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1
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36348937088
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Macintosh A and Wilkinson D, EPBC Act - The Case for Reform, (2005) 10(1) AJNRLP 139.
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Macintosh A and Wilkinson D, "EPBC Act - The Case for Reform", (2005) 10(1) AJNRLP 139.
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2
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59449108335
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McGrath C, Swirls in the Stream of Australian Environmental Law: Debate on the EPBC Act, (2006) 23 EPIJ 165.
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McGrath C, "Swirls in the Stream of Australian Environmental Law: Debate on the EPBC Act", (2006) 23 EPIJ 165.
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3
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36348976738
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McGrath, n 2 at 184
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McGrath, n 2 at 184.
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4
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36348996891
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McGrath, n 2 at 177 and 184.
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McGrath, n 2 at 177 and 184.
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5
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36348984232
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McGrath, n 2 at 169
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McGrath, n 2 at 169.
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6
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6244289045
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CLR 1; 57 ALJR 450
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Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1; 57 ALJR 450.
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(1983)
Commonwealth v Tasmania
, pp. 158
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7
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36348973829
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McGrath, n 2 at 168
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McGrath, n 2 at 168.
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8
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36348997375
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Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1; [1983] HCA 21 at [81] - [85], per Deane J.
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Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1; [1983] HCA 21 at [81] - [85], per Deane J.
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10
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36349036376
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Much of the following discussion of s 51(xxxi) of the Constitution is drawn from Macintosh A and Denniss R, Property Rights and the Environment: Should farmers have a right to compensation? (The Australia Institute, Discussion Paper No 74, Canberra, 2004).
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Much of the following discussion of s 51(xxxi) of the Constitution is drawn from Macintosh A and Denniss R, Property Rights and the Environment: Should farmers have a right to compensation? (The Australia Institute, Discussion Paper No 74, Canberra, 2004).
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11
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36348989424
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In particular, see Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 513; [1997] HCA 38;
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In particular, see Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 513; [1997] HCA 38;
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13
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36348954789
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204 CLR 493;, HCA 58;
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Smith v ANL Ltd (2000) 204 CLR 493; [2000] HCA 58;
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(2000)
Smith v ANL Ltd
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14
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36348981385
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and Commonwealth v WMC Resources Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 1.
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and Commonwealth v WMC Resources Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 1.
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16
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36349026252
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CLR 471; 146 ALR 299;
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Commonwealth v Mewett (1997) 191 CLR 471; 146 ALR 299;
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(1997)
Commonwealth v Mewett
, pp. 191
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22
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36348947243
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and Australian Tape Manufacturers Association Ltd v Commonwealth (1993) 176 CLR 480.
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and Australian Tape Manufacturers Association Ltd v Commonwealth (1993) 176 CLR 480.
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24
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36348974373
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74 AUR 76, per Callinan J.
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74 AUR 76, per Callinan J.
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25
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36348969186
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204 CLR 493;, at
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Smith v ANL Ltd (2000) 204 CLR 493; [2000] HCA 58 at [166].
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(2000)
Smith v ANL Ltd
, vol.HCA 58
, pp. 166
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26
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36349017540
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Callinan J has, however, expressed caution about the extent to which planning and other similar laws will bring about an acquisition of property for the purpose of s 51(xxxi). In this regard, his Honour has suggested town planning and other special or like powers which may require separate consideration (Commonwealth v Western Australia (1999) 196 CLR 392; [1999] HCA 5 at [280], per Callinan J).
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Callinan J has, however, expressed caution about the extent to which planning and other similar laws will bring about an acquisition of property for the purpose of s 51(xxxi). In this regard, his Honour has suggested "town planning and other special or like powers which may require separate consideration" (Commonwealth v Western Australia (1999) 196 CLR 392; [1999] HCA 5 at [280], per Callinan J).
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27
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36348987537
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It is arguable that many environmental laws, including the EPBC Act, are similar to planning laws and, as such, should be given greater scope within which to abrogate property rights without affecting an acquisition of property. See also, Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1; [1983] HCA 21 at [73] - [74], per Deane J.
