In the shade of affluence: the inequitable distribution of the urban heat island

Research in Social Problems and Public Policy

Volumn 15, Issue , 2007, Pages 173-202

  Harlan, Sharon L ^a   Brazel, Anthony J ^a   Darrel Jenerette, G ^a   Jones, Nancy S ^a   Larsen, Larissa ^a   Prashad, Lela ^a   Stefanov, William L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 36549063581     PISSN: 01961152     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0196-1152(07)15005-5     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Addicott J.F., Aho J.M., Antolin M.F., Padilla D.K., Richardson J.S., and Soluk D.A. Ecological neighborhoods: Scaling environmental patterns. Oikos 49 (1987) 340-346
2. Appenzeller T., Dimick D., Glick D., Montaigne F., and Morell V. The heat is on. National Geographic 206 September (2004) 2-75
3. Basu R., and Samet J.M. An exposure assessment study of ambient heat exposure in an elderly population in Baltimore, Maryland. Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (2002) 1219-1224
4. Blaike P., Cannon T., Davis I., and Wisner B. At risk: Natural hazards, people's vulnerability, and disasters (1994), Routledge, New York
5. Bolin B., Grineski S., and Collins T. The geography of despair: Environmental racism and the making of South Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Research in Human Ecology 12 (2005) 156-168
6. Brazel A., Selover N., Vose R., and Heisler G. The tale of two climates - Baltimore and Phoenix urban LTER sites. Climate Research 25 (2000) 49-65
7. Browning C.R., Wallace D., Feinberg S.L., and Cagney K. Neighborhood social processes, physical conditions, and disaster-related mortality: The Chicago case of the 1995 heat wave. American Sociological Review 71 (2006) 661-678
8. Bryant R.L. Power, knowledge and political ecology in the third world: A review. Progress in Physical Geography 22 (1998) 79-94
9. Burgess E.W. Residential segregation in American cities. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928) 105-115
10. CBCF, Congressional Black Caucus Foundation. African Americans and climate change: An unequal burden (2004), Redefining Progress, Washington, DC
11. CDC, Center for Disease Control. (2004). About extreme heat. Available at http://www. bt.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heat_guide.asp
12. Cohen J.E. Human population: The next half century. Science 302 (2003) 1172-1175
13. Collins J.P., Kinzig A., Grimm N.B., Fagan W.F., Hope D., Wu J.G., and Borer E.T. A new urban ecology. American Scientist 88 (2000) 416-425
14. Curriero F.C., Heiner K.S., Samet J.M., Zeger S.L., Strug L., and Patz J.A. Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the eastern United States. American Journal of Epidemiology 155 (2002) 80-87
15. Easterling D.R., Meehl G.A., Parmesan D., Changnon S.A., Karl T.R., and Mearns L.O. Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 289 (2000) 2068-2074
16. Faeth S.H., Warren P.S., Shochat E., and Marussich W. Trophic dynamics in urban communities. BioScience 55 (2005) 399-407
17. Fischer D.S., Stockmayer G., Stiles J., and Hout M. Distinguishing the geographic levels and social dimensions of US metropolitan segregation, 1960-2000. Demography 41 (2004) 1-22
18. Gelbspan R. Boiling point: How politicians, big oil and coal, journalists, and activists have fueled the climate crisis - and what we can do to avert disaster (2004), Basic, New York
19. Golden, J. (2006). Personal communication. National Center for Excellence on SMART Materials for Urban Climate and Energy, Arizona State University.
20. Grimm N.B., Grove J.M., Pickett S.T.A., and Redman C.L. Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems. BioScience 50 (2000) 571-584
21. Grimm N.B., and Redman C.L. Approaches to the study of urban ecosystems: The case of Central Arizona - Phoenix. Urban Ecosystems 7 (2004) 199-213
22. Grossman-Clarke S., Zehnder J.A., Stefanov W.L., Liu Y., and Zoldak M.A. Urban modifications in a mesoscale meteorological model the effects on near-surface variables in an arid metropolitan region. Journal of Applied Meteorology 44 (2005) 1281-1297
23. Grove J.M., Cadenasso M.L., Burch W.R., Pickett S.T.A., Schwarz K., O'Neil-Dunne J., Wilson M., Austin T., and Boone C. Data and methods comparing social structure and vegetation structure of urban neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. Society & Natural Resources 19 (2006) 117-136
24. Harlan S.L., Brazel A.J., Prashad L., Stefanov W.L., and Larsen L. Neighborhood microclimates and vulnerability to heat stress. Social Science & Medicine 63 (2006) 2847-2863
25. Harlan, S. L., Rex, T., Larsen, L., Hackett, E. J., Kirby, A., Wolf, S., Bolin, B., Nelson, A. L., & Hope, D. (2003). The Phoenix Area Social Survey: Community and environment in a desert metropolis. Central Arizona - Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research Project Contribution No. 2. Arizona State University.
