MIS 3 mammoth remains from Sweden-implications for faunal history, palaeoclimate and glaciation chronology

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 26, Issue 25-28, 2007, Pages 3081-3098

  Ukkonen, P ^a   Arppe, L ^b   Houmark Nielsen, M ^c   Kjaer K H ^d   Karhu, J A ^b  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; ICE; ISOTOPES; OXYGEN; SWEDEN;

GLACIATION CHRONOLOGY; ICE SHEET DISTRIBUTION; SCANDINAVIAN ICE SHEET (SIS);

MAMMALS;

BONE; BREEDING POPULATION; CHRONOLOGY; CLIMATE VARIATION; FOSSIL RECORD; GLACIATION; ICE SHEET; INFORMATION SYSTEM; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; MAMMOTH; MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; OSTEOLOGY; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; PALEOCLIMATE; RADIOCARBON DATING; SKELETAL REMAINS; TOOTH; WEICHSELIAN;

BALTIC REGION; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN;

EID: 36849005485     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.021     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Aagard C.E. Rester af uddöde elefanter i nordiske glaciale aflejringar. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse 3 (1896) 17-22
2. Aaris-Sørensen K. Northward expansion of the Central European megafauna during late Middle Weichselian interstadials, c. 45-20 kyr BP. Palaeontographia Abteilung A 278 (2006) 125-133
3. Aaris-Sørensen K., Petersen K.S., and Tauber H. Danish finds of mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach)). Stratigraphical position and evidence of Late Pleistocene environment. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, Serie B 14 (1990) 1-44
4. Alexanderson H., and Murray A.S. Was southern Sweden ice free at 19-25 ka, or were the post LGM glacifluvial sediments incompletely bleached?. Quaternary Geochronology 2 (2007) 229-236
5. Alin J., and Sandegren R. Dösebackaplatån. Geologisk beskrivning av fyndorten för mammut och myskoxe vid Dösebacka, Romelanda socken, Bohuslän. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 482 (1947)
6. Anonymous (Angelin), 1868. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-akademiens Förhandlingar Tjugondefjerde Årgången. Stockholm. Ref. en förevisning av mammuttänder.
7. Arnold N.S., van Andel T.H., and Valen V. Extent and dynamics of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during oxygen isotope stage 3 (65,000-25,000 yr BP). Quaternary Research 57 (2002) 38-48
8. Arppe L.M., and Karhu J.A. Implications for the Late Pleistocene climate in Finland and adjacent areas from the isotopic composition of mammoth skeletal remains. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 231 (2006) 322-330
9. Averianov A.O. Sexual dimorphism in the mammoth skull, teeth, and long bones. In: Shoshani J., and Tassy P. (Eds). The Proboscidea. Evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives (1996), Oxford University Press, Oxford
10. Ayliffe L.K., Lister A.M., and Chivas A.R. The preservation of glacial-interglacial climatic signatures in the oxygen isotopes of elephant skeletal phosphate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 99 (1992) 179-191
11. Ayliffe L.K., Chivas A.R., and Leakey M.G. The retention of primary isotope compositions of fossil elephant phosphate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58 (1994) 5291-5298
12. Barrick R.E., and Showers W.J. Thermophysiology of Tyrannosaurus rex: evidence from oxygen isotopes. Science 265 (1994) 222-224
13. Barrick R.E., and Showers W.J. Oxygen isotope variability in juvenile dinosaurs (Hypacrosaurus); evidence for thermoregulation. Paleobiology 21 (1995) 552-560
14. Barrick R.E., Showers W.J., and Fischer A.G. Comparison of thermoregulation of four ornithischian dinosaurs and a varanid lizard from the Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation: evidence from oxygen isotopes. Palaios 11 (1996) 295-305
15. 14C concentration during the last glacial period. Science 292 (2001) 2453-2458
16. Berglund B.E., Håkansson S., and Lagerlund E. Radiocarbon dated mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach) finds in south Sweden. Boreas 5 (1976) 177-191
17. 18O) to the paleoecology of mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius). Historical Biology 7 (1994) 187-202
18. 15N) in collagen and soft tissues from Pleistocene mammals from Yakutia: implications for the palaeobiology of the Mammoth Steppe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 126 (1996) 31-44
19. 18O) of mammal enamel from African Pleistocene hominid sites: implications for the preservation of paleoclimatic isotopic signals. Palaios 11 (1996) 397-408
20. Boulton, G.S., Payne, T., 1994. Mid-latitude ice sheets through the last glacial cycle. In: Duplessy, I.C., Spyridakis, M.T. (Eds.), Long Term Climatic Variations. NATO ASI Series 122, pp. 177-212.
