Optimal pathologic staging: Defining stage II disease

Clinical Cancer Research

Volumn 13, Issue 22, 2007, Pages

  Compton, Carolyn C ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; COLORECTAL CANCER; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; CONFERENCE PAPER; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; LYMPH VESSEL; MICROMETASTASIS; PATHOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE;

COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM STAGING;

EID: 36749085186     PISSN: 10780432     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1398     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (114)

1. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID, et al., editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 6th ed. New York: Springer; 2002.
2. Sobin LH, Wittekind C, editors. International Union Against Cancer TNM classification of malignant tumours. 6th ed. NewYork: Wiley-Liss; 2002.
3. Compton CC. Updated protocol for the examination of specimens removed from patients with carcinomas of the colon and rectum excluding carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, sarcomas, and tumors of the vermiform appendix. A basis for checklists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:1016-25.
4. Standards and Minimum Datasets for Reporting Common Cancers. Minimum dataset for colorectal cancer histopathology reports. London: Royal College of Pathologists; 1998.
5. Commission on Cancer: Cancer Program Standards 2004. Chicago: American College of Surgeons; 2003.
6. U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute Center for Bioinformatics, Cancer Data Standards Repository, Common Data Elements Browser [accessed 2007 Jan 9]. Available from: http://cdebrowser.nci.nih.gov/CDEbrowser.
7. Gospodarowicz M, Miller D, Groome PA, Greene FL, Logan PA, Sobin LH. The process for continuous improvement of the TNM classification. Cancer 2004;1:1-5.
8. International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of B2 Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) investigators: efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:1356-63.
9. Benson AL, Schrag D, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;16:3408-19.
10. Thierry A, Sargent D, Tabernero J, et al. Current issues in adjuvant treatment of stage II colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2006;13:887-98.
11. Quirke P. Limitations of existing systems of staging for rectal cancer: the forgotten margin. In: Rajagopalan NT, editor. Rectal cancer research. NewYork (NY): Springer-Verlag; 2001. p. 63-81.
12. Quirke P, Scott N. The pathologist's role in the assessment of local recurrence in rectal carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1992;3:1-17.
13. Quirke P, Durdy P, Dixon MF, Williams NS. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Lancet 1986;II:996-9.
14. Wittekind C, Greene FL, Henson DE, Hutter RVP, Sobin LH, editors. TNM supplement. A commentary on uniform use. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2003. p. 3.
15. Compton CC, Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Pettigrew N, Fielding LP. American Joint Committee on Cancer Prognostic Factors consensus conference: Colorectal Working Group. Cancer 2000;88:1739-57.
16. Chapuis PH, Dent OF, Fisher R, et al. A multivariate analysis of clinical and pathological variables in prognosis after resection of large bowel cancer. Br J Surg 1985;72:698-702.
17. Newland R, Dent O, Lyttle M, Chapuis PH, Bokey EL. Pathologic determinants of survival associated with colorectal cancer with lymph node metastases. A multivariate analysis of 579 patients. Cancer 1994;73:2076-82.
18. Shepherd N, Baxter K, Love S. The prognostic importance of peritoneal involvement in colonic cancer: a prospective evaluation. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1096-102.
19. O'Connell JB, Maggard MA, Ko CY. Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;9:1420-5.
20. Zeng Z, Cohen AM, Hajdu S, Sternberg SS, Sigurdson ER, Enker W. Serosal cytologic study to determine free mesothelial penetration of intraperitoneal colon cancer. Cancer 1992;70:737-40.
21. Wittekind C, Greene FL, Henson DE, Hutter RVP, Sobin LH, editors. TNM supplement. A commentary on uniform use. 3rd ed. NewYork: Wiley-Liss; 2003. p. 43.
22. Goldstein NS. Lymph node recoveries from 2,427 pT3 colorectal resection specimens spanning 45years: recommendation for a minimum number of recovered lymph nodes based on predictive probabilities. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:179-89.
