England and the continent in the ninth century: I, ends and beginnings

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

Volumn 12, Issue , 2002, Pages 1-21

  Nelson, Janet L ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 37149014833     PISSN: 00804401     EISSN: 14740648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0080440102000014     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (154)

1. T. S. Eliot, 'East Coker', The Four Quartets (1944), 15. The tag was a well-used later medieval and early modern memento mori
2. See The Times Atlas of World History, ed. G. Barraclough, 4th rev. edn G. Parker (1993), 108-9: 'The Eurasian world in 814'
3. W. Levison, England and the Continent in the Eighth Century (Oxford, 1947), vi
4. There is a thought-provoking entry on Levison (by F. Lifshitz) in Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, ed. K. Boyd (1999), I, 717-18
5. Walther Holtzmann, 'Vorwort' to Levison's revised vol. I of W. Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter (Weimar, 1952), vii
6. Venerabilis Bedae Opera Historica, ed. C. Plummer (Oxford, 1896), 361-3
7. trans. J. McClure and R. Collins, Bede: The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford, 1994), 296-8, and comment, xxi-ii
8. R. Collins, 'Deception and Misrepresentation in Early Eighth-Century Frankish Historiography: Two Case Studies', in Karl Martell in seiner Zeit, ed. J. Jarnut, U. Nonn and M. Richter, Beihefte der Francia (Sigmaringen, 1994), 227-47
9. idem, Fredegar, Authors of the Middle Ages, 13 (Aldershot, 1996)
10. M. McCormick, Les 'Annales' du haut moyen âge, Typologie des sources du haut moyen âge occidental XIV (Turnhout, 1975)
11. D. Rollason, Sources for York History to AD 1100, The Archaeology of York 1 (York, 1998)
12. idem, 'Symeon's Contribution to Historical Writing in Northern England'
13. and J. Story, 'Symeon as Annalist', in Symeon of Durham: Historian of Durham and the North, ed. D. Rollason (Stamford, 1998), 1-13, 202-13
14. M. Bloch, The Historian's Craft, trans. P. Puttnam (Manchester, 1954), 149
15. The Long Eighth Century, ed. I. L. Hanson and C. Wickham (Leiden, 2000)
16. C. Wickham, 'The Other Transition: From the Ancient World to Feudalism', Past and Present, 103 (1984), 3-36
17. idem, 'Mutations et réevolutions aux environs de l'an mil', Médiévales, 21 (1991), 27-38
18. T. N. Bisson, 'The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present, 144 (1995), 6-42
19. cf. D. Barthélemy and S. White, 'Debate: The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present, 152 (1996), 196-223
20. T. Reuter, C. Wickham and the rejoinder of Bisson, 'Debate: The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present, 155 (1997), 176-225
21. and D. Barthélemy, La mutation de l'an mil a-t-elle eu lieu? (Paris, 1997), 13-28
22. M. Bloch, La société féodale (2 vols., Paris, 1939-41), English trans. J. Anderson (1961)
23. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West, 3rd rev. edn (1967), 114
24. G. Duby, Des sociétés médiévales, Leçon inaugurale au Collège de France, prononcée le 4 décembre 1970 (Paris, 1971), p. 23
25. H. Pirenne, Mahomet et Charlemagne (1937), trans. B. Meall (1939)
26. Recent radical rethinking is exemplified in P. Delogu, 'Reading Pirenne Again', in The Sixth Century, ed. R. Hodges and W. Bowden (Leiden, 1998), 15-40
27. P. Hordern and N. Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History (Oxford, 2000), 153-72
28. and, especially relevant to the ninth century, M. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300-900 (Cambridge, 2002), all with fine bibliographies
29. L. Halphen, Charlemagne et l'empire carolingien (Paris, 1947; repr. with postface by P. Riché 1995), 423, and cf. 424, 412