26. Harvey D. Social justice and the city (1973), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
27. Heisler, G. M., & Wang, Y. (2002). Applications of a human thermal comfort model. Fourth Symposium on the Urban Environment, American Meteorological Society, May 20-24, Norfolk, VA. Available at http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/syracuse/Pubs/Downloads/02_GH_ YW_Applications.pdf
28. Hope D., Gries C., Zhu W.X., Fagan W.F., Redman C.L., Grimm N.B., Nelson A.L., Martin C., and Kinzig A. Socioeconomic drivers of urban plant diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (2003) 8788-8792
29. Huete A.R. A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Remote Sensing of Environment 25 (1988) 295-309
30. Iceland J. Beyond black and white - metropolitan residential segregation in multi-ethnic America. Social Science Research 19 (2004) 325-359
31. ICLEI, International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. (1998). Cities at risk: Assessing the vulnerability of United States cities to climate change. Toronto, Canada. Available at http://iclei.org/co2/car-textonly.htm
32. IFRC, International Federation of Red Cross. (2003). India: heat wave. Information Bulletin 1/2003. Available at http://www.ifrc.org
33. IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2001: Impacts, adaptations, and vulnerability (2001), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
34. IPPC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate change 2007 summary for policymakers: The physical science basis. Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf
35. Jenerette G.D., Harlan S.L., Brazel A., Jones N., Larsen L., and Stefanov W.L. Regional relationships between vegetation, surface temperature, and human settlement in a rapidly urbanizing ecosystem. Landscape Ecology 22 (2007) 353-365
36. Kalkstein L.S., and Greene J. An evaluation of climate/mortality relationships in large US cities and the possible impacts of a climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (1997) 84-93
37. King D.A. Climate change: Adapt, mitigate, or ignore. Science 9 (2004) 176-177
38. Kirkby J., O'Keefe P., and Howorth C. Introduction: Rethinking environment and development in Africa and Asia. Land Degradation and Development 12 (2001) 195-203
39. Klinenberg E. Heat wave: A social autopsy of disaster in Chicago (2002), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
40. Kluger, J. (2006). The tipping point. Time Magazine 167(April), 34-42.
41. Kozol J. The shame of the nation: The restoration of apartheid schooling in America (2005), Crown, New York
42. Larsen, J. (2006). Setting the record straight: More than 52,000 Europeans died from heat in summer 2003. The earth policy institute at columbia University. Available at http:/:www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update56.html
43. Larsen L., and Harlan S.L. Desert dreamscapes: Residential landscape preference and behavior. Landscape and Urban Planning 78 (2006) 85-100
44. Larsen L., Harlan S.L., Bolin B., Hackett E.J., Hope D., Kirby A., Nelson A., Rex T., and Wolf S. Bonding and bridging: Understanding the relationship between social capital and civic action. Journal of Planning Education and Research 24 (2004) 64-77
45. In: Liverman D., Moran E.F., Rindfuss R.R., and Stern P. (Eds). People and pixels: Linking remote sensing and social science (1998), National Academy Press, Washington, DC
46. Logan J., and Molotch H. Urban fortunes: The urban economy of place (1987), University of California Press, Berkeley
47. Logan J., Stults B.J., and Farley R. Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change. Demography 41 (2004) 1-22
48. Lubowski, R., Vesterby, M., Bucholtz, S., Baez, A., & Roberts, M. J. (2006). Major uses of land in the United States, 2002. Economic Information Bulletin No. 14. Economic Research Service, United States, Department of Agriculture.
