tract of the guinea-pig. Neuroscience 6: 1433-1441.
52. Holzer, P. and Holzer-Petsche, U. (1997). Tachykinins in the gut. Part I. Expression, release and receptor function. Pharmacol. Ther. 73: 173-217.
53. 2-adrenoceptors in guinea-pig esophagus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 473: 79-82.
54. Horn, L. and Zweifach, B.W. (1963). Some factors affecting the response of smooth muscle to chemical mediators. Angiol. 14: 139-148.
55. Horowitz, A., Menice, C.B., Laporte, R. and Morgan, K.G. (1996). Mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction. Physiol. Rev. 76: 967-1003.
56. 2-purinoceptors on the rat colon muscularis mucosae. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110: 501-505.
57. Hourani, S.M.O., Bailey, S.J., Johnson, C.R. and Tennant, J.P. (1998). Effects of adenosine 5′-triphosphate, uridine 5′-triphosphate, adenosine 5′-tetraphosphate and diadenosine polyphosphates in guinea-pig taenia caeci and rat colon muscularis mucosae. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 358: 464-473.
58. Hua, X.Y., Theodorsson-Norheim, E., Brodin, E., Lundberg, J.M. and Hökfelt, T. (1985). Multiple tachykinins (neurokinin A, neuropeptide K and substance P) in capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons in the guinea-pig. Regul. Pept. 13: 1-19.
59. Huang, S.-C. (2002). Two classes of endothelin receptors mediating contraction in esophageal muscularis mucosae. Regul. Pept. 105: 189-196.
60. Hughes, F.B. (1955). The muscularis mucosae of the oesophagus of the cat, rabbit and rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 130: 123-130.
61. Hughes, F.B. (1957). Drug responses of human fetal esophagus. Am. J. Physiol. 191: 37-39.
62. Ishikawa, K. and Ono, K. (1992). Innervation of the muscularis mucosae of proximal colon in guinea pig. Acta Anatomica Nipponica 67: 527.
63. Ishikawa, K. and Ozaki, T. (1997). Distribution of several gut neuropeptides and their effects on motor activity in muscularis mucosae of guinea-pig proximal colon. J. Auton. Nerv. Sys. 64: 91-100.
64. Johnson, C.R., Charlton, S.J. and Hourani, S.M.O. (1996). Responses of the longitudinal muscle and the muscularis mucosae of the rat duodenum to adenine and uracil nucleotides. Br. J. Pharmacol. 117: 823-830.
65. Kahrilas, P.J., Dodds, W.J., Hogan, W.J., Kern, M., Arndorfer, R.C. and Reece, A. (1986). Esophageal peristaltic dysfunction in peptic esophagitis. Gastroenterol. 91: 897-904.
66. Kamikawa, Y., Serizawa, K. and Shimo, Y. (1977). Some possibilities for prostaglandin mediation in the contractile response to ATP of the guinea-pig digestive tract. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 45: 199-203.
67. Kamikawa, Y. and Shimo, Y. (1979a). Cholinergic and adrenergic innervations of the muscularis mucosae in guinea-pig esophagus. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 238: 220-232.
68. 2α-induced contraction of the guinea-pig esophageal smooth muscle. Dokkyo J. Med. Sci. 6: 52-58.
69. 2 on cholinergic neurotransmission in a guinea-pig oesophagus preparation. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 34: 794-797.
70. Kamikawa, Y., Shimo, Y. and Uchida, K. (1982). Inhibitory actions of catecholamines on electrically induced contractions of the submucous plexus-longitudinal muscularis mucosae preparation of the guinea-pig oesophagus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 76: 271-277.
71. Kamikawa, Y. and Shimo, Y. (1983a). Indirect action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the isolated muscularis mucosae of the guinea-pig oesophagus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 78: 103-110.
72. Kamikawa, Y. and Shimo, Y. (1983b). Pharmacological characterization of the opioid receptor in the submucous plexus of the guinea-pig oesophagus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 78: 693-699.
73. Kamikawa, Y. and Shimo, Y. (1984). Contractile responses to substance P and related peptides of the isolated muscularis mucosae of the guinea-pig oesophagus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 81: 143-149.
74. Kamikawa, Y., Fujimuma, S. and Shimo, Y. (1985a). Contractile responses of the guinea-pig esophageal muscularis mucosae in vitro to arachidonic acid and its metabolites. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 114: 53-59.