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It is arguable that many environmental laws, including the EPBC Act, are similar to planning laws and, as such, should be given greater scope within which to abrogate property rights without affecting an "acquisition of property". See also, Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1; [1983] HCA 21 at [73] - [74], per Deane J.
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28
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36348942723
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For example, Gummow J has expressed support for the notion that laws that deprive a person of the the reality of proprietorship by affecting an acquisition of the substance of a proprietary interest will trigger the requirement to provide just terms under s 51(xxxi) ( Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 513 at 595,
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For example, Gummow J has expressed support for the notion that laws that deprive a person of the "the reality of proprietorship" by affecting an acquisition of "the substance of a proprietary interest" will trigger the requirement to provide just terms under s 51(xxxi) ( Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 513 at 595,
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29
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36348937087
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see also Smith v ANL Ltd (2000) 204 CLR 493; [2000] HCA 58 at [46] and [54], per Gaudron and Gummow JJ). Gleeson CJ has suggested the correct approach is to look at the degree of impairment of the bundle of rights constituting the property in question (Smith v ANL Ltd. [2000] HCA 58 at [22]-[23]).
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see also Smith v ANL Ltd (2000) 204 CLR 493; [2000] HCA 58 at [46] and [54], per Gaudron and Gummow JJ). Gleeson CJ has suggested the correct approach is to look at the "degree of impairment of the bundle of rights constituting the property in question" (Smith v ANL Ltd. [2000] HCA 58 at [22]-[23]).
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30
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36348948901
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There are numerous decisions of the Mason and Brennan High Courts that are of relevance to this issue. However, the joint judgement of Dawson and Tochey JJ in Mutual Pools and Staff Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1994) 179 CLR 155; 68 ALJR 216 is especially noteworthy. Both judges consistently favoured a narrower interpretation of s 51(xxxi) than the likes of Kirby J and Calliman J. However, in their joint judgement in Mutual Pools, they recognised that if regulations prevented land from being used for a commercial purpose they could potentially affect an acquisition of property if the regulation amounts to the use of property (eg, to achieve conservation objectives), even where there was no assumption of possession or transfer of title.
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There are numerous decisions of the Mason and Brennan High Courts that are of relevance to this issue. However, the joint judgement of Dawson and Tochey JJ in Mutual Pools and Staff Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1994) 179 CLR 155; 68 ALJR 216 is especially noteworthy. Both judges consistently favoured a narrower interpretation of s 51(xxxi) than the likes of Kirby J and Calliman J. However, in their joint judgement in Mutual Pools, they recognised that if regulations prevented land from being used for a commercial purpose they could potentially affect an acquisition of property if the "regulation amounts to the use of property" (eg, to achieve conservation objectives), even where there was no assumption of possession or transfer of title.
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31
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36348937637
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It should be noted that the case was dismissed on other grounds and her conclusions regarding the acquisition of property were made as an aside rather than being the substance of the judgment
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It should be noted that the case was dismissed on other grounds and her conclusions regarding the acquisition of property were made as an aside rather than being the substance of the judgment.
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32
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36349019544
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The capacity of the Act to affect commercial fishing rights is also relevant in this context. Fishing rights that are the creation of statute will usually be inherently susceptible to variation under the legislative scheme that created them (See Commonwealth v WMC Resources Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 1;
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The capacity of the Act to affect commercial fishing rights is also relevant in this context. Fishing rights that are the creation of statute will usually be inherently susceptible to variation under the legislative scheme that created them (See Commonwealth v WMC Resources Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 1;
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35
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36348959421
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and Minister for Primary Industry and Energy v Davey (1993) 47 FCR 151; 119 ALR 108). However, if, these rights were abrogated by the operation-of the EPBC Act, there could be an acquisition of property.
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and Minister for Primary Industry and Energy v Davey (1993) 47 FCR 151; 119 ALR 108). However, if, these rights were abrogated by the operation-of the EPBC Act, there could be an acquisition of property.
