Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives

Cancer

Volumn 110, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 2119-2152

  Espey, David K ^a,i   Wu, Xiao Cheng ^b,c   Swan, Judith ^d   Wiggins, Charles ^e   Jim, Melissa A ^a   Ward, Elizabeth ^f   Wingo, Phyllis A ^a   Howe, Holly L ^b   Ries, Lynn A G ^d   Miller, Barry A ^d   Jemal, Ahmedin ^f   Ahmed, Faruque ^a   Cobb, Nathaniel ^g   Kaur, Judith S ^h   Edwards, Brenda K ^d  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION   (United States)

^b North American Association of Central Cancer Registries   (United States)

^c LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^d NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^f AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY   (United States)

^g INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE   (United States)

^h MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

ⁱ CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

Author keywords

Alaska Native; American cancer society; American Indian; Cancer; End results; Epidemiology; Health disparity; Incidence; Mortality; National program of cancer registries; North American association of central cancer registries; Surveillance; U.S.

Indexed keywords

AMERICAN INDIAN; CANCER; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER REGISTRY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; ESKIMO; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIOECONOMICS; TREND STUDY; UNITED STATES;

ALASKA; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN; INUITS; MALE; NEOPLASMS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 36049020580     PISSN: 0008543X     EISSN: 10970142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23044     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Wingo PA, Ries LA, Rosenberg HM, Miller DS, Edwards BK. Cancer incidence and mortality, 1973-1995: a report card for the U.S. Cancer. 1998;82:1197-1207.
2. Wingo PA, Ries LA, Giovino GA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1996, with a special section on lung cancer and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:675-690.
3. Ries LA, Wingo PA, Miller DS, et al. The annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1997, with a special section on colorectal cancer. Cancer. 2000;88:2398-2424.
4. Howe HL, Wingo PA, Thun MJ, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer (1973 through 1998), featuring cancers with recent increasing trends. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:824-842.
5. Edwards BK, Howe HL, Ries LA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1999, featuring implications of age and aging on U.S. cancer burden. Cancer. 2002;94:2766-2792.
6. Weir HK, Thun MJ, Hankey BF, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1276-1299.
7. Jemal A, Clegg LX, Ward E, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2001, with a special feature regarding survival. Cancer. 2004;101:3-27.
8. Edwards BK, Brown ML, Wingo PA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2002, featuring population-based trends in cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1407-1427.
9. Howe HL, Wu X, Ries LA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2003, featuring cancer among U.S. Hispanic/Latino populations. Cancer. 2006;107:1711-1742.
10. Fritz A, Percy C, Jack A. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2000.
11. Ries L, Harkins D, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2003. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute; 2006.
12. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Statistics of the United States, 1950-1999. Volume II. Mortality, Parts A and B. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics, Public Health Service; 2001.
13. World Health Organization. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death. Based on the recommendations of the 9th Revision Conference, 1975. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1977.
14. Anderson RN, Minino AM, Hoyert DL, Rosenberg HM. Comparability of cause of death between ICD-9 and ICD-10: preliminary estimates. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2001;49:1-32.
15. Public Health Service. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death. Adapted for use in the United States. 8th revision. 1693. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Center for Health Statistics, Public Health Service; 1967.
16. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1992.
17. National Cancer Institute-SEER. Policy for calculating Hispanic mortality. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute-SEER Program, 2007. Available at URL: http://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/variables/mort/origin_recode_1990/vol Accessed March 15, 2007.
18. National Cancer Institute-SEER Program. Statistical resources. U.S. population data 1969-2004. Available at URL: http://seer.cancer.gov/resources Accessed June 7, 2007.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Center for Health Statistics. National Vital Statistics System. U.S. census populations with bridged race categories. Available at URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/ major/dvs/popbridge/popbridge.htm Accessed March 15, 2007.
20. Surveillance Research Program. SEER*Stat software. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch; 2007. Available at URL: http://www.seer.cancer.gov/seerstat Accessed July 14, 2007.