75. Kamikawa, Y., Uchida, K. and Shimo, Y. (1985b). Heterogeneity of muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig esophageal muscularis mucosae and ileal longitudinal muscle. Gastroenterol. 88: 706-716.
76. Kamikawa, Y. and Shimo, Y. (1987). Different spasmolytic effects of smooth muscle relaxants on the guinea-pig esophageal muscularis mucosae contracted by carbachol or high potassium in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 136: 39-48.
77. Kamikawa, Y., Shibukawa, A., Uchida, K., Sakuma, A., Kubota, K. and Ohno, Y. (2002). Comparison of motor reactivity of the colonic muscularis mucosae isolated from human, guinea pig and rat in vitro. Pol. J. Pharmacol. 54: 261-266.
78. Kamikawa, Y., Uchida, K. and Kojima, S. (2005). Digestive tracts. In: Preclinical Study using Isolated Human Tissues and Cells, ed. by Y. Ohno, Y. Kamikawa, Y. Sugiyama and Y. Yamazoe, Life-Science Information Center, Tokyo, pp.98-104 (in Japanese).
79. 3) antagonists in the prevention of emesis caused by anticancer therapy. Biochem. Pharmacol. 52: 685-692.
80. Katsoulis, S. and Conlon, J.M. (1988). Effects of neurotensin-related peptides on the motility of the guinea pig oesophagus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 152: 363-366.
81. Keast, J.R., Furness, J.B. and Costa, M. (1985). Distribution of certain peptide-containing nerve fibres and endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa in five mammalian species. J. Comp. Neurol. 236: 403-422.
82. Kerr, K.P., Mitchelson, F. and Coupar, I.M. (1995). Vagal nerve stimulation of the guinea-pig oesophagus. Acta Physiol. Scand. 154: 213-220.
83. Kerr, K.P., Mitchelson, F. and Coupar, I.M. (1997). Tachykinin receptors in the guinea-pig isolated oesophagus: a complex system. Br. J. Pharmacol. 120: 1021-1028.
84. 2 receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 131: 1461-1467.
85. Kerr, K.P. (2002). The guinea-pig oesophagus is a versatile in vitro preparation for pharmacological studies. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 29: 1047-1054.
86. King, C.E. and Arnold, L. (1922). The activities of the intestinal mucosal motor mechanism. Am. J. Physiol. 59: 97-121.
87. King, C.E., Arnold, L. and Church, J.G. (1922). The physiological role of the intestinal mucosal movements. Am. J. Physiol. 61: 80-92.
88. King, C.E. and Church, J.G. (1923). The motor reaction of the muscularis mucosae to some drugs. Am. J. Physiol. 66: 428-436.
89. King, C.E. and Robinson, M.H. (1945). The nervous mechanisms of the muscularis mucosae. Am. J. Physiol. 143: 325-335.
90. King, C.E., Glass, L.C. and Townsend, S.E. (1947). The circular components of the muscularis mucosae of the small intestine of the dog. Am. J. Physiol. 148: 667-674.
91. Kirsner, J.B. (2000). Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 5th ed., W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia. Kuriyama, H., Kitamura, K., Itoh, T. and Inoue, R. (1998). Physiological features of visceral smooth muscle cells, with special reference to receptors and ion channels. Physiol. Rev. 78: 811-920.
92. Kuwano, H., Matsumata, T., Adachi, E., Ohno, S., Matsuda, H., Mori, M. and Sugimachi, K. (1989). Lack of muscularis mucosa and the occurrence of Boerhaave's syndrome. Am. J. Surg. 158: 420-422.
93. Lauritsen, K., Laursen, L.S., Bukhave, K. and Rask-Madsen, J. (1988). In vivo profiles of eicosanoids in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's colitis, and Clostridium difficile colitis. Gastroenterol. 95: 11-17.
94. Lawson, L.D. and Powell, D.W. (1987). Bradykinin-stimulated eicosanoid synthesis and secretion by rabbit ileal components. Am. J. Physiol. 252: G783-G790.
95. Leander, S., Brodin, E., Håkanson, R., Sundler, F. and Uddman, R. (1982). Neuronal substance P in the esophagus. Distribution and effects on motor activity. Acta Physiol. Scand. 115: 427-435.