23. Le Voyer TE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL, et al. Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed: a secondary survey of Intergroup Trial Int-0089. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2912-9.
24. Ratto C, Sofo L, Ippoliti M, et al. Accurate lymphnode detection in colorectal specimens resected for cancer is of prognostic significance. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:143-58.
25. Burdy G, Panis Y, Alves A, Nemeth J, Lavergne-Slove A, Valleur P. Identifying patients with T3-T4 node-negative colon cancer at high risk of recurrence. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:1682-8.
26. Tepper JE, O'Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:157-63.
27. Wong JH, Bowles BJ, Bueno R, Shimizu D. Impact of the number of negative nodes on disease-free survival in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:1341-8.
28. Swanson RS, Compton CC, Stewart AK, Bland KI. The prognosis of T3N0 colon cancer is dependent upon the number of lymph nodes examined. Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:65-71.
29. Joseph NE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL, et al. Accuracy of determining nodal negativity in colorectal cancer on the basis of the number of nodes retrieved on resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:213-8.
30. Brown HG, Luckasevic TM, Medich DS, Celebrezze JP, Jones SM. Efficacy of manual dissection of lymph nodes in colon cancer resections. Mod Pathol 2004;17:402-6.
31. Goldstein NS, Turner JR. Pericolonic tumor deposits in patients with T3N+M0 colon adenocarcinomas. Markers of reduced disease free survival and intra-abdominal metastases and their implications for TNM classification. Cancer 2000;88:2228-38.
32. Goldstein NS, Sanford W, Coffey M, Layfield LJ. Lymph node recovery from colorectal resection specimens removed for adenocarcinoma. Trends over time and a recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;106:209-16.
33. Jestin P, Pahlman L, Glimelius B, Gunnarsson U. Cancer staging and survival in colon cancer is dependent on the quality of the pathologists' specimen examination. Eur J Cancer 2005;41:2071-8.
34. Assad SM, Jubelirer SJ, Welch CA. Prognostic indicators for stage II (Dukes' stage B) adenocarcinoma of the colon. WV Med J 2005;101:210-3.
35. Prandi M, Lionetto R, Bini A, et al. Prognostic evaluation of stage B colon cancer patients is improved by an adequate lymphadenectomy: results of a secondary analysis of a large scale adjuvant trial. Ann Surg 2002;235:458-63.
36. Sarli L, Bader G, Iusco D, et al. Number of lymph nodes examined and prognosis of TNM stage II colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2005;41:272-9.
37. Miller EA, Woosley J, Martin CF, Sandler RS. Hospital-to-hospital variation in lymph node detection after colorectal resection. Cancer 2004;101:1065-71.
38. Wong JH, Johnson S, Hemmings D, Hsu A, Imai T, Tominaga GT. Assessing the quality of colorectal cancer staging. Documenting the process in improving the staging of node-negative colorectal cancer. Arch Surg 2005;140:881-7.
39. Tekkis PP, Smith JJ, Heriot AG, Darzi AW, Thompson MR, Stamatakis JD; Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. A national study on lymph node retrieval in resectional surgery for colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:1673-83.
40. Johnson PM, Malatjalian D, Porter GA. Adequacy of nodal harvest in colorectal cancer: a consecutive cohort study. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:883-90.
41. Maurel J, Launoy G, Grosclaude P, et al. Lymph node harvest reporting in patients with carcinoma of the large bowel. A French population-based study. Cancer 1998;82:1482-6.
42. Baxter NN, Virnig DJ, Rothenberger DA, Morris AM, Jesserun J, Virnig BA. Lymph node evaluation in colorectal cancer patients: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:219-25.
43. Herrera-Ornelas L, Justiniano J, Castillo N, Petrelli NJ, Stulc JP, Mittelman A. Metastases in small lymph nodes from colon cancer. Arch Surg 1987;122:1253-6.
44. Wright FC, Law CH, Last LD, et al. Barriers to optimal assessment of lymph nodes in colorectal cancer specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2004;121:663-70.