21. Boulton G.S., Dongelmans P., Punkari M., and Broadgate M. Palaeoglaciology of an ice sheet through a glacial cycle: the European ice sheet through the Weichselian. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 591-625
22. Boulton G.S., Hagedorn M., and Hulton N.R. Streaming flow in an ice sheet through a glacial cycle. Annals of Glaciology 36 (2003) 117-128
23. Bryant J.D., and Froelich P.N. A model of fractionation in body water of large mammals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 (1995) 4523-4537
24. Bryant J.D., Luz B., and Froelich P.N. Oxygen isotope composition of fossil horse tooth phosphate as a record of continental paleoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 107 (1994) 303-316
25. Bryant J.D., Froelich P.N., Showers W.J., and Genna B.J. Biologic and climatic signals in the oxygen isotopic composition of Eocene-Oligocene equid enamel phosphate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 126 (1996) 75-89
26. Bryant J.D., Koch P.L., Froelich P.N., Showers W.J., and Genna B.J. Oxygen isotope partitioning between phosphate and carbonate in mammalian apatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 (1996) 5145-5148
27. Burgman, J.O., Calles, B., Westman, F., 1987. Conclusions from a ten year study of oxygen-18 in precipitation and runoff in Sweden. Isotope Techniques in Water Resources Development, IAEA-SM-299/107, pp. 579-590.
28. Cerling T., and Harris J. Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecologilal studies. Oecologia 120 (1999) 347-363
29. Cerling T., Harris J., and Leakey M. Browsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans. Oecologia 120 (1999) 364-374
30. Christoffersson O. Skytts härad. Kulturhistorisk beskrivning. third ed (1936), Trelleborg pp. 1-719
31. Churcher C.S. Did the North American mammoth migrate?. Canadian Journal of Anthropology 1 (1980) 103-105
32. Dansgaard W. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus 16 (1964) 436-468
33. Darling W.G. Hydrological factors in the interpretation of stable isotopic proxy data present and past: a European perspective. Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004) 743-770
34. de Geer G. Om Skandinaviens geografiska utveckling efter istiden (1896), Stockholms Högskolas Populära Forläsningar 160pp.
35. Donner J., Jungner H., and Kurtén B. Radiocarbon dates of mammoth finds in Finland compared with radiocarbon dates of Weichselian and Eemian deposits. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 51 (1979) 45-54
36. Erdmann A. Bidrag till kännedomen om Sveriges Qvartära bildningar. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 1 (1868) 1-297
37. 14C dates on pristine corals. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005) 1781-1796
38. Feranec R. Geographic variation in the diet of hypsodont herbivores from the Rancholabrean of Florida. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 207 (2004) 359-369
39. 14C age of the "Toten" mammoth, eastern Norway. Boreas 8 (1979) 307-312
40. Fredén C. Faunahistoriska notiser om några av Naturhistoriska museets daterade subfossila fynd. Göteborgs Naturhistoriska Museum Årstryck (1984) 31-45
41. Frödin G. Ett par nyare svenska mammutfynd. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 38 (1916) 66-85
42. Gavelin A. Ett nytt mammutfynd. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 57 (1935) 591-593
43. Geijer, P., 1945. Inledning. In: Kulling, O. (Eds.), Om fynd av mammut vid Pilgrimstad i Jämtland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 473, pp. 3-12.