96. Lembo, A. and Camilleri, M. (2003). Chronic constipation. N. Engl. J. Med. 349: 1360-1368.
97. 4 receptors in guinea-pig colon and rat oesophagus: effects of novel agonists and antagonists. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 354: 145-156.
98. McFadzean, I. and Gibson, A. (2002). The developing relationship between receptor-operated and storeoperated calcium channels in smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 135: 1-13.
99. Mertz, H.R. (2003). Irritable bowel syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 349: 2136-2146.
100. Morgan, K.G., Angel, F., Schmalz, P.F. and Szurszewski, J.H. (1985). Intracellular electrical activity of muscularis mucosae of the dog stomach. Am. J. Physiol. 249: G256-G263.
101. 4 receptor activation induces relaxation and associated cAMP generation in rat esophagus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 216: 47-52.
102. 2 relaxant receptors in canine gastric muscularis mucosae. Life Sci. 52: 49-53.
103. 1 receptors are not involved in contraction of canine gastric muscularis mucosae by adenosine analogues. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 251: 151-156.
104. Neuhuber, W.L., Wörl, J., Berthoud, H.R. and Conte, B. (1994). NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers associated with motor endplates in the rat esophagus: new evidence for co-innervation of striated muscle by enteric neurons. Cell Tissue Res. 276: 23-30.
105. 1-purinoceptors on rat isolated duodenum longitudinal muscle and muscularis mucosae. Br. J. Pharmacol. 117: 170-174.
106. Nicholls, J. and Hourani, S.M.O. (1997). Characterization of adenosine receptors on rat ileum, ileal longitudinal muscle and muscularis mucosae. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 338: 143-150.
107. Nishimura, T. and Takasu, T. (1969). The adrenergic innervation in the esophagus and respiratory tract of the rabbit. Acta Oto-laryngol. 67: 444-452.
108. O'Hara, J.R., Ho, W., Linden, D.R., Mawe, G.M. and Sharkey, K.A. (2004). Enteroendocrine cells and 5-HT availability are altered in mucosa of guinea pigs with TNBS ileitis. Am. J. Physiol. 287: G998-G1007.
109. Ohia, S.E., Cheung, Y.D., Bieger, D. and Triggle, C.R. (1992). Pharmacological profile of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor that mediates relaxation of rat oesophageal smooth muscle. Gen. Pharmacol. 23: 649-658.
110. Ohkawa, H. (1980). Mechanical activity of the smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosa of the guinea pig esophagus and drug actions. Jpn. J. Physiol. 30: 161-177.
111. Onori, L., Friedmann, C.A., Frigo, G.M. and Tonini, M. (1971). Effects of catecholamines, nicotine, acetylcholine and potassium on the mechanical activity of the colonic muscularis mucosae in the cat. Dig. Dis. 16: 689-692.
112. 3- adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of rat oesophagus smooth muscle by protein kinase C. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 495: 75-81.
113. Peachey, J.A., Hourani, S.M.O. and Kitchen, I. (1999). Ontogeny of adenosine receptors in the longitudinal muscle and muscularis mucosae of the rat distal colon. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 359: 140-146.
114. Pedersen, S.F., Owsianik, G. and Nilius, B. (2005). TRP channels: An overview. Cell Calcium 38: 233-252.
115. Percy, W.H. and Christensen, J. (1986). Pharmacological characterization of opossum distal colonic muscularis mucosae in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 250: G98-G102.
116. Percy, W.H., Roberts, R.L., Mason, J.B. and Christensen, J. (1986). Substrate dependence and oxygen sensitivity of tone and of spontaneous and evoked contractions of the distal colonic muscularis mucosae of opossum. Gastroenterol. 91: 570-575.
117. Percy, W.H., Rose, K. and Burton, M.B. (1992). Pharmacologic characterization of the muscularis mucosae in three regions of the rabbit colon. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 261: 1136-1142.
118. Percy, W.H., Burton, M.B., Glaws, W.R., Rose, K. and Burakoff, R. (1993a). Pharmacological basis of contractile effects of peptidoleukotrienes on rabbit colonic muscularis mucosae. Am. J. Physiol. 264: G81-G85.
