Phototoxicity and acute toxicity studies conducted by the FRAME alternatives laboratory: A brief review

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 515-519

  Clothier, Richard H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acute toxicity; Photoprotective mechanisms; Phototoxicity

Indexed keywords

ACUTE TOXICITY; CELL CULTURE; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; NONHUMAN; PHOTOACTIVATION; PHOTOTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TOXICITY TESTING; VALIDATION STUDY;

EID: 36348975685     PISSN: 02611929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/026119290703500502     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (28)

1. Balls, M. & Bridges, J.W. (1984). The FRAME Research Programme on in vitro cytotoxicology. In Alternative Methods in Toxicology, Vol. 2 (ed. A.M. Goldberg), pp. 63-79. New York, NY, USA: Mary Ann Liebert.
2. Balls, M. & Horner, S.A. (1985). The FRAME interlaboratory programme on in vitro cytotoxicology. Food and Chemical Toxicology 23, 209-213.
3. Knox, P., Uphill, P.F., Fry, J.R., Benford, D.J. & Balls, M. (1986). The FRAME multicentre project on in vitro cytotoxicology. Food and Chemical Toxicology 24, 457-463.
4. Clothier, R. & Balls, M. (1990). The validation of alternative toxicity tests: principles, practices and cases. In Vitro Toxicology 4, 692-693.
5. Clothier, R.H., Hulme, L., Ahmed, A.B., Reeves, H.L., Smith, M. & Balls, M. (1988). In vitro cytotoxicity of 150 chemicals to 3T3-L1 cells, assessed by the FRAME Kenacid Blue Method. ATLA 16, 84-95.
6. Riddell, R.J., Clothier, R.H. & Balls, M. (1986). Evaluation of three in vitro cytotoxicity assays. Food and Chemical Toxicology 24, 469-471.
7. Website http://iccvam.niehs.nih.gov/methods/acutetox/acutetox.htm (Accessed 13.08.07).
8. Clothier, R.H. (1995). The FRAME cytotoxicity test (Kenacid Blue). In In vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols (Methods In Molecular Biology) Vol. 43 (ed. S.O. Hare & C. Atterwill), pp. 109-118. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.
9. Balls, M., Botham, P.A., Bruner, L.H. & Spielmann, H. (1995). The EC/HO international validation study on alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test. Toxicology in Vitro 9, 871-929.
10. Brantom, P.G., Bruner, L.H., Chamberlain, M., de Silva, O., Dupuis, J., Earl, L.K., Lovell, D.P., Pape, W.J.W., Uttley, M., Bagley, D.M., Baker, F.W., Bracher, M., Courtellemont, P., Declercq, L., Freeman, S., Steiling, W., Walker, A.P., Carr, G.J., Dami, N., Thomas, G., Harbell, J., Jones, P.A., Pfannenbecker, U., Southee, J.A., Tcheng, M., Argembeaux, H., Castelli, D., Clothier, R., Esdaile, D.J., Itigaki, H., Jung, K., Kasai, Y., Kojima, H., Kristen, U., Larnicol, M., Lewis, R.W., Marenus, K., Moreno, O., Peterson, A., Rasmussen, E.S., Robles, C. & Stern, M. (1997). A summary report of the COLIPA international validation study on alternatives to the Draize rabbit eye irritation test. Toxicology in Vitro 11, 141-179.
11. Tchao, R. (1987). Trans-epithelial permeability of fluorescein in vitro as an assay to determine eye irritants. In Alternative Methods in Toxicology, Vol. 6 Progress in In Vitro Toxicology (ed. A.M. Goldberg), pp. 271-283. New York, NY, USA: Mary Ann Liebert.
12. Shaw, A.J., Clothier, R.H. & Balls, M. (1990). Loss of trans-epithelial impermeability of a confluent monolayer of ocular irritancy potential. ATLA 18, 145-151.
13. Spielmann, H., Balls, M., Dupuis, J., Pape, W.J.W., Pechovitch, G., de Silva, O., Holzhütter, H-G., Clothier, R., Desolle, P., Gerberick, F., Liebsch, M., Lovell, W.W., Maurer, T., Pfannenbecker, U., Potthast, J.M., Csato, M., Sladowski, D., Steiling, W. & Brantom, P. (1998). The international EU/COLIPA in vitro phototoxicity validation study: Results of Phase II (Blind trial). Part 1: The 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test. Toxicology in Vitro 12, 305-327.