44. Genoni L., Iacumin P., Nikolaev V., Gribchenko Yu., and Longinelli A. Oxygen isotope measurements of mammoth and reindeer skeletal remains: an archive of Late Pleistocene environmental conditions in Eurasian Arctic. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160 (1998) 587-592
45. Genty D., Blamart D., Ouahdi R., Gilmour M., Baker A., Jouzel J., and van-Exter S. Precise dating of Dansgaard-Oeschger climate oscillations in Western Europe from stalagmite data. Nature 421 (2003) 833-837
46. Grootes P.M., Stuiver M., White J.W., Johnsen S., and Jouzel J. Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature 366 (1993) 552-554
47. Guthrie R.D. Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe (1990), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 338pp.
48. Haynes G. Mammoths, mastodons, and elephants. Biology, behavior and the fossil record (1991), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
49. Heintz N., Garnes K., and Nydal R. Norske og sovjetiske mammutfunn i kvartærgeologisk perspektiv. (Engl. summary: Norwegian and Soviet-Russian Mammoth-finds in Quaternary Geological perspective). In: Nyland R., Westin S., Hafsten U., and Gulliksen S. (Eds). Fortiden i søkelyset (1979), Trondheim 209-225
50. Hillefors, Å., 1969. Västsveriges glaciala historia och morfologi. Meddelanden Från Lunds Universitetets Geografiska Institution Avhandlingar 60.
51. Hillefors, Å., 1983. The Dösebacka and Ellesbo drumlins-morphology and stratigraphy. In: Ehlers, J. (Ed.), Glacial Deposits in North-West Europe, pp. 141-149.
52. Holst, N.O., 1911. Beskrifning till kartbladet Börringe kloster. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning (Stockholm) Aa 138, 1-135.
53. Hoppe K. Late Pleistocene mammoth herd structure, migration patterns, and Clovis hunting strategies inferred from isotopic analyses of multiple death assemblages. Paleobiology 30 (2004) 129-145
54. Hoppe K.A., Koch P.L., Carlson R.W., and Webb S.D. Tracking mammoths and mastodons: reconstruction of migratory behavior using strontium isotope ratios. Geology 27 (1999) 439-442
55. Houmark-Nielsen M. The Pleistocene of Denmark: a review of stratigraphy and glaciation history. In: Ehlers J., and Gibbard P.L. (Eds). Quaternary Glaciations, Extent and Chronology, Part 1: Europe (2004), Elsevier, Amsterdam 35-46
56. Houmark-Nielsen M. Extent and age of Middle and Late Pleistocene glaciations and periglacial episodes in southern Jylland, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 55 (2007) 9-35
57. Houmark-Nielsen M., and Kjær K. Southwest Scandinavia, 40-15 kyr BP: paleogeography and environmental change. Journal of Quaternary Science 18 (2003) 769-786
58. Håkansson S. University of Lund radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 18 (1976) 290-320
59. Iacumin P., Bocherens H., Mariotti A., and Longinelli A. Oxygen isotope analyses of co-existing carbonate and phosphate in biogenic apatite: a way to monitor diagenetic alteration of bone phosphate?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 142 (1996) 1-6
60. Iacumin P., Nikolaev V., and Ramigni M. C and N stable isotope measurements on Eurasian fossil mammals, 40 000 to 10 000 years BP: Herbivore physiologies and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 163 (2000) 33-47
61. 14N ratios of mammoth hairs: palaeodiet and palaeoclimatic implications. Chemical Geology 231 (2006) 16-25
62. Jägerskiöld L.A. En svensk mammut. Vad benfynden från Dösebacka har att förtälja om vår forntida djurvärld. Göteborgs Museums Årstryck (Göteburg) (1932) 1-7
63. Kalm V. Pleistocene chronostratigraphy in Estonia, southeastern sector of the Scandinavian glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006) 960-975