30. F.-L. Ganshof, 'L'échec de Charlemagne' ('Charlemagne's failure'), and 'The last period of Charlemagne's reign: a study in decomposition', both in his collected papers trans. J. Sondheimer, The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy (1971), chs. 12 and 13
31. and see also H. Fichtenau, The Carolingian Empire (Oxford, 1957; originally published in German in 1949), 177-87
32. N. F. Cantor, Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1991), 139
33. The works of B. Bischoff in his collected Mittelalterliche Studien, I and II (Stuttgart, 1996-7)
34. J. Fleckenstein, Die Hofkapelle der deutschen Könige (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1957-66)
35. J. Semmler, 'Studien zum Supplex Libellus und zur anianischen Reform in Fulda', Zeitschrift für Kirchengechichte, 119 (1958), 268-98
36. These three in Karl der Grosse: Idee und Wirklichkeit, ed. W. Braunfels (5 vols., Düsseldorf, 1965), vols. I and II
37. and P. Riché in his collected papers, Instruction et vie religieuse dans le haut moyen âge (Aldershot, 1981), are exemplary, in both senses
38. This emerges from the historiographical review by R. Collins, 'The Carolingians and the Ottonians in an Anglophone World', Journal of Medieval History, 22 (1996), 97-114
39. There is an entry for Ullmann (by F. Lifshitz), but not, alas, for Wallace-Hadrill, in Encyclopedia of Historians, ed. Boyd, II, 1212-13
40. The third great inspiring presence for my generation of British earlier medievalists was Karl Leyser. See the entry (by T. Reuter), in Encyclopedia of Historians, ed. Boyd, I, 721-2
41. R. Sullivan, 'The Carolingian Age: Reflections on its Place in the History of the Middle Ages', Speculum, 64 (1989), 267-306, at 268, and for quotations below, 281, 285-7, 297-8, 303
42. It is instructive to compare two earlier historiographical staging-posts: the two volumes of Nascita dell'Europa ed Europa carolingia: un'equazione da verificare, Settimane di Studi del Centro Italiano sull'alto Medioevo XXVII (Spoleto, 1981)
43. and the review article of D. Bullough, 'Europae pater: Charlemagne and his Achievement in the Light of Recent Scholarship', English Historical Review, 85 (1970), 59-105
44. F. M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford, 1943). The quotations come from the third edition (1971), 259
45. See P. Wormald, 'Bede, the Bretwaldas and the Origins of the Gens Anglorum', in Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society: Studies Presented to J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, ed. P. Wormald et al. (Oxford, 1983), 99-129, building on but also critiquing Stenton
46. and S. Foot, 'The Making of Angelcynn: English Identity before the Norman Conquest', TRHS, 6th series, 6 (1996), 25-50
47. Stenton's pioneering interest in this field was recognised in the presentation to him of a Festschrift edited by R. H. M. Dolley, Anglo-Saxon Coins: Studies Presented to F. M. Stenton (Oxford, 1961)
48. The most recent work also acknowledges (though it revises) Stenton: see M. Blackburn, 'The London Mint in the Reign of Alfred', in Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century, ed. M. Blackburn and D. Dumville (Woodbridge, 1998), 105-24
49. D. Whitelock, English Historical Documents c. 500-1042, I (1955 2nd rev. edn, 1979)
50. For a thoughtful review of the second edition, see K. Leyser, 'The Anglo-Saxons "At Home"', in Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, II ed. D. Brown, J. Campbell and S. C. Hawkes (British Archaeological Reports, British Series XCII, Oxford, 1981), 237-42
51. and idem, 'The Significance of the Anglo-Norman State in the Administrative History of Western Europe', in Histoire comparée de l'administration (IVe-VXVIIIe siècle), ed. W. Paravicini and K. F. Werner, Beihefte der Francia IX (Munich, 1980), 117-34