119. Percy, W.H., Burton, M.B., Rose, K., Donovan, V. and Burakoff, R. (1993b). In vitro changes in the properties of rabbit colonic muscularis mucosae in colitis. Gastroenterol. 104: 369-376.
120. Percy, W.H. and Warren, J.M. (1994). Pharmacologic diversity of the muscularis mucosae and its intrinsic innervation in rabbit esophagus and stomach. Gastroenterol. 107: 1228.
121. Percy, W.H., Miller, A.J. and Brunz, J.T. (1997). Pharmacologic characteristics of rabbit esophageal muscularis mucosae in vitro. Dig. Dis. Sci. 42: 2537-2546.
122. Percy, W.H., Burakoff, R., Rose, K., Desai, H.P., Pothoulakis, C. and Eglow, R. (1998). In vitro evidence that rabbit distal colonic muscularis mucosae has a Clostridium difficile toxin A receptor. Am. J. Physiol. 275: G402-G409.
123. Percy, W.H., Warren, J.M. and Brunz, J.T. (1999). Characteristics of the muscularis mucosae in the acidsecreting region of the rabbit stomach. Am. J. Physiol. 276: G1213-G1220.
124. Percy, W.H., Brunz, J.T., Burgers, R.E., Fromm, T.H. Merkwan, C.L. and Van Dis, J. (2001). Interrelationship between colonic muscularis mucosae activity and changes in transmucosal potential difference. Am. J. Physiol. 281: G479-G489.
125. Percy, W.H., Fromm, T.H. and Wangsness, C.E. (2003). Muscularis mucosae contraction evokes colonic secretion via prostaglandin synthesis and nerve stimulation. Am. J. Physiol. 284: G213-G220.
126. 1 receptor-mediated contraction in rat colonic muscularis mucosae and its augmentation by certain alkylxanthine antagonists. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114: 999-1004.
127. Robotham, H., Jury, J. and Daniel, E.E. (1985). Capsaicin effects on muscularis mucosa of opossum esophagus: substance P release from afferent nerves? Am. J. Physiol. 248: G655-G662.
128. Schultzberg, M., Hökfelt, T., Nilsson, G., Terenius, L., Rehfeld, J.F., Brown, M., Elde, R., Goldstein, M. and Said, S. (1980). Distribution of peptide- and catecholamine-containing neurons in the gastrointestinal tract of rat and guinea-pig: immunohistochemical studies with antisera to substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, enkephalins, somatostatin, gastrin/cholecystokinin, neurotensin and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Neuroscience 5: 689-744.
129. 4 by colonic mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol. 86: 453-460.
130. Sigala, S., Missale, G., Missale, C., Villanacci, V., Cestari, R., Grigolato, P.G., Lojacono, L. and Spano, P.F. (1995). Different neurotransmitter systems are involved in the development of esophageal achalasia. Life Sci. 56:1311-1320.
131. Singaram, C., Sengupta, A., Sugarbaker, D.J. and Goyal, R.K. (1991). Peptidergic innervation of the human esophageal smooth muscle. Gastroenterol. 101: 1256-1263.
132. Smith, B. (1970). The neurological lesion in achalasia of the cardia. Gut 11: 388-391.
133. Storr, M., Geisler, F., Neuhuber, W.L., Schusdziarra, V. and Allescher, H.D. (2001). Characterization of vagal input to the rat esophageal muscle. Auton. Neurosci. 91: 1-9.
134. Sukigara, M. (1991). Studies on the contractility of the isolated muscularis mucosae in guinea-pig's stomach (in Japanese). St. Marianna Med. J. 19: 452-463.
135. Surprenant, A. (1994). Control of the gastrointestinal tract by enteric neurons. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 56: 117-140.
136. Synnerstad, I., Ekblad, E., Sundler, F. and Holm, L. (1998). Gastric mucosal smooth muscles may explain oscillations in glandular pressure: role of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Gastroenterol. 114: 284-294.
137. 1-Adrenoceptor- mediated relaxation with isoprenaline and the role of MaxiK channels in guinea-pig esophageal smooth muscle. J. Smooth Muscle Res. 40: 43-52.
138. Thomas, G.A. and Trounce, J.R. (1960). The effect of neuromuscular and ganglion blockade on the function of the guinea-pig oesophagus. Guy's Hospital Reports 109: 21-28.