64. Kaspar F., Kühl N., Cubasch U., and Litt T. A model-data comparison of European temperatures in the Eemian interglacial. Geophysical Research Letters 32 (2005) L11703 10.1029/2005GL022456
65. Kitagawa H., and van der Plicht J. Atmospheric radiocarbon calibration beyond 11,900 cal BP from Lake Suigetsu laminated sediments. Radiocarbon 42 (2000) 369-380
66. Kjær K.H., Lagerlund E., Adrielsson L., Thomas P.J., Murray A., and Sandgren P. The first independent chronology for Middle and Late Weichselian sediments from southern Sweden and the Island of Bornholm. GFF 128 (2006) 209-219
67. Koch P., Tuross N., and Fogel M. The effects of sample treatment and diagenesis on the isotopic integrity of carbonate in biogenic hydroxylapatite. Journal of Archaeological Science 24 (1997) 417-429
68. Koch P., Hoppe K., and Webb S. The isotopic ecology of late Pleistocene mammals in North America. Part 1: Florida. Chemical Geology 152 (1998) 119-138
69. Kohn M.J., and Cerling T.E. Stable isotope compositions of biological apatite. In: Kohn M.J., Rakovan J., and Hughes J.M. (Eds). Phosphates: Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance. Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry vol. 48 (2002), Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC pp. 742 (455-488)
70. Kohn M.J., Schoeninger M.J., and Barker W.W. Altered states: effects of diagenesis on fossil tooth chemistry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (1999) 2737-2747
71. Kolodny Y., and Raab M. Oxygen isotopes in phosphatic fish remains from Israel: paleothermometry of tropical Cretaceous and Tertiary shelf waters. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 64 (1988) 59-67
72. Kolodny Y., Luz B., and Navon O. Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, I. Fish bone apatite-rechecking the rules of the game. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 64 (1983) 398-404
73. Kortelainen N.M., and Karhu J.A. Regional and seasonal trend in the oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of Finnish groundwaters: a key for mean annual precipitation. Journal of Hydrology 285 (2004) 143-157
74. Kulling O. Om fynd av mammut vid Pilgrimstad i Jämtland. Med en inledning av P. Geijer. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 473 (1945) 13-62
75. Kulling, O., 1946. En gengångare av istiden. Ymer (Stockholm) (1), 38-50.
76. Lagerlund E. An alternative Weichselian glaciation model, with special reference to the glacial history of Skåne, South Sweden. Boreas 16 (1987) 433-459
77. Lee-Thorp J., and Sponheimer M. Three case studies used to reassess the reliability of fossil bone and enamel isotope signals for paleodietary studies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22 (2003) 208-216
78. Lee-Thorp J., and van der Merwe N. Aspects of the chemistry of modern and fossil biological apatites. Journal of Archaeological Science 18 (1991) 343-354
79. Lepiksaar J. Skelettsamlingar och osteologisk verksamhet vid Naturhistoriska museet i Göteborg (1968), Göteborgs Naturhistoriska museets årskrift, Göteborg
80. Lepiksaar J. Remarks on the Weichselian megafauna (Mammuthus, Coelodonta and Bison) on the "intraglacial" area around the Baltic basin. Annales Zoologici Fennici 28 (1992) 229-240
81. Liljegren, R., 1975. Subfossila vertebratfynd från Skåne (Summary), Department of Geology, University of Lund, Report 8, 187pp.
82. Lister, A., 1999. Epiphyseal fusion and postcranial age determination in the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. In: Haynes, G., Klimowicz, J., Reumer, J.W.F. (Eds.), Mammoths and the Mammoth Fauna: Studies of an Extinct Ecosystem. DEINSEA 6, 79-88.