52. both reprinted in J. Campbell, Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (1986), chs. 12 and 11
53. P. Wormald, Æthelwold and his Continental Counterparts', in Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence, ed. B. A. E. Yorke (Woodbridge, 1988), 13-42
54. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, 'The Franks and the English in the Ninth Century: Some Common Historical Interests', History, 35 (1950), 202-18
55. reprinted in J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, Early Medieval History (1975), 201-16
56. reprinted in J. L. Nelson, Rulers and Ruling Families in Early Medieval Europe (Aldershot, 1999), ch. 1
57. R. Hodges, 'Trade and Market Origins in the Ninth Century: Relations between England and the Continent', in Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom, ed. M. Gibson and J. L. Nelson (2nd edn, Aldershot, 2000), 203-23
58. B. Dearden, 'Charles the Bald's Fortified Bridge at Pîtres (Seine): Recent Archaeological Investigations', Anglo-Norman Studies, 11 (1989), 107-11
59. idem, 'Pont-de-l'Arche or Pîtres? A Location and Archaeomagnetic Dating for Charles the Bald's Fortifications on the Seine', Antiquity, 64 (1990), 567-71
60. See for instance S. Keynes, 'Anglo-Saxon Entries in the "Liber Vitae" of Brescia', in Alfred the Wise: Studies in Honour of Janet Bately, ed. J. Roberts and J. L. Nelson (Woodbridge, 1997), 99-119
61. J. Story, 'Cathwulf, Kingship and the Royal Abbey of St Denis', Speculum, 74 (1999), 1-22
62. A. Thacker, 'Peculiaris patronus noster: The Saint as Patron of the State in the early Middle Ages', in The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell, ed. J. R. Maddicott and D. M. Palliser (2000), 1-24
63. See for instance A. Scharer, 'The Writing of History at King Alfred' Court', Early Medieval Europe, 5 (1996), 177-206
64. S. Lebecq, 'Les marchands aux longs cours et les formes de leur organization dans l'Europe du nord et du nord-ouest aux VIIe-VXIe siècles', Voyages et voyageurs à Byzance et en Occident du VIe au XIe siècle, ed. A. Dierkens and J.-M. Sansterre (Geneva, 2000) 321-37
65. R. McKitterick, The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge, 1989)
66. R. McKitterick, 'Constructing the Past in the Early Middle Ages: The Case of the Royal Frankish Annals', TRHS, 6th series, 7 (1997), 101-30
67. idem, 'Political Ideology in Carolingian Historiography', in The Uses of the Past in the Earlier Middle Ages, ed. Y. Hen and M. Innes (Cambridge, 2000), 162-74
68. Between them, contributors to The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, ed. P. Sawyer (Oxford, 1997)
69. C. Wickham, 'Ninth-Century Byzantium through Western Eyes', in Byzantium in the Ninth Century: Dead or Alive?, ed. L. Brubaker (Aldershot, 1998), 245-56
70. J. Shepard, 'Courts in East and West', in The Medieval World, ed. P. Linehan and J. L. Nelson (2001), 14-36
71. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy (which triumphantly delivers the promise of its subtitle, rather less so, that of its title)
72. S. Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted (Oxford, 1994)
73. Both L. Brubaker, Vision and Meaning in Ninth-Century Byzantium (Cambridge, 1999)
74. and C. Chazelle, The Crucified God in the Carolingian Era (Cambridge, 2001), offer rich comparative insights
75. M. Gibson, 'The Continuity of Learning, c. 850-1050', Viator, 6 (1975), 1-13
76. See further D. Ganz, Corbie in the Carolingian Renaissance (Sigmaringen, 1990)
77. D. A. Bullough, Carolingian Renewal (Manchester, 1992)
78. J. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West: Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785-820 (Philadelphia, 1993)
