Physiological consequences of "premature freshwater return" for wild sea-run brown trout (Salmo trutta) postsmolts infested with sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Volumn 64, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 1360-1369

  Wells, Alan ^a   Grierson, Christal E ^a   Marshall, Laura ^a   MacKenzie, Monique ^a   Russon, Iain J ^b   Reinardy, Helena ^a   Sivertsgård, Rolf ^e   Bjoørn, Pål A ^c   Finstad, Bengt ^d   Wendelaar Bonga, Sjoerd E ^b   Todd, Christopher D ^a   Hazon, Neil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^d NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRUSTACEAN; METABOLISM; MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR; MORTALITY; OSMOREGULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; SALMONID;

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS; PHTHIRAPTERA; SALMO TRUTTA;

EID: 36249024647     PISSN: 0706652X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/F07-107     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Akaike, H. 1973. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In International Symposium on Information Theory. Edited by B.N. Petrov and F. Csaki. Akademia Kiado, Budapest, Hungary. pp. 267-281.
2. Anonymous. 1993. Report of the Sea Trout Working Group 1993. Department of the Marine, Abbotstown, Ireland.
3. Barton, B.A. 2000. Salmonid fishes differ in their cortisol and glucose responses to handling and transport stress. N. Am. J. Aquacult. 62: 12-18.
4. Birkeland, K. 1996. Consequences of premature return by sea trout (Salmo trutta) infested with the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer): migration, growth, and mortality. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 2808-2813.
5. Bjørn, P.A., and Finstad, B. 1997. The physiological effects of salmon lice infection on sea trout post smolts. Nord. J. Freshw. Res. 73: 60-72.
6. Bjørn, P.A., and Finstad, B. 1998. The development of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on artificially infected post smolts of sea trout (Salmo trutta). Can. J. Zool. 76: 970-977.
7. Bjørn, P.A., Finstad, B., and Kristoffersen, R. 2001. Salmon lice infection of wild sea trout and Arctic char in marine and freshwaters: the effects of salmon farms. Aquac. Res. 32: 947-962.
8. Breusch, T.S., and Pagan, A.R. 1979. A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica, 47: 1287-1294.
9. Butler, J.R.A. 2002. Wild salmonids and sea louse infestations on the west coast of Scotland: sources of infection and implications for the management of marine salmon farms. Pest Manag. Sci. 58: 595-608.
10. Dawson, L.H.J., Pike, A.W., Houlihan, D.F., and McVicar, A.H. 1998. Effects of salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis on sea trout Salmo trutta at different times after seawater transfer. Dis. Aquat. Org. 33: 179-186.
11. Einarsdottir, I.E., and Nilssen, K.J. 1996. Stress responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) elicited by water level reduction in rearing tanks. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 15: 395-400.
12. Farbridge, K.J., and Leatherland, J.F. 1992. Plasma growth hormone levels in fed and fasted rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are decreased following handling stress. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 10: 67-73.
13. Finstad, B., Bjørn, P.A., and Nilsen, S.T. 1995. Survival of salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, on Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), in fresh water. Aquac. Res. 26: 791-795.
14. Fox, J. 1997. Applied regression, linear models and related methods. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
15. Fox, J., and Monette, G. 1992. Generalized collinearity diagnostics. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 87: 178-183.
16. Grimnes, A., and Jakobsen, P.J. 1996. The physiological effects of salmon lice infection on post-smolt of Atlantic salmon. J. Fish Biol. 48: 1179-1194.
17. Hansen, L.P., and Jacobsen, J.J. 2000. Distribution and migration of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the sea. In The ocean life of Atlantic salmon. Environmental and biological factors influencing survival. Edited by D. Mills. Fishing News Books, Oxford, UK. pp. 75-87.
18. Iversen, M., Finstad, B., and Nilssen, K.J. 1998. Recovery from loading and transport stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts. Aquaculture, 168: 387-394.
19. Johnson, S.C., and Albright, L.J. 1991a. Development, growth, and survival of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda, Caligidae) under laboratory conditions. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 71: 425-436.
20. Johnson, S.C., and Albright, L.J. 1991b. The developmental stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) (Copepoda, Caligidae). Can. J. Zool. 69: 929-950.
21. Keppler, D., and Decker, K. 1974. Glycogen: determination with amyloglucosidase. In Methods of enzymatic analysis. Edited by H.U. Bergmeyer. Academic Press, New York. pp. 1127-1131.
22. Klemetsen, A., Amundsen, P.A., Dempson, J.B., Jonsson, B., Jonsson, N., O'Connell, M.F., and Mortensen, E. 2003. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., brown trout Salmo trutta L., and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.): a review of aspects of their life histories. Ecol. Freshw. Fish, 12: 1-59.