83. Longin R. New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating. Nature 230 (1971) 241-242
84. Longinelli A. Oxygen isotopes in mammal bone phosphate: a new tool for paleohydrological and paleolimnological research?. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (1984) 385-390
85. Lõugas L., Ukkonen P., and Jungner H. Dating the extinction of European mammoths: new evidence from Estonia. Quaternary Science Reviews 21 (2002) 1347-1354
86. Lundgren B. Smånotiser om de lösa jordlagren. Öfversikt af Kungl. Vetenskaps-Academiens Förhandlingar, Stockholm 2 (1891) 75-80
87. Lundqvist J., and Pleijel C. Mammutbeten från Kånkback, Ragunda s:n, Jämtland. Fauna och flora 71 (1976) 89-96
88. Luz B., Kolodny Y., and Horowitz M. Fractionation of oxygen isotopes between mammalian bone-phosphate and environmental water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (1984) 1689-1693
89. Luz B., Kolodny Y., and Kovach J. Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, III. Conodonts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 69 (1984) 255-262
90. Maglio V.J. Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 63 (1973) 1-149
91. Malmgren A.J. Om mammut-fyndens förekomst och utbredning samt vilkoren för detta djurs forntida existens. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar XVII (1874-75) 139-154
92. Mangerud J., Løvlie R., Gulliksen S., Hufthammer A.-K., Larsen E., and Valen V. Paleomagnetic correlations between Scandinavian Ice-Sheet fluctuations and Greenland Dansgaard-Oeschger events, 45,000-25,000 yr BP. Quaternary research 59 (2003) 213-222
93. Mead J.I., Agenbroad L.D., Davis O.K., and Martin P.S. Dung of Mammuthus in the arid southwest, North America. Quaternary Research 25 (1986) 121-127
94. Munthe H. Om ett fynd av kvartär myskoxe vid Nol i Bohuslän. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 27 (1905)
95. Nathorst, A.G., 1894. Sveriges geologi. Stockholm.
96. Nilsson, S. (B. Möller), 1923. Sverige och dess inbyggare fore den historiska tiden. Föreläsningar hållna i Stockholm i maj 1847. Utgivna av Bert Möller (Lunds Univ. Årsskr. N.F. 2. (Lund) 18(8), 1-94).
97. O'Neil J.R., Roe L.J., Reinhard E., and Blake R.E. A rapid and precise method of oxygen isotope analysis of biogenic phosphate. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 43 (1994) 203-212
98. Persson P.O. Skånska mammutfynd. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 83 (1961) 253-268
99. Raukas A., Kalm V., Karukäpp R., and Rattas M. Pleistocene Glaciations in Estonia. In: Ehlers J., and Gibbard P.L. (Eds). Extent and Chronology of Glaciations, vol. 1 (Europe) (2004), Elsevier, Amsterdam
100. Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., Bayliss A., Beck J.W., Bertrand C., Blackwell P.G., Buck C.E., Burr G., Cutler K.B., Damon P.E., Edwards R.L., Fairbanks R.G., Friedrich M., Guilderson T.P., Hughen K.A., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Manning S., Bronk Ramsey C., Reimer R.W., Remmele S., Southon J.R., Stuiver M., Talamo S., Taylor F.W., van der Plicht J.F.W., and Weyhenmeyer C.E. Terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration. Radiocarbon 46 (2004) 1029-1058
101. Saarnisto M., and Karhu J.A. The last mammoths-palaeoenvironment of the Holocene mammoth on Wrangel Island. Quaternary Perspectives 14 (2004) 126-129
102. Salomonsson, B., 1971. Malmötraktens förhistoria. In: Malmö stads Historia I. Malmö.
103. Sandegren R. Mammutfynden från Ramsele och Sollefteå. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 72 (1950) 169-180
104. Shemesh A., Kolodny Y., and Luz B. Oxygen isotope variations in phosphate of biogenic apatites, II. Phosphorite rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 64 (1983) 405-416
105. Siivonen, L., 1975. New results on the history and taxonomy of the mountain, forest and domestic reindeer in Northern Europe. In: Proceedings of the First International Reindeer and Caribou Symposium, Fairbanks 1972. Biological Papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report 1, pp. 33-41.
106. Smed P. Kommentare zu Leitgeschibezählmethoden. Archiv für Geschiebekunde 2 (1997) 141-145
107. Stephan E. Oxygen isotope analysis of animal bone phosphate: method refinement, influence of consolidants, and reconstruction of palaeotemperatures for Holocene sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 27 (2000) 523-535
