A psychophysical investigation of the facial action coding system as an index of pain variability among older adults with and without Alzheimer's disease

Pain Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 678-689

  Lints Martindale, Amanda C ^a   Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas ^a   Barber, Bruce ^b   Gibson, Stephen J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGINA   (Canada)

^b National Aging Research Institute   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's Diease; Facial Action Coding System; Older Adults; Pain

Indexed keywords

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROSTIMULATION; FACIAL ACTION CODING SYSTEM; FACIAL EXPRESSION; GERIATRIC CARE; HUMAN; MECHANICAL STIMULATION; NOCICEPTIVE STIMULATION; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; REFLEX;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ELECTRIC STIMULATION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PAIN THRESHOLD; PHYSICAL STIMULATION;

EID: 36348966670     PISSN: 15262375     EISSN: 15264637     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00358.x     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Hadjistavropoulos T, Craig KD, Martin N, Hadjistavropoulos H, McMurtry B. Toward a research outcome measure of pain in frail elderly in chronic care. Pain Clinic 1997; 10: 70-9.
2. Hadjistavropoulos T, Craig KD. A theoretical framework for understanding self-report and observational measures of pain: A communications model. Behav Res Ther 2002;40(5):551-70.
3. Hadjistavropoulos T, LaChapelle DL, MacLeod FK, et al. Cognitive functioning and pain reactions in hospitalized elders. Pain Res Manag 1998;3:145-51.
4. Porter FL, Malhotra KM, Wolf CM, et al. Dementia and response to pain in the elderly. Pain 1996;68(2-3):413-21.
5. Snow AL, O'Malley KJ, Cody M, et al. A conceptual model of pain assessment for noncommunicative persons with dementia. The Gerontologist 2004;44(6):807-17.
6. Ekman P, Friesen WV. Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1978.
7. Ekman P, Friesen WV, Hager JC. Facial Action Coding System: The Manual on CD ROM. Salt Lake City, UT: A Human Face; 2002.
8. Craig KD, Prkachin KM, Grunau RE. The facial expression of pain. In: Turk DC, Melzack R, eds. The Handbook of Pain Assessment. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2001:153-69.
9. Hadjistavropoulos T, LaChapelle DL, MacLeod FK, Snider B, Craig KD. Measuring movement-exacerbated pain in cognitively impaired frail elders. Clin J Pain 2000;16(1): 54-63.
10. LaChapelle DL, Hadjistavropoulos T, Craig KD. Pain measurement in persons with intellectual disabilities. Clin J Pain 1999;15(1):13-23.
11. Kunz M, Mylius V, Schepelmann K, Lautenbacher S. On the relationship between self-report and facial expression of pain. J Pain 2004;5(7): 368-76.
12. Benedetti F, Arduino C, Vighetti S, et al. Pain reactivity in Alzheimer patients with different degrees of cognitive impairment and brain electrical activity deterioration. Pain 2004;111(1-2):22-9.
13. Benedetti F, Vighetti S, Ricco C, et al. Pain threshold and tolerance in Alzheimer's disease. Pain 1999;80(1-2):377-82.
14. Gibson SJ, Voukelatos X, Ames D, Flicker L, Helme RD. An examination of pain perception and cerebral event-related potentials following carbon dioxide laser stimulation in patients with Alzheimer's disease and age-matched control volunteers. Pain Res Manag 2001;6(3):126-32.
15. Scherder E, Oosterman J, Swaab D, et al. Recent developments in pain in dementia. BMJ 2005;330(7489):461-4.
16. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34(7): 939-44.
17. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
18. WHO Staff. ICD-10 Volume 1: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Tabular List. Geneva: WHO Publications; 1992.
19. Tuokko H, Hadjistavropoulos T. An Assessment Guide to Geriatric Neuropsychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1998.
20. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state." A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12(3):189-98.
21. Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM. The Descriptor Differential Scale: Applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment. Pain 1988;35(3):279-88.
22. Chibnall JT, Tait RC. Pain assessment in cognitively impaired and unimpaired older adults: A comparison of four scales. Pain 2001;92(1-2):173-86.
23. Farrell MJ, Petzke F, Grant MAB, Clauw DJ, Gracely RH. Continuous and fluctuating pressure stimuli provoke pain of equivalent intensity and disparate unpleasantness. American Pain Society 19th Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA. 2000.
24. Petzke F, Harris RE, Williams DA, Clauw DJ, Gracely RH. Differences in unpleasantness induced by experimental pressure pain between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. Eur J Pain 2005;9(3):325-35.
25. Glass GV, Hopkins KD. Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1984.
26. Craig KD, Patrick CJ. Facial expression during induced pain. J Pers Soc Psychol 1985;48(4): 1080-91.
27. Hadjistavropoulos T. Assessing pain in older persons with severe limitation in ability to communicate. In: Gibson SJ, Weiner D, eds. Pain in the Elderly. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2005:135-51.
28. Asplund K, Jansson L, Norberg A. Facial expressions of patients with dementia: A comparison of two methods of interpretation. Int Psychogeriatr 1995;7(4):527-34.
29. Prkachin KM. The consistency of facial expressions of pain: A comparison across modalities. Pain 1992;51(3):297-306.
30. Labus JS, Keefe FJ, Jensen MP. Self-reports of pain intensity and direct observations of pain behavior: When are they correlated? Pain 2003;102(1-2):109-24.
31. Prkachin KM, Craig KD. Influencing non-verbal expressions of pain: Signal detection analyses. Pain 1985;21(4):399-409.
32. Downman R. Possible startle response contamination of the spinal nociceptive withdrawal reflex. Pain 1992;49:187-97.
33. Hadjistavropoulos T, McMurtry B, Craig KD. Beautiful faces in pain: Biases and accuracy in the perception of pain. Psychol Health 1996;11:411-20.