The central fixation bias in scene viewing: Selecting an optimal viewing position independently of motor biases and image feature distributions

Journal of Vision

Volumn 7, Issue 14, 2007, Pages

  Tatler, Benjamin W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Eye movements; Fixation location; Kernel density estimation; Natural images; Salience; Task

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; EYE FIXATION; HUMAN; ORIENTATION; PHYSIOLOGY; RECEPTIVE FIELD; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT; VISION;

ATTENTION; FIELD DEPENDENCE-INDEPENDENCE; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; ORIENTATION; SACCADES; SPACE PERCEPTION; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 36448979181     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15347362     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/7.14.4     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Baddeley, R. J., & Tatler, B. W. (2006). High frequency edges (but not contrast) predict where we fixate: A Bayesian system identification analysis, Vision Research, 46, 2824-2833.
2. Bahill, A. T., Adler, D., & Stark, L. (1975). Most naturally occurring human saccades havve magnitudes of 15 degrees or less. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 14, 468-469.
3. Biederman, I. (1981). On the Semantic's of a glance at a scene. In M. Kubovy & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds.), Perceptual organization (pp. 213-253), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
4. Bishop, C. M. (1996). Neural networks for pattern recognition. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Buswell, G. T. (1935). How people look at pictures: A study of the psychology of perception in art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
6. Carmi, R., & Itti, L. (2006). Visual causes versus correlates of attentional selection in dynamic scenes. Vision Research, 46, 4333-4345.
7. Crundall, D. E., & Underwood, G. (1998). Effects of experience - and processing demands on visual information acquisition in drivers. Ergonomics, 41, 448-458.
8. Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall.
9. Einhäuser, W., & König, P. (2003). Does luminance-contrast contribute to a saliency map for overt visual attention? European Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 1089-1097.
10. Fuller, J. H. (1996). Eye position and target amplitude effects on human visual saccadic latencies. Experimental Brain Research, 109, 457-466.
11. Gajewski, D. A., Pearson, A. M., Mack, M. L., Bartlett, F. N., & Henderson, J. M. (2005). Human gaze control in -real world search. In, L. Paletta, J. K. Tsotsos, E. Rome, & G. Humphreys (Eds) Attention and performance in computational vision (vol. 3368, pp. 83-99). New York: Springer-Verlag.
12. Hayhoe, M. M., Shrivastava, A., Mruczek, R., & Pelz, J. B. (2003). Visual memory and motor planning in a natural task. Journal of Vision, 3(1):6, 49-63, http://journalofvision.org/3/1/6/, doi:10.1167/3.1.6.
13. Henderson, J. M. (2003). Human gaze control in real-world scene perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 498-504.
14. Intraub, H. (1980). Presentation rate and the representation of briefly glimpsed pictures in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 1-12.
15. Intraub, H. (1981). Identification and processing of briefly glimpsed visual scenes. In D. F. Fisher, R. A. Monty, & J. W. Senders (Eds.), Eye movements: Cognition and visual perception (pp. 181-190). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16. Itti, L., & Köch, C. (2000). A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention. Vision Research, 40, 1489-1506.
17. Kadir, T., & Brady, M. (2001). Saliency, scale and image description. International Journal of Computer Vision, 45, 83-105.
18. Land, M. F., & Hayhoe, M. M. (2001). In what ways do eye moverpents contribute to everyday activities? Vision Research, 41, 3559-3565.
19. Mannan, S., Ruddock, K. H., & Wooding, D. S. (1995). Automatic control of saccadic eye movements made in visual inspection of briefly presented 2-D images. Spatial Vision, 9, 363-386.