108. Sundelin, U., 1925. Hälsingborgstraktens geologiska historia. In: Hälsingborgs historia, Uppsala.
109. Swart P.K., Burns S., and Leder J. Fractionation of the stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in carbon dioxide during the reaction of calcite with phosphoric acid as a function of temperature and technique. Chemical Geology 86 (1991) 89-96
110. Thorslund P. Mammutfynd i Lerdal, Rättvik. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 79 (1957) 249-250
111. Thorslund P. Nytt fynd av mammut i Sverige. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 88 (1966) 208-212
112. Tütken T., Furrer H., and Vennemann T.W. Stable isotope compositions of mammoth teeth from Niederweningen, Switzerland: implications for the Late Pleistocene climate, environment and diet. Quaternary international 164-165 (2007) 139-150
113. Ukkonen P., Lunkka J.P., Jungner H., and Donner J. New radiocarbon dates from Finnish mammoths indicating large ice-free areas in Fennoscandia during the Middle Weichselian. Journal of Quaternary Science 14 (1999) 711-714
114. Ukkonen P., Lunkka J.P., Jungner H., and Donner J. New radiocarbon dates of Finnish mammoths (Mammuthus sp.). DEINSEA 9 (2003) 429-435
115. Ukraintseva V.V. On the composition of the forage of large herbivorous mammals of the mammoth epoch: significance for palaeobiological and palaeogeographical reconstruction. Quartärpaläontologie 6 (1986) 231-238
116. Vaikmäe, R., Vallner, L., Loosli, H.H., Blaser, P.C., Juillard-Tardent, M., 2001. Palaeogroundwater of glacial origin in the Cambrian-Vendian aquifer of northern Estonia. In: Edmunds, W.M., Milne, C.J. (Eds.), Palaeowaters in Coastal Europe: Evolution of Groundwater since the Late Pleistocene. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol. 189, pp. 17-27.
117. van Andel T.H., and Tzedakis P.C. Palaeolithic landscapes of Europe and environs, 150,000-25,000 years ago: an overview. Quaternary Science Reviews 15 (1996) 481-500
118. van Huissteden K., Vandengerghe J., and Pollard D. Palaeotemperature reconstructions of the European permafrost zone during marine oxygen isotope Stage 3 compared with climate model results. Journal of Quaternary Science 18 (2003) 453-464
119. 12C ratios in Amazonian rain forests. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53 (1989) 1091-1094
120. van der Merwe N.J., and Medina E. The canopy effect, carbon isotope ratios and foodwebs in Amazonia. Journal of Archaeological Science 18 (1991) 249-259
121. 14C records 26-50 cal kBP. Radiocarbon 46 (2004) 1225-1238
122. Velichko A.A., and Zelikson E.M. Landscape, climate and mammoth food resources in the East European Plain during the Late Paleolithic epoch. Quaternary International 126-128 (2005) 137-151
123. Vereshchagin N.K., and Baryshnikov G.F. Paleoecology of the mammoth fauna in Eurasian arctic. In: Hopkins D.M., Matthews Jr. J.V., Schweger C.E., and Young S.B. (Eds). Paleoecology of Beringia (1982), Academic Press, New York 267-279
124. Vereshchagin, N.K., Tikhonov, A.N., 1986. Issledovaniya bivnyey mamontov. In: Vereshchagin, N.K., Kuzmina, I.E. (Eds.) Mlekopitayushchiye Chetvertichnoy Fauny SSSR, vol. 149. Trudi Zoologicheskovo Instituta, Leningrad, pp. 3-14 (in Russian).
125. Wennberg, G., 1949. Differentialrörelser i inlandisen. Sista istiden I Danmark, Skåne och Östersjön. Medd. Lunds. Geol.-Min. Institut, no. 114, Lund.
126. Werdelin L., and Ericson P. Stockholms egen mammut-ett "nytt" svenskt mammutfynd. Fauna och flora 84 (1989) 106-114
127. Zazzo A., Lécuyer C., and Mariotti A. Experimentally-controlled carbon and oxygen isotope exchange between bioapatites and water under inorganic and microbially-mediated conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68 (2004) 1-12
128. Zelčs V., and Markots A. Deglaciation history of Latvia. In: Ehlers J., and Gibbard P.L. (Eds). Extent and chronology of glaciations, vol. 1 (Europe) (2004), Elsevier, Amsterdam 225-244