14. Cooper-Hannan, R., Harbell, J.W., Coecke, S., Balls, M., Bowe, G., Červinka, M., Clothier, R., Hermann, F., Klahm, L.K., de Lange, J., Liebsch, M. & Vanparys, P. (1999). The principles of Good Laboratory Practice: Application to in vitro toxicology studies. ATLA 27, 537-577.
15. Balls, M. & Karcher, W. (1995). The validation of alternative test methods. ATLA 23, 884-886.
16. Hulme, L.M., Reeves, H.L., Clothier, R.H., Smith, M. & Balls, M. (1987). An assessment of two alternative methods for predicting the in vivo toxicities of metallic compounds. Molecular Toxicology 1, 589-596.
17. Clemedson, C., McFarlane-Abdulla, E., Andersson, M., Barile, F.A., Calleja, M.C., Chesné, C., Clothier, R., Cottin, M., Curren, R., Dierickx, P., Ferro, M., Fiskesjö, G., Garza-Ocañas, L., Gómez-Lechón, M.J., Gülden, M., Isomaa, B., Janus, J., Judge, P., Kahru, A., Kemp, R.B., Kerszman, G., Kristen, U., Kunimoto, M., Kärenlampi, S., Lavrysen, K., Lewan, L., Lihus, H., Malmsten, A., Ohno, T., Persoone, G., Pettersson, R., Roguet, R., Romert, L., Sandberg, M., Sawyer, T.W., Seibert, H., Shrivastava, R., Sjöström, M., Stammati, A., Tanaka, N., Torres-Alanis, O., Voss, J-U., Wakuri, S., Walum, E., Wang, X., Zucco, F. & Ekwall, B. (1996). MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity. Part II. In vitro results from 68 toxicity assays used to test the first 30 reference chemicals and a comparative cytotoxicity analysis. ATLA 24, 273-311.
18. Halle, W. & Goeres, E. (1988). Register der Zytotoxizität (IC50) in der Zellkultur und Möglichkeiten zur Abschätzung der Akuten Toxizität (LD50). In Beiträge zur Wirkstofforschung (ed. P. Oehme, H. Loewe & E. Goeres), 108pp. Berlin, Germany: Institut für Wirkstofforschung.
19. Halle, W. (2003). The Registry of Cytotoxicity: Toxicity testing in cell cultures to predict acute toxicity (LD50) and to reduce testing in animals. ATLA 31, 89-198.
20. Clothier, R. & Sansom, R. (1996). Effects of surfactant re-treatment in vitro: a method to evaluate changes in cell junctions and in cell viability. ATLA 24, 859-865.
21. Gray, A.C., Garle, M. & Clothier, R.H. (1999). Fluorescein cadaverine incorporation as a novel technique for the characterisation of terminal differentiation in keratinocytes. Toxicology in Vitro 13, 773-778.
22. Gray, A.C. & Clothier, R.H. (2001). The use of an in vitro submerged keratinocyte model to predict induction of squamous metaplasia. Toxicology in Vitro 15, 427-431.
23. Wilkinson, P. (2005). The Development of an In Vitro Model to Investigate Ocular Exposure. PhD Thesis, 330pp. Nottingham, UK: University of Nottingham.
24. Clothier, R.H., Willshaw, A., Cox, H., Garle, M., Bowler, H. & Combes, R. (1999). The use of human keratinocytes in the ECVAM/COLIPA in vitro phototoxicity study. ATLA 27, 247-259.
25. Clothier, R.H. & Bourne, N. (2003). Effects of THz exposure on human primary keratinocyte differentiation and viability. Journal of Biological Physics 29, 179-185.
26. Combes, R., Manners, J., Boavida, P., Owen, M. & Clothier, R. (1999). The effects of UVA on human corneal and keratinocyte cell lines. In Alternatives to Animal Testing II (ed. D.G. Clark, S.G. Lisansky & R. Macmillan), pp. 152-155. Newbury, Berkshire, UK CPL Press.
27. Reid, L., Clothier, R.H. & Khammo, N. (2001). Hydrogen peroxide induced stress in human keratinocytes and its effect on bithionol toxicity. Toxicology in Vitro 15, 441-445.
28. Clothier, R., Crookdale, J., Morgan, J., Fitzgerald, L. & Moore, P. (2006). Modelling long-term repeat-dose toxicity: Challenges faced. ALTEX 23, Suppl. 429-434.