23. MacKenzie, K., Longshaw, M., Begg, G.S., and McVicar, A.H. 1998. Sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) on wild sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) in Scotland. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 55: 151-162.
24. Mallatt, J. 1985. Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants: a statistical review. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 630-648.
25. McKibben, M.A., and Hay, D.W. 2004. Distributions of planktonic sea lice larvae Lepeophtheirus salmonis in the inter-tidal zone in Loch Torridon, Western Scotland, in relation to salmon farm production cycles. Aquae. Res. 35: 742-750.
26. McLean, P.H., Smith, G.W., and Wilson, M.J. 1990. Residence time of the sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis K., on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., after immersion in fresh water. J. Fish Biol. 37: 311-314.
27. Mommsen, T.P., Vijayan, M.M., and Moon, T.W. 1999. Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of action, and metabolic regulation. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 9: 211-268.
28. Neff, B.D., and Cargnelli, L.M. 2004. Relationships between condition factors, parasite load and paternity in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Environ. Biol. Fishes, 71: 297-304.
29. Northcott, S.J., and Walker, A.F. 1996. Farming salmon, saving sea trout: a cool look at a hot issue. In Aquaculture and sea lochs. Edited by K. Black. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK. pp. 72-81.
30. Penston, M.J., McKibben, M.A., Hay, D.W., and Gillibrand, P.A. 2004. Observations on open-water densities of sea lice larvae in Loch Shieldaig, Western Scotland. Aquae. Res. 35: 793-805.
31. Pike, A.W., and Wadsworth, S.L. 2000. Sealice on salmonids: their biology and control. Adv. Parasitol. 44: 233-337.
32. Pottinger, T.G., Rand-Weaver, M., and Sumpter, J.P. 2003. Over winter fasting and re-feeding in rainbow trout: plasma growth hormone and cortisol levels in relation to energy mobilization. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 136: 403-417.
33. Royston, P. 1982. An extension of Shapiro and Wilk's W Test for normality to large samples. Appl. Stat. 31: 115-124.
34. Schram, T.A. 1993. Supplementary descriptions of the developmental stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) (Copepoda: Caligidae). In Pathogens of wild and farmed fish: sea lice. Edited by G.A. Boxshall and D. Defaye. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK. pp. 30-47.
35. Sutton, S.G., Bult, T.P., and Haedrich, R.L. 2000. Relationships among fat weight, body weight, water weight, and condition factors in wild Atlantic salmon parr. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 129: 527-538.
36. Todd, C.D., Whyte, B.D.M., MacLean, J.C., and Walker, A.M. 2006. Ectoparasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus) infestations of wild, adult, one sea-winter Atlantic salmon Salmo salar returning to Scotland. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 328: 183-193.
37. Tully, O., and Whelan, K. F. 1993. Production of nauplii of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) (Copepoda, Caligidae) from farmed and wild salmon and its relation to the infestation of wild sea trout (Salmo trutta L) off the west-coast of Ireland in 1991. Fish. Res. 17: 187-200.
38. Tully, O., Poole, W.R., and Whelan, K.F. 1993. Infestation parameters for Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on sea trout, Salmo trutta L., off the west coast of Ireland during 1990 and 1991. Aquac. Fish. Manag. 24: 545-555.
39. van Anholt, R.D., Spanings, T., Koven, W., and Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 2003. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid treatment on thyroid hormones, prolactins, and the stress response of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Am. J. Physiol. 285: R1098-R1106.
40. Wagner, G.N., McKinley, R.S., Bjørn, P.A., and Finstad, B. 2004. Short-term freshwater exposure benefits sea lice-infected Atlantic salmon. J. Fish Biol. 64: 1593-1604.
41. Wells, A., Grierson, C.E., MacKenzie, M., Russon, I.J., Reinardy, H., Middlemiss, C., Bjørn, P.A., Finstad, B., Wendelaar Bonga, S.E., Todd, C.D., and Hazon, N. 2006. Physiological effects of simultaneous abrupt seawater entry and sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation of wild sea trout (Salmo trutta) smolts. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63: 2809-2821.
42. Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 1997. The stress response in fish Physiol Rev. 77: 591-625.
43. Wendelaar Bonga, S.E., and Balm, P.H.M. 1999. Histological and histopathological effects of stress. In Stress physiology in animals. Edited by P.H.M. Balm. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK. pp. 178-204.
44. Wood, C.M. 1991. Acid-base and ion balance, metabolism, and their interactions, after exhaustive exercise in fish. J. Exp. Biol. 160: 285-308.
45. Wootten, R., Smith, J.W., and Needham, E.A. 1982. Aspects of the biology of the parasitic copepods Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus on farmed salmonids, and their treatment. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. B Biol. Sci. 81: 185-197.