The illiberality of 'liberal eugenics'

Ratio

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-25

  Fox, Dov ^a  

^a ST JOHN S COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 36849030157     PISSN: 00340006     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9329.2007.00343.x     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Nicholas Agar, 'Liberal Eugenics,' Public Affairs Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 2 (1998), pp. 137-153, 137.
2. Agar, Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), p. 135.
3. Michael Freeden, 'Eugenics and Progressive Thought: A Study in Ideological Affinity,' The Historical Journal vol. 22, no. 3 (1979), pp. 645-671, 653-657.
4. st Century (Tsukuba, Japan: University of Tsukuba Publishing, 2003), pp. 143-156, 145.
5. Agar, 'Liberal Eugenics,' and Liberal Eugenics.
6. Joseph Fletcher, The Ethics of Genetic Control: Ending Reproductive Roulette (New York: Anchor Books, 1974), esp. pp. 147-187.
7. John Harris, Wonderwoman and Superman: The Ethics of Human Biotechnology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), esp. pp. 158-161, 168-175.
8. Philip Kitcher, The Lives to Come: The Genetic Revolution and Human Possibilities (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), esp. pp. 187-204.
9. Glenn McGee, The Perfect Baby: Parenthood in the New World of Cloning and Genetics (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), esp. pp. 125-140.
10. Ramez Naam, More Than Human: Embracing the Promise of Biological Enhancement (New York: Broadway Books, 2005), pp. 6-7, 27-31, 67-71, 134-138.
11. Gregory E. Pence, Who's Afraid of Human Cloning? (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), esp. pp. 168-180.
12. John A. Robertson, Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), esp. pp. 149-172.
13. Lee M. Silver, Remaking Eden: How Genetic Engineering and Cloning Will Transform the American Family (New York: Avon Books, 1998), esp. pp. 166-180.
14. Gregory Stock, Redesigning Humans: Our Inevitable Genetic Future (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), esp. pp. 197-201.
15. Peter Sloterdijk, Rules for the Human Park (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1999), esp. pp. 10-13, 25-29, 48-55.
16. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. 315 (footnote).
17. Ronald Dworkin, Life's Dominion: An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), p. 158;
18. Dan W. Brock, 'Shaping Future Children: Parental Rights and Societal Interests,' The Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 13, no. 4 (2005), pp. 377-398, 381.
19. James Hughes, 'Embracing Change with All Four Arms,' Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, vol. 6, no. 4 (1996), pp. 94-101, 99.
20. Jonathan Glover, What Sort of People Should There Be? Genetic Engineering, Brain Control, and Their Impact on Our Future World (New York, Penguin Books, 1984), p. 53;
21. Allen Buchanan, Dan W. Brock, Norman Daniels, and Daniel Wikler, From Chance to Choice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 160.
22. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 'Food Standards: Amendment of Standards of Identity for Enriched Grain Products to Require Addition of Folic Acid.' 61 Federal Register (1996), pp. 8781-8797.
23. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (London: J.M. Dent, 1972), pp. 128-129.
24. Thomas Hurka, 'Why Value Autonomy,' Social Theory and Practice, vol. 13, no. 3 (1987), pp. 361-382, 375.
25. See Brock, 'Paternalism and Autonomy,' Ethics, vol. 98, no. 1 (1988), pp. 550-565.
26. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 217-219.
27. Martha Nussbaum makes a similar distinction between internal and external capabilities in her Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 85-86.
28. Meira Levinson, The Demands of Liberal Education (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 68-69.
29. Thomas Nagel, 'Rawls on Justice,' The Philosophical Review, vol. 82, no. 2 (1973), pp. 220-234, 227-228;
30. Adina Schwartz, 'Moral Neutrality and Primary Goods,' Ethics, vol. 83, no. 4 (1973), pp. 294-307, 302.