79. The Gentle Voices of Teachers: Aspects of Learning in the Carolingian Age, ed. R. E. Sullivan (Columbus, OH, 1995)
80. J. J. Contreni, 'Carolingian Biblical Culture', in Iohannes Scottus Eriugena: The Bible and Hermeneutics, ed. G. Van Riel et al. (Louvain, 1996), 1-23
81. Two important recent editions with excellent commentary are A. L. Harting-Corrȩa, Walahfrid Strabo's Liber de exordiis et incrementis (Leiden, 1995)
82. and A. Freeman with P. Meyvaert, Opus Caroli Regis contra synodum (Libri Carolini), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Concilia aevi Karolini, Supplementum I (Hannover, 1998)
83. See on ninth-century social and political relations R. Le Jan, Famille et pouvoir dans le monde franc (VIIe-VXe siècle): essai d'anthropologie sociale (Paris, 1994)
84. La royautè et les èlites dans l'Europe carolingienne, ed. R. Le Jan (Lille, 1998)
85. M. Innes, 'Charlemagne's Will: Piety, Politics and the Imperial Succession', English Historical Review, 112 (1997), 833-55
86. idem, 'Memory, Orality and Literacy in an Early Medieval Society', Past and Present, 158 (1998), 3-36
87. idem, State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley 400-1000 (Cambridge, 2000), which, title notwithstanding, focuses on the ninth century
88. With a similar focus, see P. E. Dutton, The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire (Lincoln, NE, 1994)
89. M. de Jong, In Samuel's Image: Child Oblation in the Early Medieval West (Leiden, 1996)
90. J. L. Nelson, 'Monks, Secular Men, and Masculinity c. 900', in Masculinity in Medieval Europe, ed. D. Hadley (1997), 121-42
91. G. Bührer-Thierry, '"Just Anger" or "Vengeful Anger"? The Punishment of Blinding in the Early Medieval West', in Anger's Past: The Social Uses of an Emotion in the Middle Ages, ed. B. H. Rosenwein (Cornell, 1998), 75-91
92. S. Airlie, 'Private Bodies and the Body Politic in the Divorce Case of Lothar II', Past and Present, 161 (1999), 1-38
93. P. E. Kershaw, 'Illness, Power and Prayer in Asser's Life of King Alfred', Early Medieval Europe, 10 (2001), 201-24
94. and the review article of P. Stafford, 'Parents and Children in the Early Middle Ages', Early Medieval Europe, 10 (2001), 257-71
95. See also S. Thiébaux's fine new edition with commentary of Dhuoda's Liber Manualis (Cambridge, 1998)
96. J. L. Nelson, 'Peers in the Early Middle Ages', in Law, Laity and Solidarities: Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds, ed. P. Stafford, J. L. Nelson and J. Martindale (Manchester, 2001), 27-46
97. where I engage with the work of O. G. Oexle, especially his 'Conjuratio und Gilde im frühen Mittelalter', in Gilden und Zünfte: Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften, ed. B. Schwineköper (Sigmaringen, 1985), 151-214
98. and 'Gilde und Kommune: Über die Entstehung von "Einung" und "Gemeinde" als Grundformen des Zusammenlebens in Europa', in Theorien kommunalen Ordnung in Europa, ed. P. Blickle (Oldenburg, 1996), 75-97
99. and for some of the individuals therein, Keynes, 'Anglo-Saxon Entries'
100. and C. La Rocca and L. Provero, 'The Dead and their Gifts: The Will of Eberhard, Count of Friuli, and his Wife Gisela', in Rituals of Power: From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, ed. F. Theuws and J. L. Nelson (Leiden, 2000), 225-80
101. On Libri Vitae and the work of K. Schmid and J. Wollasch, see J. Gerschow, 'Societas et Fraternitas: A Report on a Research-Project Based at the Universities of Freiburg and Münster', Nomina, 12 (1988-9), 153-71
102. and idem, Die Gedenküberlieferung der Angelsachsen: Mit einem Katalog der Libri vitae und Necrologien (Berlin, 1988)
103. Levison, England and the Continent, 28
104. cf. Stafford, 'Queens, Nunneries and Reforming Churchmen: Gender, Religious Status and Reform in Tenth- and Eleventh-Century England', Past and Present, 163 (1999), 3-35
