Current perspectives in the management of hyponatremia: Prevention of CPM

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 7, Issue 12, 2007, Pages 1791-1797

  Sterns, Richard H ^b   Silver, Stephen ^b   Kleinschmidt DeMasters, B K ^c,d   Rojiani, Amyn M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^d VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Central pontine myelinolysis; Hyponatremia; Myoinositol; Steroids; Vaptans; Vasopressin receptor antagonists

Indexed keywords

INOSITOL; STEROID; VASOPRESSIN;

CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERNATREMIA; HYPONATREMIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POTASSIUM EXCRETION; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SODIUM EXCRETION; WATER INTOXICATION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; HYPONATREMIA; MYELINOLYSIS, CENTRAL PONTINE;

EID: 37149005779     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.12.1791     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Rowntree LG. Effects on mammals of the administration of excessive quantities of water. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 29, 135-159 (1926).
2. Helwig FC, Schutz CB, Curry DE. Water intoxication. Report of a fatal case, with clinical, pathologic and experimental studies. JAMA 104, 1539-1575 (1935).
3. Helwig FC, Schutz CB, Kuhn HP. Water intoxication. Moribund patient cured by administration of hypertonic salt solution. JAMA 110, 644-645 (1938).
4. Loas G, Mercier-Guidez E. Fatal self-induced water intoxication among schizophrenic inpatients. Eur. Psychiatry 17, 307-310 (2002).
5. Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB et al. Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1550-1556 (2005).
6. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Nguyen MK, Chang R, Kurtz I. Fatal hyponatremia in a young woman after ecstasy ingestion. Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol. 2, 283-288 (2006).
7. 2O coma. Neurocrit. Care 6, 67-71 (2007).
8. Arieff AI. Hyponatremia, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and permanent brain damage after elective surgery in healthy women. N. Engl. J. Med. 314, 1529-1535 (1986).
9. Achinger SG, Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Dysnatremias: why are patients still dying? South. Med. J. 99, 353-362 (2006).
10. Ayus JC, Arieff AI. Pulmonary complications of hyponatremic encephalopathy. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and hypercapnic respiratory failure. Chest 107, 517-521 (1995).
11. Vexler ZS, Ayus JC, Roberts TP, Fraser CL, Kucharczyk J, Arieff AI. Hypoxic and ischemic hypoxia exacerbate brain injury associated with metabolic encephalopathy in laboratory animals. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 256-264 (1994).
12. Hew-Butler T, Almond C, Ayus JC et al. Consensus statement of the 1st International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference Cape Town South Africa 2005. Clin. J. Sport Med. 15, 208-213 (2005).
13. Sterns RH, Silver SM. Brain volume regulation in response to hypo-osmolality and its correction. Am. J. Med. 119, S12-S16 (2006).
14. Sterns RH, Thomas DJ, Herndon RM. Brain dehydration and neurologic deterioration after rapid correction of hyponatremia. Kidney Int. 35, 69-75 (1989).
15. Trachtman H. Cell volume regulation: a review of cerebral adaptive mechanisms and implications for clinical treatment of osmolal disturbances: II. Pediatr. Nephrol. 6, 104-112 (1992).
16. Sterns RH, Baer J, Ebersol S, Thomas D, Lohr JW, Kamm DE. Organic osmolytes in acute hyponatremia. Am. J. Physiol. 264, F833-F836 (1993).
17. Verbalis JG, Gullans SR. Hyponatremia causes large sustained reductions in brain content of multiple organic osmolytes in rats. Brain Res. 567, 274-282 (1991).
18. Lien YH, Shapiro JI, Chan L. Study of brain electrolytes and organic osmolytes during correction of chronic hyponatremia. Implications for the pathogenesis of central pontine myelinolysis. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 303-309 (1991).
