Short-term freshwater exposure benefits sea lice-infected Atlantic salmon

Journal of Fish Biology

Volumn 64, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 1593-1604

  Wagner, G N ^a   Mckinley, R S ^a   Bjorn P A ^b   Finstad, B ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Cardiac output; Lepeophtheirus salmonis; Salinity; Salmo salar; Stress; Swimming performance

Indexed keywords

BODY CONDITION; PARASITISM; SALINITY; SALMONID; SWIMMING BEHAVIOR;

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS; LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS; PHTHIRAPTERA; SALMO; SALMO SALAR; SALMONIDAE;

EID: 3042561942     PISSN: 00221112     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00414.x     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Birkeland, K. (1996). Consequences of premature return by sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) infested with the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer); migration, growth and mortality. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53, 2808-2813.
2. Birkeland, K. & Jakobsen, P. (1997). Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infestation as a causal agent of premature return to rivers and estuaries by sea trout, Salmo trutta L., post smolts. Environmental Biology of Fishes 49, 129-137.
3. Bjørn, P. A. (2002). The physiological and ecological effects of salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, infection on anadromous salmonids. Dr. scient Thesis, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Norway.
4. Bjørn, P. A. & Finstad, B. (1997). The physiological effects of salmon lice infection on sea trout post smolts. Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research 73, 60-72.
5. Bjørn, P. A. & Finstad, B. (1998). The development of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on artificially infected post smolts of sea trout (Salmo trutta). Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, 970-977.
6. Bjørn, P. A., Finstad, B. & Kristoffersen, R. (2001). Salmon lice infection of wild sea trout and Arctic char in marine and fresh waters: the effects of salmon farms. Aquaculture Research 32, 947-962
7. Bowers, J. M., Mustafa, A., Speare, D. J., Conboy, G. A., Brimacombe, M., Sims, D. E. & Burka, J. F. (2000). The physiological response of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to a single experimental challenge with sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Journal of Fish Diseases 23, 165-172.
8. Brauner, C. J., Shrimpton, J. M. & Randall, D. J. (1992). Effect of short-duration seawater exposure on the swimming performance in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) parr. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, 2399-2405.
9. Brauner, C. J., Iwama, G. K. & Randall, D. J. (1994). The effect of short-duration seawater exposure on the swimming performance of wild and hatchery-reared juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during smoltification. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, 2188-2194.
10. Brodeur, J. C., Ytrestøyl, T., Finstad, B. & McKinley, R. S. (1999). Increase of heart rate without elevation of cardiac output in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to acidic water and aluminium. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 56, 184-190.
11. Brodeur, J. C., Dixon, D. G. & McKinley, R. S. (2001). Assessment of cardiac output as a predictor of metabolic rate in rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology 58, 439-452. doi: 10.1006/jfbi.2000.1461.
12. Dawson, L. H. J., Pike, A. W., Houlihan, D. F. & McVicar, A. H. (1997). Comparison of the susceptibility of sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837)) infections. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54, 1129-1139.
13. Evans, D. H. (1984). The roles of gill permeability and transport mechanisms in euryhalinity. In Fish Physiology, Vol. X (Hoar, W. S. & Randall, D. J., eds), pp. 239-283. New York: Academic Press.
14. Finstad, B., Bjørn, P. A. & Nilsen, S. T. (1995). Survival of salmon lice. Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). in fresh water. Aquaculture Research 26, 791-795.
15. Finstad, B., Bjørn, P., Grimnes, A. & Hvidsten, N. (2000). Laboratory and field investigations of salmon lice [Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer)] infestation on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts. Aquaculture Research 31, 795-803.
16. Gallaugher, P. & Farrell, A. P. (1998). Haematocrit and blood oxygen-carrying capacity. In Fish Respiration (Perry, S. F. & Tufts, B. L., eds). pp. 185-227. New York: Academic Press.
17. Gallaugher, P., Axelson, M. & Farrell, A. P. (1992). Swimming performance and haematological variables in splenectomized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Experimental Biology 171, 301-314.
18. Gallaugher, P., Thorarensen, H. & Farrell, A. P. (1995). Haematocrit in oxygen transport and swimming in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Respiration Physiology 102, 279-292.
19. Gamperl, A. K., Pinder, A. W., Grant, R. R. & Boutilier, R. G. (1994). Influence of hypoxia and adrenaline administration on coronary blood flow and cardiac performance in seawater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Experimental Biology 193, 209-232.
20. Grimnes, A. & Jakobsen, P. J. (1996). The physiological effects of salmon lice infection on post-smolt of Atlantic salmon. Journal of Fish Biology 48, 1179-1194.
21. Hahnenkamp, L. & Fyhn, H. J. (1985). The osmotic response of salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae), during the transition from sea water to fresh water. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 155, 357-365.