105. and idem, 'Powerful Women in the Early Middle Ages: Queens and Abbesses', in The Medieval World, ed. Linehan and Nelson, 398-415
106. See The Transformation of the Roman World AD 400-900, ed. L. Webster and M. Brown (1997), including the catalogues of five linked exhibitions in 1997 at Cologne, Thessaloniki, Leiden, Stockholm and London (see below, n. 53)
107. There was a further series of five exhibitions on the theme 'Charlemagne: The Making of Europe', in 1999-2001, at Paderborn, Barcelona, Brescia, Split and York. Among the catalogues for these were: Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit: Karl der Grosse und Papst Leo III. in Paderborn, ed. C. Stiegemann and M. Wemhoff (2 vols., Mainz, 1999)
108. Il futuro dei Longobardi: L'Italia e le costruzione dell'Europa di Carlo Magno, ed. C. Bertelli and G. P. Brogiolo (Brescia, 2000)
109. Alcuin and Charlemagne: The Golden Age of York, ed. E. Hartley (York, 2001)
110. For comparative reflections on the Paderborn Exhibition, and an exhibition on 'Alfred the Great: London's Forgotten King' at the Museum of London, also in 1999, see J. L. Nelson, 'Two Exhibitions', History Workshop Journal, 50 (2000), 295-9
111. See J. Moreland, 'Concepts of the Early Medieval Economy', in Hanson and Wickham, The Long Eighth Century, 1-34
112. and C. Loveluck, 'Aspects of Rural Settlement Hierarchy in the Age of Charlemagne: An Archaeological Perspective', in Charlemagne, ed. J. Story (2002, forthcoming)
113. I am very grateful to Chris Loveluck for letting me see a copy of this paper in advance of publication. For further interdisciplinary insights, see O. Bruand, 'Circulation monétaire et pouvoirs politiques locaux sous les Mérovingiens et les Carolingiens (du VIIe au IXe siècles)', in L'argent au moyen âge, Actes du XXIIIe Congrès de la Société des historiens médiévistes de Clermont-Ferrand (Paris, 1998), 47-59
114. A. Verhulst, The Rise of Cities in North-West Europe (Cambridge, 1999)
115. R. Hodges, Towns and Trade in the Age of Charlemagne (2000)
116. See J.-P. Devroey, 'Femmes au miroir des polyptyques: une approche des rapports du couple dans l'exploitation rurale dépendante entre Seine et Rhin au IXe siècle', Femmes et pouvoirs des femmes à Byzance et en Occident (VIe-VXI siècles), ed. S. Lebecq et al. (Lille, 1999), 227-50
117. idem, 'Men and Women in Early Medieval Serfdom: The Ninth-Century North Frankish Evidence', Past and Present, 166 (2000), 3-30
118. Y. Morimoto, 'Aspects of the Early Medieval Peasant Economy', in The Medieval World, ed. Linehan and Nelson, 605-20
119. See also H.-W. Goetz, 'Serfdom and the Beginnings of a "Seigneurial System" in the Carolingian Period', Early Medieval Europe, 2 (1993), 29-52
120. See S. Airlie, 'The Aristocracy', in The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. II, ed. R. McKitterick (Cambridge, 1995), 431-50
121. and the contributions by S. Airlie, P. Fouracre, R. Le Jan, J. L. Nelson, J. Roberts and T. Reuter to Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe, ed. A. Duggan (Woodbridge, 2000), Part I: 'Early Middle Ages', 17-98
122. For instances of graves, in J. L. Nelson, Charles the Bald (1992), 6
123. idem, 'Carolingian Royal Funerals', in Rituals of Power, ed. Theuws and Nelson, 167-8
124. G. Halsall, 'The Viking Presence in England? The Burial Evidence Reconsidered', in Cultures in Contact, ed. Hadley and Richards, 259-76
125. For wills, Nelson, 'The Wary Widow', in Property and Power in Early Medieval Europe, ed. W. Davies and P. Fouracre (Cambridge, 1995), 82-113
126. La Rocca and Provero, 'The dead and their gifts'
127. P. Wormald, The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century, I: Legislation and its Limits (Oxford, 1999), 265-85
