Synthesising the 12-lead electrocardiogram: Trends and challenges

European Journal of Internal Medicine

Volumn 18, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 566-570

  Finlay, Dewar D ^a   Nugent, Chris D ^a   Kellett, John G ^b   Donnelly, Mark P ^a   McCullagh, Paul J ^a   Black, Norman D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

^b St Joseph's General Hospital Nenagh   (Ireland)

Author keywords

ECG; ECG synthesis; Limited lead systems; Myocardial infarction; Vectorcardiography

Indexed keywords

LEAD;

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; REVIEW; VECTORCARDIOGRAPHY;

EID: 36549027334     PISSN: 09536205     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.04.011     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. Hurst J.W. Ventricular electrocardiography (1998), Humana Press
2. Lux R.L. Uncertainty of the electrocardiogram: old and new ideas for assessment and interpretation. J Electrocardiol 33 (2000) 203-208
3. Rudy Y., and Oster H. The electrocardiographic inverse problem. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 20 (1992) 25-45
4. Day C.P., McComb J.M., and Campbell R.W.F. dispersion: an indication of arrhythmia risk in patients with long QT intervals. Br Heart J 63 (1990) 342-344
5. Horacek B.M., Warren J.W., Feild D.Q., and Feldman C.L. Statistical and deterministic approaches to designing transformations of electrocardiographic leads. J Electrocardiol 35 (2002) 41-52
6. Burger H.C., and Van Milan J.B. Heart vector and leads; part I. Br Heart J 8 (1946) 157
7. Part II. Br Heart J 9 (1947) 154
8. Part III. Br Heart J 10 (1948) 229
9. Burger H.C., van Brummelen A.G.W., and vanHerpen G. Compromises in vectorcardiography ii. Alterations of coefficients as a means of adapting one lead system to another. Am Heart J 64 (1962) 666-678
10. Cady L.D., Vogt F., Vallkonart J.B., and Kwan T. Routine conversions of Frank lead displays to standard lead cardiograms. In: Hoffman I., and Taymor R.C. (Eds). Vectorcardiography (1966), North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam 15
11. Cady L.D. Computed relationship of standard electrocardiographic leads. Med Res Eng 8 (1969) 37-42
12. Dower G.E. A lead synthesizer for the Frank system to simulate the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram. J Electrocardiol 1 (1968) 101-116
13. Dower G.E., Yakush A., Nazzal S.B., Jutzy R.V., and Ruiz C.E. Deriving the 12-lead electrocardiogram from four (EASI) electrodes. J Electrocardiol 21 (1988) 182-187
14. Frank E. The image surface of a homogeneous torso. Am Heart J 47 (1954) 757-768
15. Frank E. An accurate, clinically practical system for spatial vectorcardiography. Circulation 13 (1956) 737-749
16. Philips medical systems. Technical overview, EASI 12 lead algorithm (2005). http://www3.medical.philips.com/resources/hsg/docs/en-us/custom/EASITechnicalOverview.pdf accessed: 30th August, 2005
17. Feild D.Q., Feldman C.L., and Horacek B.M. Improved EASI coefficients: their derivation, values, and performance. J Electrocardiol 35 (2002) 23-33
18. Welinder A., Feild D.Q., Liebman J., Maynard C., Wagner G., Wettrell G., et al. Diagnostic conclusions from the EASI-derived 12-lead electrocardiogram as compared with the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram in children. Am Heart J 151 (2006) 1059-1064
19. Feldman C.L., Milstein S.Z., Neubecker D., Underhill B.K., Moyer E., Glumm S., et al. Comparison of the five-electrode-derived EASI electrocardiogram to the Mason Likar electrocardiogram in the prehospital setting. Am J Cardiol 96 (2005) 453-456
20. Drew B.J., Adams M.G., Pelter M.M., Wung S.F., and Caldwell M.A. Comparison of standard and derived 12-lead electrocardiograms for diagnosis of coronary angioplasty-induced myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 79 (1997) 639-644
21. Drew B.J., Pelter M.M., Wung S.F., Adams M.G., Taylor C., Evans G.T., et al. Accuracy of the EASI 12-lead electrocardiogram compared to the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram for diagnosing multiple cardiac abnormalities. J Electrocardiol 32 (1999) 38-47
22. Horacek B.M., Warren J.W., Stovicek P., and Feldman C.L. Diagnostic accuracy of derived versus standard 12-lead electrocardiograms. J Electrocardiol 33 (2000) 155-160
23. Rautaharju P.M., Zhou S.H., Hancock E.W., Horacek B.M., Feild D.Q., Lindauer J.M., et al. Comparability of 12 lead ECGs derived from EASI leads with standard 12 lead ECGs in the classification of acute myocardial ischemia and old myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol 35 (2002) 35-39
24. Mason R.E., and Likar I. A new system of multiple-lead exercise electrocardiography. Am Heart J 71 (1966) 196-205
25. Nelwan S.P., Kors J.A., and Meij S.H. Minimal lead sets for reconstruction of 12-lead electrocardiograms. J Electrocardiol 33 (2000) 163-166
26. Nelwan S.P., Kors J.A., Meij S.J., van Bemmel J.H., and Simoons M.L. Reconstruction of the 12-lead electrocardiogram from reduced lead sets. J Electrocardiol 37 (2004) 11-18
27. Nelwan S.P., Crater S.W., Meij S.H., van Dam T.B., Kors J.A., Simoons M.L., et al. Simultaneous comparison of three derived 12-lead ECGs with standard ECG at rest and during percutaneous coronary occlusion. J Electrocardiol 37 (2004) 171-172
28. Wei D. Deriving the 12-lead electrocardiogram from four standard leads using information redundancy in the 12-lead system. Int J Bioelectromagn 4 (2002) 127-128
29. Drew B.J., Pelter M.M., Brodnick D.E., Yadav A.V., Dempel D., and Adams M.G. Comparison of a new reduced lead set ECG with the standard ECG for diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia. J Electrocardiol 35 (2002) 13-21
30. Robertson A.J., Clark E., van Oosterom A., and MacFarlane P.W. ECG monitoring using a limited lead set. Int J Bioelectromagn 4 (2002) 295-296
31. Nelwan S.P., and Meij S.H. Derived 12-lead ECG systems. J Electrocardiol 39 (2006) 29-30
32. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&useSecondary=true&ssDocName=CON008643&ssTargetNodeId=365, accessed: 28th August, 2006.
33. Davie A.P., Francis C.M., Love M.P., Caruana L., Starkey I.R., Shaw T.R.D., et al. Value of the electrocardiogram in identifying heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. BMJ 312 (1996) 222
34. Kellett J. Early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction by either electrocardiogram or a logistic regression model: portability of a predictive instrument of acute cardiac ischemia to a small rural coronary care unit. Can J Cardiol 13 (1997) 1033-1038
35. Finlay D.D., Nugent C.D., Donnelly M.P., Lux R.L., McCullagh P.J., and Black N.D. Selection of optimal recording sites for limited lead body surface potential mapping: a sequential selection based approach. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 6 (2006) 1-9