31. Fritz Allhoff makes a similar argument in 'Germ-Line Genetic Enhancements and Rawlsian Primary Goods,' Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, vol. 15, no. 1 (2005), pp. 39-56, 50.
32. Extensive studies on twins, families, and adopted children in the field of human behavioral genetics have confirmed ubiquitous genetic influence on complex dimensions of human behavior including psychopathology, personality, and cognitive abilities. See Robert Plomin, et al., 'The Genetic Basis of Complex Human Behaviors,' Science, vol. 264, no. 5166 (1994), pp. 1733-1739, 1735.
33. See Fox, 'Egalitarian Enhancement: Distributive Justice and the Distribution of Talents and Abilities,' under review.
34. See, for example, Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), pp. 90-100, 168-177;
35. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile or On Education, Allan Bloom (trans.) (New York: Basic Books, 1979).
36. Ronald M. Green, 'Parental Autonomy and the Obligation Not to Harm One's Child Genetically,' Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, vol. 25, no. 1 (1997), pp. 1-12, 8.
37. Loane Skene and C.A.J. Coady, 'Genetic Manipulation and Our Duty to Posterity,' Monash Bioethics Review, vol. 21, no. 2 (2002), pp. 12-22, 15.
38. Margaret Olivia Little, 'Cosmetic Surgery, Suspect Norms, and the Ethics of Complicity,' in Erik Parens (ed.), Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1998), pp. 162-176, 163.
39. Dov Fox, 'Human Growth Hormone and the Measure of Man,' The New Atlantis, vol. 1, no. 7 (2004/2005), pp. 75-89, 80.
40. Francis Fukuyama, Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2002), pp. 80-81.
41. Egdar Dahl, 'Procreative Liberty: The Case for Preconception Sex Selection,' Reproductive BioMedicine Online, vol. 7, no. 4 (2003), pp. 380-384, 382.
42. Brock, 'Enhancements of Human Function: Some Distinctions for Policymakers,' in Parens, Enhancing Human Traits, pp. 48-69, 61.
43. Parens, 'Justice and the Germline,' in Gregory Stock and John Campbell (eds.), Engineering the Human Germline: An Exploration of the Science and Ethics of Altering the Genes We Pass to Our Children (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 122-124, 123.
44. Brock, 'The Non-Identity Problem and Genetic Harms - The Case of Wrongful Handicaps,' Bioethics, vol. 9, no. 2 (1995), pp. 176-182.
45. Merle Spriggs, 'Lesbian Couple Create a Child Who is Deaf Like Them,' Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 28, no. 1 (2002), p. 283.
46. Robertson, 'Embryos, Families, and Procreative Liberty The Legal Structure of the New Reproduction,' Southern California Law Review, vol. 59, no. 1 (1989), pp. 987-1000, 987.
47. Jürgen Habermas, The Future of Human Nature (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2003), pp. 62-63.
48. Agar, 'Designing Babies: Morally Permissible Ways to Modify the Human Genome,' Bioethics, vol. 9, no. 1 (1995), pp. 1-15, 10.
49. Dena S. Davis, Genetic Dilemmas: Reproductive Technology, Parental Choices, and Children's Futures (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 33.
50. Oliver O'Donovan, Begotten or Made? (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), pp. 1-2.
51. Joel Feinberg, 'The Child's Right to an Open Future,' in William Aiken and Hugh LaFollette (eds.), Whose Child? Children's Rights, Parental Authority, and State Power (Totowa, NJ: Roman & Littlefield, 1980), pp. 124-153, 130.
52. Charles Taylor, Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 190-191.
53. Charles Fried, 'Privacy and the Limits of the Law,' Yale Law Journal vol. 77, no. 1 (1968), pp. 475-493, 477.
54. Ferdinand Schoeman, 'Rights of Children, Rights of Parents, and the Moral Basis of the Family,' Ethics, vol. 91, no. 1 (1990), pp. 6-19, 14.
55. Sydney Webb, 'Eugenics and the Poor Law: The Minority Report,' Eugenics Review, vol. 2, no. 3 (1910-1911), pp. 233-241, 237.
56. Fox, 'Designer Children and Civic Compassion,' under review;
57. elaborating on arguments first made in Michael J. Sandel, 'The Case Against Perfection: What's Wrong with Designer Children, Bionic Athletes, and Genetic Engineering,' The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 293, no. 4 (2004), pp. 51-62, 61.