19. Chow KM, Kwan BC, Szeto CC. Clinical studies of thiazide-induced hyponatremia. J. Natl Med. Assoc. 96, 1305-1308 (2004).
20. Sterns RH. Severe symptomatic hyponatremia: treatment and outcome. A study of 64 cases. Ann. Intern. Med. 107, 656-664 (1987).
21. Sterns RH, Cappuccio JD, Silver SM, Cohen EP. Neurologic sequelae after treatment of severe hyponatremia: a multicenter perspective. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4, 1522-1530 (1994).
22. Ellis SJ. Severe hyponatraemia: complications and treatment. QJM 88, 905-909 (1995).
23. Adams RD, Victor M, Mancall EL. Central pontine myelinolysis: a hitherto undescribed disease occurring in alcoholic and malnourished patients. AMA Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 81, 154-172 (1959).
24. Burcar PJ, Norenberg MD, Yarnell PR. Hyponatremia and central pontine myelinolysis. Neurology 27, 223-226 (1977).
25. Messert B, Orrison WW, Hawkins MJ, Quaglieri CE. Central pontine myelinolysis. Considerations on etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurology 29, 147-160 (1979).
26. Tomlinson BE, Pierides AM, Bradley WG. Central pontine myelinolysis. Two cases with associated electrolyte disturbance. QJM 45, 373-386 (1976).
27. Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Rojiani AM, Filley CM. Central and extrapontine myelinolysis: then ... and now. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 65, 1-11 (2006).
28. Norenberg MD, Leslie KO, Robertson AS. Association between rise in serum sodium and central pontine myelinolysis. Ann. Neurol. 11, 128-135 (1982).
29. Wright DG, Laureno R, Victor M. Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. Brain 102, 361-385 (1979).
30. Gocht A, Colmant HJ. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a report of 58 cases. Clin. Neuropathol. 6, 262-270 (1987).
31. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Norenberg MD. Neuropathologic observations in electrolyte-induced myelinolysis in the rat. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 41, 67-80 (1982).
32. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Norenberg MD. Cerebellar degeneration in the rat following rapid correction of hyponatremia. Ann. Neurol. 10, 561-565 (1981).
33. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Norenberg MD. Rapid correction of hyponatremia causes demyelination: relation to central pontine myelinolysis. Science 211, 1068-1070 (1981).
34. Laureno R. Rapid correction of hyponatremia: cause of pontine myelinolysis? Am. J. Med. 71, 846-847 (1981).
35. Laureno R. Experimental pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 105, 354-358 (1980).
36. Rojiani AM, Prineas JW, Cho ES. Protective effect of steroids in electrolyte-induced demyelination. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 46, 495-504 (1987).
37. Rojiani AM, Prineas JW, Cho ES. Electrolyte-induced demyelination in rats. 1. Role of the blood-brain barrier and edema. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 88, 287-292 (1994).
38. Rojiani AM, Cho ES, Sharer L, Prineas JW. Electrolyte-induced demyelination in rats. 2. Ultrastructural evolution. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 88, 293-299 (1994).
39. Norenberg MD, Papendick RE. Chronicity of hyponatremia as a factor in experimental myelinolysis. Ann. Neurol. 15, 544-547 (1984).
40. Verbalis JG, Martinez AJ. Neurological and neuropathological sequelae of correction of chronic hyponatremia. Kidney Int. 39 1274-1282 (1991).
41. Adler S, Verbalis JG, Williams D. Effect of rapid correction of hyponatremia on the blood-brain barrier of rats. Brain Res. 679, 135-143 (1995).
42. Sugimura Y, Murase T, Takefuji S et al. Protective effect of dexamethasone on osmotic-induced demyelination in rats. Exp. Neurol. 192(1), 178-183 (2005).
43. Thurston JH, Hauhart RE, Nelson JS. Adaptive decreases in amino acids (taurine in particular), creatine, and electrolytes prevent cerebral edema in chronically hyponatremic mice: rapid correction (experimental model of central pontine myelinolysis) causes dehydration and shrinkage of brain. Metab. Brain Dis. 2, 223-241 (1987).