45. Smith AJ, Law CH, Khalifa MA, et al. Multimodal CME for surgeons and pathologists improves colon cancer screening. J Cancer Educ 2003;18:81-6.
46. Compton CC, Fielding LP, Burgart LJ, et al. Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer: College of American Pathologists consensus statement 1999. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:979-94.
47. Tateishi S, Arima S, Futami K, et al. A clinicopathological investigation of "tumor nodules" in colorectal cancer. Surg Today 2005;35:377-84.
48. Saha S, Seghal R, Patel M, et al. A multicenter trial of sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer: prognostic implications for nodal staging and recurrence. Am J Surg 2006;191:305-10.
49. Bilchik AJ, DiNome M, Saha S, et al. Prospective multicenter trial of staging adequacy in colon cancer: preliminary results. Arch Surg 2006;141:527-33.
50. de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA, Hobbelink MG, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer: current status. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:1070-80.
51. Stojadinovic A, Allen PJ, Protic M, et al. Colon sentinel lymph node mapping: practical surgical applications. J Am Coll Surg 2005;201:297-313.
52. Singletary SE, Greene FL, Sobin LH. Classification of isolated tumor cells. Cancer 2004;98:2740-1.
53. Bukholm IR, Bondi J, Wiik P, et al. Presence of isolated tumour cells in mesenteric lymph nodes predicts poor prognosis in patients with stage II colon cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003;29:862-6.
54. Garcia-Saenz JA, Saenz MC, Gonzalez L, et al. Significance of the immunohistochemical detection of lymph node micrometastases in stage II colorectal carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2006;8:676-80.
55. Tschmelitsch J, Klimstra DS, Cohen AM. Lymph node micrometastases do not predict relapse in stage II colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:601-8.
56. Shimoyama M, Yamazaki T, Suda T, Hatakeyama K. Prognostic significance of lateral lymph node micrometastases in lower rectal cancer: an immunohistochemical study with CAM5.2. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:333-9.
57. Cross SS, Bull AD, Smith JHF. Is there any justification for the routine examination of bowel resection margins in colorectal adenocarcinoma? J Clin Pathol 1989;42:1040-2.
58. Adam IJ, Mohamdee MO, Martin IG, et al. Role of the circumferential margin involvement in the local recurrence of rectal cancer. Lancet 1994;344:707-11.
59. Chan K, Boey J, Wong S. A method of reporting radial invasion and surgical clearance of rectal carcinoma. Histopathology 1985;9:1319-27.
60. Petersen VC, Baxter KJ, Love SB, Shepherd NA. Identification of objective pathologic prognostic determinants and models of prognosis in Dukes' B colon cancer. Gut 2002;51:65-9.
61. Stocchi L, Nelson H, Sargent DJ, et al. Impact of surgical and pathological variables in rectal cancer: a United States community and cooperative group report. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3895-902.
62. Bateman AC, Carr NJ, Warren BF. The retroperitoneal surface in distal caecal and proximal ascending colon carcinoma: the Cinderella surgical margin? J Clin Pathol 2005;58:426-8.
63. Nagtegaal ID, Marijnen CA, Kranenbarg EK, van de Velde CJ, van Krieken JH; Pathology Review Committee, Cooperative Clinical Investigators. Circumferential margin involvement is still an important predictor of local recurrence in rectal carcinoma: not one millimeter but two millimeters is the limit. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:350-7.
64. Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Kapiteijn E, et al.; Cooperative investigators of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Radiotherapy does not compensate for positive resection margins in rectal cancer patients: report of a multicenter randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;57:1199-200.
65. Mulcahy HE, Skelly MM, Husain A, et al. Long-term outcome following curative surgery for malignant large bowel obstruction. Br J Surg 1996;83:46-50.
66. Freedman L, Macaskill P, Smith A. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for operable rectal cancer. Lancet 1984;II:733-6.