49. Luckingham B. Phoenix: The history of a southwestern metropolis (1989), University of Arizona Press, Tucson
50. Martin C.A. Landscape water use in Phoenix, Arizona. Desert Plants 17 (2001) 26-31
51. Martin C.A., Peterson K.A., and Stabler L.B. Residential landscaping in Phoenix, Arizona, US: Practices and preferences relative to covenants, codes, and restrictions. Journal of Arborioculture 29 (2003) 9-16
52. Martin C.A., Warren P.S., and Kinzig A.P. Neighborhood socioeconomic status is a useful predictor of perennial landscape vegetation in residential neighborhoods and embedded small parks of Phoenix, AZ. Landscape and Urban Planning 69 (2004) 355-368
53. Massey D.S. The age of extremes: Concentrated affluence and poverty in the twenty-first century. Demography 33 (1996) 395-412
54. Massey D., and Denton N. American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass (1993), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
55. McGeehin M., and Mirabelli M. The potential impacts of climate variability and change on temperature-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (2001) 185-189
56. In: Motavalli J. (Ed). Feeling the heat: Dispatches from the front lines of climate change (2004), Routledge, NY
57. NOAA, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. (2005). Heat wave: A major summer killer. Available at http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/heatwave.pdf
58. NYCHP, New York Climate and Health Project. Assessing potential public health and air quality impacts of changing climate and land use in Metropolitan New York (2004), The Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York
59. Oke T.R. Part 4: The changing climatic environments: Urban climates and global environmental change. In: Thompson R.D., and Perry A. (Eds). Applied climatology principals and practice (1997), Routledge, London 273-287
60. O'Neill M.S., Zanobetti A., and Schwartz J. Modifiers of temperature and mortality association in seven US cities. American Journal of Epidemiology 157 (2003) 1074-1082
61. Park R.E. The city: Suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the city environment. The American Journal of Sociology XX (1915) 577-612
62. Patz J.A., Campbell-Lendrum D., Holloway T., and Foley J.A. Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature 438 (2005) 310-317
63. Pellow D.N. Environmental inequality formation: Toward a theory of environmental justice. American Behavioral Scientist 43 (2000) 581-601
64. Pickett S.T.A., and Cadenasso M.L. Landscape ecology - spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems. Science 269 (1995) 331-334
65. Pickett S.T.A., Cadenasso M.L., Grove J.M., Nilon C.H., Pouyat R.V., Zipperer W.C., and Costanza R. Urban ecological systems: Linking terrestrial ecology, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32 (2001) 127-157
66. Redman C.L. Human impact on ancient environments (1999), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
67. Redman C.L., Grove J.M., and Kuby L.H. Integrating social science into the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network: Social dimensions of ecological change and ecological dimensions of social change. Ecosystems 7 (2004) 161-171
68. Sampson R.J., Morenoff J.D., and Gannon-Rowley T. Assessing 'neighborhood effects': Social processes and new directions in research. Annual Review of Sociology 28 (2002) 443-478
69. Sampson R.J., Raudenbush S.W., and Earls F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 277 (1997) 918-924
70. Schulz A.J., Williams D.R., Israel B.A., and Lempert L.B. Racial and spatial relations as fundamental determinants of health in Detroit. Milbank Quarterly 93 (2003) 215-221
71. Semenza J.C., Rubin C.H., Falter K.H., Selanikio J.D., Flanders W.D., Howe H.L., and Wilhelm J.L. Heat-related deaths during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago. The New England Journal of Medicine 335 (1996) 84-90
72. Sethi R., and Somanathan R. Inequality and segregation. Journal of Political Economy 12 (2004) 1139-1147
73. Smoyer K.E., Rainham D.G., and Hewko J.N. Heat-related stress mortality in five cities in southern Ontario: 1980-1996. Institutional Journal of Meteorology 44 (2000) 190-197
74. Speth J.G. Red sky at morning: America and the crisis of the global environment (2004), Yale, New Haven
75. Stefanov W.L., Prashad L., Eisinger C., Brazel A., and Harlan S.L. Investigation of human modifications of landscape and climate in the Phoenix Arizona metropolitan area using MASTER data. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Spatial Information Sciences 35 B7 (2004) 1339-1347
76. Syme G.J., Shao Q., Murni P., and Campbell E. Predicting and understanding home garden use. Landscape and Urban Planning 8 (2004) 121-128
77. Veblen T. The theory of the leisure class (1899), Macmillan, New York
78. Voogt, J. A. (2002). Urban heat island. In: I. Douglas (Ed.), Causes and consequences of global environmental change (Vol. 3, pp. 660-666). Encyclopedia of global environmental change. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
79. Watson R.T., and the Core Writing Team. Climate change 2001: Synthesis of the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (2002), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
80. WHO, World Health Organization Task Group. (1990). Potential health effects of climate change. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at http://www. ciesin.org/docs/001-007/001-007.html
81. Wilson W.J. The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy (1987), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
82. Yabiku, S., Casagrande, D., & Farley-Metzger, E. (in press). Preferences for landscape choice in a southwestern desert city. Environment and Behavior.