20. Mannan, S. K., Ruddock, K. H., & Wooding, D. S. (1996). The relationship between the locations of spatial features and those of fixations made during visual, examination of briefly presented images. Spatial Vision, 10, 165-188.
21. Mannan, S.K., Ruddock, K. H., & Wooding, D. S. (1997). Fixation sequences made during visual examination of briefly, presented 2D images. Spatial Vision, II, 157-178.
22. Najemnik, J., & Geisler, W. S. (2005). Optimal eye movement strategies in visual search. Nature, 434, 387-391.
23. Nelson, J. D., Cottrell, G. W., Movellan, J. R., & Sereno, M. I. (2004). Yarbus lives: A foveated exploration of saccadic eye movement [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 4(8):741, 741a, http://journalofvision.org/4/8/741/, doi:10.1167/4.8.741.
24. Paré, M., & Munoz, D. P. (2001). Expression of a recentering bias in saccade regulation by superior colliculus neurons. Experimental Brain Research, 137, 354-368.
25. Parkhurst, D., Law, K., & Niebur, E. (2002). Modeling the role of salience in the allocation of overt visual attention. Vision Research, 42, 107-123.
26. Parkhurst, D. J., & Niebur, E. (2003). Scene content selected by active vision. Spatial Vision, 16, 125-154.
27. Parkhurst, D. J., & Niebur, E. (2004). Texture contrast attracts overt visual attention in natural scenes. European Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 783-789.
28. Pelz, J. B., & Canosa, R. (2001). Oculomotor behavior and perceptual strategies in complex tasks. Vision Research, 41, 3587-3596.
29. Peters, R. I., Iyer, A., Itti, L., & Koch, C. (2005). Components of bottom-up gaze allocation in natural images. Vision Research, 45, 2397-2416.
30. Raj, R., Geisler, W. S., Frazor, R. A., & Bovik, A. C. (2005). Contrast stitistics for foveated visual systems: Fixation selection by minimizing contrast entropy. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, image Science, and vision, 22, 2039-2049.
31. Reinagel, P., & Zador, A. M. (1999), Natural scene statisties at the centre of gaze. Network, 10, 341-550.
32. Renninger, L. W., Coughjan, J., & Vergheese, P. (2005). An information maximization model of eye movements. In L. K. Saul, Y. Weiss, & L. Bottou (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems (Vol. 17). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
33. Renninger, L. W., Vergheese, P., & Coughlan, J. (2007). Where to look next? Eye movements reduce local uncertainty. Journal of Vision, 7(3):6, 1-17, http://journalofvision.org/7/3/6/, doi:10.1167/7.3.6.
34. Tatler, B. W., Baddeley, R. J., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2005). Visual correlates of fixation selection: Effects of scale and time. Vision Research, 45, 643-659.
35. Tatler, B. W., Baddeley, R. J., & Vincent, B. T. (2006). The long and the short of it: Spatial statistics at fixation vary with saccade amplitude and task. Vision research, 46, 1857-1862.
36. Torralba, A., Oliva, A., Castelhano, M. S., & Henderson, J. M. (2006). Contextual guidance of eye movements and attention in real-world scenes: The role of global features in object search. Psychological Review, 113, 766-786.
37. Underwood, G., & Foulsham, T. (2006). Visual saliency and semantic incongruency influence eye movements when inspecting pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 1931-1949.
38. Underwood, G., Foulsham, T., van Loon, E., Humphreys, L., & Bloyce, J. (2006). Eye movements during scene inspection: A test of the saliency map hypothesis. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 18, 321-342.
39. Vincent, B. T., Troscianko, T., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2007). Investigating a space variant weighted salience account of visual selection. Vision Research, 47, 1809-1820.
40. Vitu, F., Kapoula, Z., Lancelin, D., & Lavigne, F. (2004). Eye movements in reading isolated words: Evidence for strong biases towards the center of the screen. Vision Research 44, 321-338.
41. Yarbus, A. L. (1967). Eye movements and vision. New York: Plenum Press.
42. Zambarbieri, D., Beltrami, G., & Versino, M. (1995). Saccade latency toward auditory targets depends on the relative position of the sound source with respect to the eyes. Vision Research, 35, 3305-3312.