128. J. R. Maddicott, 'Two Frontier States: Northumbria and Wessex, c. 650-750', in The Medieval State, ed. Maddicott and Palliser, 25-46
129. T. Reuter, 'The Making of England and Germany, 850-1050: Points of Comparison and Difference', in Medieval Europeans: Studies in Ethnic Identity and National Perspectives in Medieval Europe, ed. A. P. Smyth (Basingstoke, 1998), 53-70
130. I. N. Wood, 'Report: The European Science Foundation's Programme on the Transformation of the Roman World and the Emergence of Early Medieval Europe', Early Medieval Europe, 6 (1997), 217-27
131. J. Fried, Die Formierung Europas 840-1046 (Munich, 1991), 2
132. R. I. Moore, The First European Revolution, c. 970-1215 (2000), esp. 30-9
133. R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950-1350 (1993), esp. 269-92
134. See R. Schieffer, 'Charlemagne and Rome', in Early Medieval Rome and the Christian West: Essays in Honour of Donald Bullough, ed. J. M. H. Smith (Leiden, 2000), 279-96
135. For Leo's lavish extensions to the Lateran palace and their iconography, see P. E. Dutton, Carolingian Civilization (Peterborough, Ontario, 1993), 50-4
136. W. Brandes, 'Tempora periculosa sunt: Eschatologisches im Vorfeld der Kaiserkrönung Karls der Grossen', in Das Frankfurter Konzil von 794, ed. R. Berndt (Mainz, 1997), 49-80
137. cf. R. Landes, 'The Fear of an Apocalyptic Year 1000', Speculum, 70 (2000), 97-145
138. trans. R. Davis, The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liverpool, 1992), 191-2
139. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae V, ed. K. Hampe (Berlin, 1898), Epistolae Leonis III Papae 2, 3 and 4, pp. 89-94 (this one-sided correspondence consists of just ten letters of Leo to Charles)
140. This rough calculation was made on the basis of data in P. Jaffé, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, S. Loewenfeld et al., eds. (2nd edn, 2 vols, Berlin, 1885-8), I
141. MS Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek, Helmst. 254, also contains the Capitulare De villis, and the Brevium Exempla: see H. Mordek, Bibliotheca capitularium regum Francorum manuscripta: Überlieferung und Traditionzusammenhang der fränkischen Herrscherlasse, Monumenta Germaniae Historica Hilfsmittel XV (Munich, 1995), 946-9
142. See further K. Verhein, 'Studien zu den Quellen zum Reichsgut der Karolingerzeit', Deutsches Archiv, 10 (1953-4), 313-94, at 363-5
143. and Deutsches Archiv, 11 (1954-5), 333-92
144. and on De villis, see J. Martindale, 'The Kingdom of Aquitaine and the Dissolution of the Carolingian Fisc', Francia, 11 (1984), 131-91
145. repr. J. Martindale, Status, Authority and Regional Power: Aquitaine and France, 9th to 12th Centuries (Aldershot, 1997), ch. II, 160-2
146. Leo III, Ep. 2, p. 89. Some justice was done to the interest of this letter by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, 'Charlemagne and England', originally in Karl der Grosse: Idee und Wirklichkeit, I, 683-98
147. repr. in Wallace-Hadrill's collected papers, Early Medieval History (Oxford, 1975), 155-80
148. Annales regni Francorum 808, ed. F. Kurze, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in Usum Scholarum (Hannover, 1895), 126
149. Annales regni Francorum 808, 128
150. Coenwulf's letter to Leo, and Leo's reply, are edited in A. Haddan and W. Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland (3 vols., 1869-71), III, 521-3, 523-5
151. trans. D. Whitelock, English Historical Documents, I (rev. edn, 1979), 858-62
152. See N. P. Brooks, The Early History of the Church of Canterbury (Leicester, 1984), 123-7, and ch. 7, illuminating the wider context
153. Codex Carolinus 92, ed. W. Gundlach, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae III (Berlin, 1892), 629-30
154. See Brooks, The Early History, 111-27