139. Thorneloe, K.S. and Nelson, M.T. (2005). Ion channels in smooth muscle: regulators of intracellular calcium and contractility. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 83: 215-242.
140. Triggle, D.J. (2007). Calcium channel antagonists: clinical uses-past, present and future. Biochem. Pharmacol. 74: 1-9.
141. Uchida, K. (1983). Pharmacological characterization of the adrenoceptors in the muscularis mucosae of the guinea-pig esophagus (in Japanese). Folia Pharmacol. Japon. 82: 223-235.
142. Uchida, K., Kamikawa, Y. and Shimo, Y. (1983). Time-dependent augmentation of the contractile responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline of the guinea-pig esophageal muscularis mucosae in vitro. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 323: 114-120.
143. 2. Dokkyo J. Med. Sci. 18: 43-48.
144. Uchida, K., Yuzuki, R. and Kamikawa, Y. (1998a). Pharmacological characterization of endothelininduced contraction in the guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae. Br. J. Pharmacol. 125: 849-857.
145. 2+ influx in endothelin-induced contraction of the muscularis mucosae. J. Cardiovas. Pharmacol. 31 (Suppl. 1): S504-S506.
146. 2+ selectively inhibits receptor-mediated contraction of the esophageal muscularis mucosae. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 362: 83-86.
147. Uchida, K., Shibukawa, A., Kojima, S., Sasaki, K., Miyaji, K., Sunagawa, M., Ohno, Y. and Kamikawa, Y. (2005). Pharmacological study on the autonomic innervation of the gastric and colonic muscularis mucosae isolated from human. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 97 (Suppl. I): 198P.
148. Uddman, R., Alumets, J., Edvinsson, L., Håkanson, R. and Sundler, F. (1978). Peptidergic (VIP) innervation of the esophagus. Gastroenterol. 75: 5-8.
149. Uddman, R., Alumets, J., Håkanson, R., Sundler, F. and Walles, B. (1980). Peptidergic (enkephalin) innervation of the mammalian esophagus. Gastroenterol. 78: 732-737.
150. Van Montfrans, C., Peppelenbosch, M., Te Velde, A.A. and Van Deventer, S. (2002). Inflammatory signal transduction in Crohn's disease and novel therapeutic approaches. Biochem. Pharmacol. 64: 789-795.
151. Wakabayashi, K., Takahashi, H., Ohama, E. and Ikuta, F. (1989). Tyrosine hydroxylase- immunoreactive intrinsic neurons in the Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses of humans. Neurosci. Lett. 96: 259-263.
152. Walder, D.N. (1953). The muscularis mucosae of the human stomach. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 120: 365-372.
153. Watson, N., Reddy, H. and Eglen, R.M. (1995). Characterization of muscarinic receptor and β-adrenoceptor interactions in guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 294: 779-785.
154. Wattchow, D.A., Furness, J.B., Costa, M., O'brien, P.E. and Peacock, M. (1987). Dstributions of neuropeptides in the human esophagus. Gastroenterol. 93: 1363-1371.
155. Will, S., Bieger, D. and Triggle, C.R. (1990). NO: possible role in TTX-sensitive field-stimulated relaxations of the rat oesophageal tunica muscularis mucosae? Eur. J. Pharmacol. 183: 2419-2420.
156. Woodbury, R.G., Miller, H.R.P., Huntley, J.F., Newlands, G.F.J., Palliser, A.C. and Wakelin, D. (1984). Mucosal mast cells are functionally active during spontaneous expulsion of intestinal nematode infections in rat. Nature 312: 450-452.
157. Wörl, J., Mayer, B. and Neuhuber, W.L. (1994). Nitrergic innervation of the rat esophagus: focus on motor endplates. J. Auton. Nerv. Sys. 49: 227-233.
158. Wray, S., Burdyga, T. and Noble, K. (2005). Calcium signalling in smooth muscle. Cell Calcium 38: 397-407.
159. Yang, D.C., Goldstin, B., Moormann, A.E., Flynn, D.L. and Gullikson, G.W. (1993). SC-53606, a potent and selective antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptors in isolated rat esophageal tunica muscularis mucosae. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 266: 1339-1347.
160. Yotsuya, S., Shikama, H. and Imamura, M. (2001). Efficacy of the inflammatory cell infiltration inhibitor IS-741 on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in the rat. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 87: 151-157.