67. Michelassi F, Ayala J, Balestracci T, et al. Verification of a new clinicopathologic staging system for colorectal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 1991;214:11-8.
68. Michelassi F, Block GE, Vannucci L, et al. A 5- to 21-year follow-up and analysis of 250 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 1988;208:379-87.
69. Heys S, Sherif A, Bagley J, et al. Prognostic factors and survival of patients aged less than 45 years with colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 1994;81:685-8.
70. Harrison J, Dean P, El-Zeky F, et al. From Dukes through Jass: pathological prognostic indicators in rectal cancer. Hum Pathol 1994;25:498-505.
71. Wiggers T, Arends J, Volovics A. Regression analysis of prognostic factors in colorectal cancer after curative resections. Dis Colon Rectum 1988;31:33-41.
72. Knudsen JB, Nilsson T, Sprechler M, et al. Venous and nerve invasion as prognostic factors in postoperative survival of patients with resectable cancer of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1983;26:613-7.
73. Carlon C, Fabris G, Arslan-Pagnini C, et al. Prognostic correlations of operable carcinoma of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:47-50.
74. Horn A, Dahl O, Morild I. Venous and neural invasion as predictors of recurrence in rectal adenocarcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1991;34:798-804.
75. Lee Y. Local and regional recurrence of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. I. Tumour-host factors and adjuvant therapy. Surg Oncol 1995;4:283-93.
76. Talbot I, Ritchie S, Leighton MH, et al. The clinical significance of invasion of veins by rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1980;67:439-42.
77. Takebayashi Y, Akiyama S, Yamada K, et al. Angiogenesis as an unfavorable prognostic factor in human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1996;78:226-31.
78. Hermanek P, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Gall FP. Prognostic factors in rectal carcinoma. A contribution to the further development of tumor classification. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:593-9.
79. Takahashi Y, Tucker S, Kitadai Y, et al. Vessel counts and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factors in node-negative colon cancer. Arch Surg 1997;132:541-6.
80. Minsky B, Mies C, Recht A, et al. Resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid and rectum. II. The influence of blood vessel invasion. Cancer 1988;61:1417-24.
81. Minsky B, Mies C, Rich T, et al. Lymphatic vessel invasion in an independent prognostic factor for survival in colorectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:311-8.
82. Blenkinsopp WK, Stewart-Brown S, Blesovsky L, Kearney G, Fielding LP. Histopathology reporting in large bowel cancer. J Clin Pathol 1981;34:509-13.
83. Roncucci L, Fante R, Losi L, et al. Survival for colon and rectal cancer in a population-based cancer registry. Eur J Cancer 1996;32A:295-302.
84. Crucitti F, Sofo L, Doglietto G, et al. Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer: current status and new trends. J Surg Oncol 1991;2:76-82.
85. Green J, Timmcke A, Mitchell W, Hicks TC, Gathright JB, Jr., Ray JE. Mucinous carcinoma - just another colon cancer? Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:49-54.
86. Jass J, Atkin W, Cuzick J, et al. The grading of rectal cancer: historical perspectives and a multivariate analysis of 447 cases. Histopathology 1986;10:437-59.
87. Jass J, Love S, Northover J. A new prognostic classification of rectal cancer. Lancet 1987;1:1303-6.
88. Robey-Cafferty SS, el-Naggar AK, Grignon DJ, Cleary KR, Ro JY. Histologic parameters and DNA ploidy as predictors of survival in stage B adenocarcinoma of colon and rectum. Mod Pathol 1990;193:261-6.
89. Spratt J, Spjut H. Prevalence and prognosis of individual clinical and pathologic variables associated with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1967;20:1976-85.