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36
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36349033824
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Land Cover Change in Queensland 2003 - 2004
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See Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland
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See Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Land Cover Change in Queensland 2003 - 2004: A Statewide Landcover and Trees Study (SLATS) Report (Queensland, 2006).
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(2006)
A Statewide Landcover and Trees Study (SLATS) Report
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38
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36349026819
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and P J Magennis Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1949) 80 CLR 382.
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and P J Magennis Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1949) 80 CLR 382.
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39
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36348946688
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Elsewhere we have argued that the EAA regime has been a waste' of time and money because of the negligible environmental returns compared to the magnitude of the administration and compliance costs and the nature of the threats to biodiversity and the matters protected under Pt 3 (see,Macintosh A and Wilkinson D, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act: A Five, Year Assessment (The Australia Institute, Discussion Paper No 81, Canberra, 2005)).
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Elsewhere we have argued that the EAA regime has been a "waste' of time and money" because of the "negligible environmental returns compared to the magnitude of the administration and compliance costs and the nature of the threats to biodiversity and the matters protected under Pt 3 (see,Macintosh A and Wilkinson D, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act: A Five, Year Assessment (The Australia Institute, Discussion Paper No 81, Canberra, 2005)).
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40
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36349009612
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McGrath, n 2 at 177
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McGrath, n 2 at 177.
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41
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36349016411
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See Minister for the Environment and Heritage v Greentree (No 2) (2004) 138 FCR 198;
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See Minister for the Environment and Heritage v Greentree (No 2) (2004) 138 FCR 198;
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42
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36348950659
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FCA 741, and Minister for the Environment and Heritage v Greentree (No 3) (2004) 136 LGERA 89; [2004] FCA 1317.
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[2004] FCA 741, and Minister for the Environment and Heritage v Greentree (No 3) (2004) 136 LGERA 89; [2004] FCA 1317.
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43
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36348987536
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See Booth v Bosworth (2001) 114 FCR 39; [2001] FCA 1453
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See Booth v Bosworth (2001) 114 FCR 39; [2001] FCA 1453
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44
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84883499357
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and McGrath.,C, The Flying-Fox Case,(2001) 18 EPLJ 540.
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and McGrath.,C, The Flying-Fox Case",(2001) 18 EPLJ 540.
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45
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36348967525
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McGrath, n 2 at 169
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McGrath, n 2 at 169.
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46
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36348966933
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McGrath, n 2 at 177
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McGrath, n 2 at 177.
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47
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36349034353
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McGrath, n 2 at 184
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McGrath, n 2 at 184.
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48
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57349158244
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See Macintosh A, Why the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act's Referral, Assessment and Approval Process is Failing to Achieve its Environmental Objectives, (2004) 21 EPLJ 288;
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See Macintosh A, "Why the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act's Referral, Assessment and Approval Process is Failing to Achieve its Environmental Objectives", (2004) 21 EPLJ 288;
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49
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36349023563
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and Macintosh A aqd, Wilkinson D, EPBC Act: A Five Year Assessment (The Australia Institute, Discussion Paper No 81, Canberra; 2005).
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and Macintosh A aqd, Wilkinson D, EPBC Act: A Five Year Assessment (The Australia Institute, Discussion Paper No 81, Canberra; 2005).
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50
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36348970941
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Macintosh and Wilkinson, n 1 at 153.
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Macintosh and Wilkinson, n 1 at 153.
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51
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36348955353
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Macintosh and Wilkinson, p 155.
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Macintosh and Wilkinson, p 155.
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52
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36348977280
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McGrath, n 2 at 173
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McGrath, n 2 at 173.
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53
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36348987027
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McGrath, n 2 at 172
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McGrath, n 2 at 172.
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54
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36348997374
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McGrath, n 2 at 183
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McGrath, n 2 at 183.
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55
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36348971500
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See ss 186 and 187
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See ss 186 and 187.
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56
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36348974372
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See former S 185
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See former S 185.
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57
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36348983097
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Sattler P and Creighton C, Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment 2002 (National Land and Water Resources Assessment, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2002).
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Sattler P and Creighton C, Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment 2002 (National Land and Water Resources Assessment, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2002).
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