22. Høgåsen, H. R. (1998). Physiological changes associated with the diadromous migration of salmonids. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 127, 1-128.
23. Holeton, G. F. & Randall, D. J. (1967). The effect of hypoxia upon the partial pressure of gasses in the blood and water afferent and efferent to the gills in rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology 46, 317-327.
24. Iwama, G. K., McGreer, J. C. & Pawluk, M. P. (1989). The effects of five fish anaesthetics on acid-base balance, haematocrit, blood gases, cortisol, and adrenaline in rainbow trout. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, 2065-2073.
25. Johnson, S. C. & Albright, L. J. (1991). The developmental stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) (Copepoda: Caligidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, 929-950.
26. Keen, J. E. & Farrell, A. P. (1994). Maximum prolonged swimming speed and maximum cardiac performance of rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss, acclimated to two different water temperatures. Journal of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 108A, 287-295.
27. Kiceniuk, J. W. & Jones, D. R. (1977). The oxygen transport system in trout (Salmo gairdneri) during sustained exercise. Journal of Experimental Biology 69, 247-260.
28. 2 affinity of haemoglobin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Journal of Comparative Physiology 160B, 31-39.
29. McKinnon, B. (1998). Host factors important in sea lice infection. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55, 188-192.
30. Nolan, D. T., Reilly, P. & Wendelaar Bonga, S. E. (1999). Infection with low numbers of the sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in postsmolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, 947-959.
31. Pearson, M. P. & Stevens, E. D. (1991). Splenectomy impairs aerobic swimming performance in trout. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, 2089-2092.
32. Randall, D. J. (1970). The circulatory system. In Fish Physiology, Vol. IV (Hoar, W. S. & Randall, D. J., eds.), pp. 133-172. New York: Academic Press.
33. Richards, J. G., Mercado, A. J., Clayton, C. A., Heigenhauser, G. J. F. & Wood, C. (2002). Substrate utilization during graded aerobic exercise in rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 2067-2077.
34. Ruane, N. M., Nolan, D. T., Rotllant, J., Costelloe, J. & Wendelaar Bonga, S. E. (2000). Experimental exposure of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) to the infective stages of the sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) influences the physiological response to an acute stressor. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 10, 451-463.
35. Schreck, C. B. (1990). Physiological, behavioural, and performance indicators of stress. American Fisheries Society Symposium 8, 29-37.
36. Stevens, E. D. & Randall, D. J. (1967). Changes in blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate during moderate swimming activity in rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology 46, 307-315.
37. Thomas, P. (1990). Molecular and biochemical responses of fish to stressors and their potential use in environmental monitoring. American Fisheries Society Symposium 8, 9-28.
38. Thorarensen, H., Gallaugher, P. & Farrell, A. P. (1996). Cardiac output in swimming rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, acclimated to sea water. Physiological Zoology 69, 139-153.
39. Thorstad, E. B., Heggberget, T. G. & Økland, F. (1998). Migratory behaviour of adult wild and escaped farmed Atlantic salmon. Salmo salar L., before, during and after spawning in a Norwegian river. Aquaculture Research 29, 419-428.
40. Tully, O., Poole, W. R. & Whelan, K. R. (1993a). Infestation parameters for Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) (Copepoda: Caligidae) parasite on sea trout. Salmo trutta L., off the west coast of Ireland during 1990 and 1991. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 24, 545-555.
41. Tully, O., Poole, W. R., Whelan, K. R. & Merigoux, S. (1993b). Parameters and possible causes of epizootics of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) infesting sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) off the west coast of Ireland. In Pathogens of Wild and Farmed Fish: Sea Lice (Boxshall, G. A. & Defaye, D., eds), pp. 202-213. London: Ellis Horwood.
42. Tully, O., Gargan, P., Poole, W. R. & Whelan, K. F. (1999). Spatial and temporal variation in the infestation of sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) by the caligid copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) in relation to sources of infection in Ireland. Parasitology 119, 41-51.
43. Wagner, G. N., McKinley, R. S., Bjørn, P. A. & Finstad, B. (2003). Physiological impact of sea lice on swimming performance of Atlantic salmon. Journal of Fish Biology 62, 1000-1009. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003. 00091.x.
44. Webb, P. W. (1971). The swimming energetics of trout. II. Oxygen consumption and swimming efficiency. Journal of Experimental Biology 55, 521-540.
45. Wendelaar Bonga, S. E. (1997). The stress response of fish. Physiological Reviews 77, 591-625.
46. Wood, C. M. & Shelton, G. (1980). The reflex control of heart rate and cardiac output in the rainbow trout: interactive influences of hypoxia, haemorrhage, and systemic vasomotor tone. Journal of Experimental Biology 87, 271-284.
47. Wootten, R., Smith, J. W. & Needham, E. A. (1982). Aspects of the biology of the parasitic copepods Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus on farmed salmonid, and their treatment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 81B, 185-197.