90. Umpleby HC, Williamson RC. Carcinoma of the large bowel in the first four decades. Br J Surg 1984;71:272-7.
91. Sasaki O, Atkin WS, Jass JR. Mucinous carcinoma of the rectum. Histopathology 1987;11:259-72.
92. Shepherd N, Saraga E, Love S, Jass JR. Prognostic factors in colonic cancer. Histopathology 1989;14:613-20.
93. Goldstein NS, Hart J. Histologic features associated with lymph node metastasis in stage T1 and superficial T2 rectal adenocarcinomas in abdominoperineal resections. Identifying a subset of patients for whom treatment with adjuvant therapy or completion abdominoperineal resection should be considered after local excision. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111:51-8.
94. Jesserun J, Romero-Guadarrama M, Manivel JC. Medullary adenocarcinoma of the colon: clinicopathologic study of 11 cases. Hum Pathol 1999;30:843-8.
95. Hamilton SR, Rubio CA, Vogelstein B, et al. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum. In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA, editors. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. Lyon: IARC Press; 2000. p.101-19.
96. Rüschoff J, Dietmaier W, Lüttges J, et al. Poorly differentiated colonic adenocarcinoma, medullary type. Clinical, phenotypic and molecular characteristics. Am J Pathol 1997;150:1815-25.
97. Jass J, Smyrk TC, Stewart SM, Lane MR, Lanspa SJ, Lynch HT. Pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Anticancer Res 1994;14:1631-4.
98. Kim H, Jen J, Vogelstein B, Hamilton SR. Clinical and pathological characteristics of sporadic colon carcinomas with DNA replication errors in microsatellite sequences. Am J Pathol 1994;145:148-56.
99. Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Watson P, et al. Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer: an updated review. Gastroenterology 1993;104:1535-49.
100. Mecklin JP, Sipponen P, Jarvinen HJ. Histopathology of colorectal carcinomas and adenomas in cancer family syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29:849-53.
101. Thomas GD, Dixon MF, Smeeton NC, Williams NS. Observer variation in the histologic grading of rectal carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 1983;36:385-91.
102. Grinnell RS. The grading and prognosis of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg 1939;109:500-33.
103. Saclarides TJ, Bhattacharyya AK, Britton-Kuzel C, Szeluga D, Economou SG. Predicting lymph node metastases in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:52-7.
104. Gagliardi G, Stepniewska KA, Hershman MJ, Hawley PR, Talbot IC. New grade-related prognostic variable for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1995;82:599-602.
105. Huddy SP, Husband EM, Cook MG, Gibbs NM, Marks CG, Heald RJ. Lymph node metastasis in early rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1993;80:1457-8.
106. D'Eredita G, Serio G, Neri V, Polizzi RA, Barberio G, Losacco T. A survival regression analysis of prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. Aust N Z J Surg 1996;66:445-51.
107. Griffin M, Bergstralh E, Coffey R, Beart RW, Jr., Melton LJ III. Predictors of survival after curative resection of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1987;60:2318-24.
108. Deans G, Heatley M, Anderson N, et al. Jass' classification revisited. J Am Coll Surg 1994;179:11-7.
109. Böttger TC, Potratz D, Stöckle M, Wellek S, Klupp J, Junginger T. Prognostic value of DNA analysis in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1993;72:3579-87.
110. Fisher E, Sass R, Palekar A, Fisher B, Malmark N. Dukes' classification revisited. Findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Projects. Cancer 1989;64:2354-60.
111. Jessup JM, Lavin PT, Andrews CW, et al. Sucrase-isomaltase is an independent prognostic marker for colorectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:1257-64.
112. Jessup JM, McGinnis LS, Steele GD, Jr., Menck HR, Winchester DP. The National Cancer Data Base report on colon cancer. Cancer 1996;78:918-26.
113. Rüschoff J, Bittinger A, Neumann K, Schmitz-Moormann P. Prognostic significance of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) in carcinomas of the sigmoid colon and rectum. Pathol Res Pract 1990;186:85-91.
114. Scott NA, Wieand HS, Moertel CG, Cha SS, Beart RW, Lieber MM. Colorectal cancer. Dukes' stage, tumor site, preoperative plasma CEA level, and patient prognosis related to tumor DNA ploidy pattern. Arch Surg 1987;122:1375-9.