44. Lien YH. Role of organic osmolytes in myelinolysis. A topographic study in rats after rapid correction of hyponatremia. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 1579-1586 (1995).
45. Soupart A, Silver S, Schrooeder B, Sterns R, Decaux G. Rapid (24-hour) reaccumulation of brain organic osmolytes (particularly myo-inositol) in azotemic rats after correction of chronic hyponatremia. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1433-1441 (2002).
46. Silver SM, Schroeder BM, Sterns RH, Rojiani AM. Myoinositol administration improves survival and reduces myelinolysis after rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia in rats. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 65, 37-44 (2006).
47. Alfieri RR, Cavazzoni A, Petronini PG et al. Compatible osmolytes modulate the response of porcine endothelial cells to hypertonicity and protect them from apoptosis. J. Physiol. 540, 499-508 (2002).
48. Fux M, Levine J, Aviv A, Belmaker RH. Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 153, 1219-1221 (1996).
49. Kaplan Z, Amir M, Swartz M, Levine J. Inositol treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Anxiety 2, 51-52 (1996).
50. Sterns RH, Riggs JE, Schochet SS Jr. Osmotic demyelination syndrome following correction of hyponatremia. N. Engl. J. Med. 314, 1535-1542 (1986).
51. Ayus JC, Krothapalli RK, Arieff AI. Treatment of symptomatic hyponatremia and its relation to brain damage. A prospective study. N. Engl. J. Med. 317, 1190-1195 (1987).
52. Sterns RH. Neurological deterioration following treatment for hyponatremia. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 13, 434-437 (1989).
53. Brunner JE, Redmond JM, Haggar AM, Kruger DF, Elias SB. Central pontine myelinolysis and pontine lesions after rapid correction of hyponatremia: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging study. Ann. Neurol. 27, 61-66 (1990).
54. Brunner JE, Redmond JM, Haggar AM, Elias SB. Central pontine myelinolysis after rapid correction of hyponatremia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Ann. Neurol. 23, 389-391 (1988).
55. Laureno R, Karp BI. Myelinolysis after correction of hyponatremia. Ann. Intern. Med. 126, 57-62 (1997).
56. Karp BI, Laureno R. Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a neurologic disorder following rapid correction of hyponatremia. Medicine (Baltimore) 72, 359-373 (1993).
57. Laubenberger J, Schneider B, Ansorge O et al. Central pontine myelinolysis: clinical presentation and radiologic findings. Eur. Radiol., 6, 177-183 (1996).
58. Tanneau RS, Henry A, Rouhart F et al. High incidence of neurologic complications following rapid correction of severe hyponatremia in polydipsic patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry 55, 349-354 (1994).
59. Lin SH, Chau T, Wu CC, Yang SS. Osmotic demyelination syndrome after correction of chronic hyponatremia with normal saline. Am. J. Med. Sci. 323, 259-262 (2002).
60. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1581-1589 (2000).
61. Soupart A, Penninckx R, Crenier L, Stenuit A, Perier O, Decaux G. Prevention of brain demyelination in rats after excessive correction of chronic hyponatremia by serum sodium lowering. Kidney Int. 45, 193-200 (1994).
62. Soupart A, Ngassa M, Decaux G. Therapeutic relowering of the serum sodium in a patient after excessive correction of hyponatremia. Clin. Nephrol. 51, 383-386 (1999).
63. Oh MS, Uribarri J, Barrido D, Landman E, Choi KC, Carroll HJ. Danger of central pontine myelinolysis in hypotonic dehydration and recommendation for treatment. Am. J. Med. Sci. 298, 41-43 (1989).
64. Schrier R, Gross P, Gheorghiade M et al. Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 2099-2112 (2006).
65. Greenberg A, Verbalis JG. Vasopressin receptor antagonists. Kidney Int. 69, 2124-2130 (2006).
66. Soupart A, Gross P, Legros J-J et al. Successful long-term treatment of hyponatremia in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with satavaptan (SR-121463B), an orally active vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1, 1154-1160 (2006).