21. Frost F, Taylor V, Fries E. Racial misclassification of Native Americans in a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84:957-962.
22. Partin MR, Rith-Najarian SJ, Slater JS, Korn JE, Cobb N, Soler JT. Improving cancer incidence estimates for American Indians in Minnesota. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1673-1677.
23. Kwong S, Perkings C, Snipes K, Wright W. Improving American Indian cancer data in the California Cancer Registry by linkage with the Indian Health Service. J Registry Manage. 1998;25:17-20.
24. Sugarman JR, Holliday M, Ross A, Castorina J, Hui Y. Improving American Indian cancer data in the Washington State Cancer Registry using linkages with the Indian Health Service and tribal records. Cancer. 1996;78(7 suppl):1564-1568.
25. Becker TM, Bettles J, Lapidus J, et al. Improving cancer incidence estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives in the Pacific Northwest. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1469-1471.
26. Harwell TS, Miller SH, Lemons DL, Helgerson SD, Gohdes D. Cancer incidence in Montana: rates for American Indians exceed those for whites. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30:493-497.
27. Harwell TS, Hansen D, Moore KR, Jeanotte D, Gohdes D, Helgerson SD. Accuracy of race coding on American Indian death certificates, Montana 1996-1998. Public Health Rep. 2002;117:44-49.
28. Indian Health Service. Indian Health Manual, chapter 2. Available at URL: http://www.ihs.gov/PublicInfo/Publications/IHSManual/2004 Accessed June 26, 2007.
29. Gu D. LinkPlus: a suite of publicly available software programs for collecting and processing cancer registry data. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2005. Available at URL: http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/tools/registryplus/lp.htm Accessed February 2, 2007.
30. Office of Management and Budget. Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Federal Register Notice, October 30, 1997. Available at URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/ 1997standards.html Accessed March 24, 2007.
31. Johnson CH, editor. SEER Program coding and staging manual 2004, revision 1. NIH Pub. No. 04-5581. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute; 2004. Available at URL: http://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/variables/seer/yrl973_2003/ race_ethnicity/ Accessed June 25, 2007.
32. Cobb N, Paisano RE. Patterns of cancer mortality among Native Americans. Cancer. 1998;83:2377-2383.
33. Espey DK, Paisano RE, Cobb N. Cancer Mortality Among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Regional Differences, 1994-1998. Rockville, Md: Indian Health Service; 2003.
34. Espey D, Paisano R, Cobb N. Regional patterns and trends in cancer mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1990-2001. Cancer. 2005;103:1045-1053.
35. Denny CH, Holtzman D, Cobb N. Surveillance for health behaviors of American Indians and Alaska Natives. Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1997-2000. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2003;52:1-13.
36. Indian Health Service. IHS area offices and facilities. Available at URL: http://www.ihs.gov/FacilitiesServices/AreaOffices/AreaOffices_index.asp, 2003 Accessed May 20, 2006.
37. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Tracking Healthy People 2010. Volume 2007, 2000. Available at URL: http://www.healthypeople.gov Accessed May 20, 2007.
38. Howe HL, Jamison M, Havener L, Chen VW, Ries LAG. Site-specific comparison of Summary Stage 1977 and Summary Stage 2000 coding, vol 2006. Available at URL: http://www.naaccr.org/index.asp? Col_SectionKey11&Col_ContentID397 Accessed July 6, 2007.
39. Klein R, Schoenborn C.Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. In: National Center for Health Statistics, editor. Healthy People 2010 Statistical Notes. Hyattsville, Md: National Center for Health Statistics; 2001.
40. Ogunwole SU. We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States Census 2000 Special Reports (CENSR-28). Volume 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; 2006.
41. Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. 2000;19:335-351.
42. Clegg LX, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN, Fay MP, Hankey BF. Impact of reporting delay and reporting error on cancer incidence rates and trends. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:1537-1545.
43. Research Triangle Institute. SUDAAN User's Manual. Professional Software for Survey Data Analysis. 9th ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute; 2003.
44. Schenker N, Gentleman JF. On judging the significance of differences by examining the overlap between confidence intervals. Am Statistician. 2001;55:182-186.
45. Seattle Indian Health Board-Urban Indian Health Institute. The Health Status of Urban American Indians and Alaska Natives: An Analysis of Select Vital Records and Census Data Sources, 2004. Available at URL: http://www.uihi.net/ Public%20Documentsl/UIHI%20Publications/2004HealthStatusReport.pdf Accessed May 18, 2007.
46. Swan J, Breen N, Coates RJ, Rimer BK, Lee NC. Progress in cancer screening practices in the United States: results from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer. 2003;97:1528-1540.
47. Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Schrag D, et al. How much can current interventions reduce colorectal cancer mortality in the U.S.? Mortality projections for scenarios of risk-factor modification, screening, and treatment. Cancer. 2006;107:1624-1633.
48. Gross CP, Andersen MS, Krumholz HM, McAvay GJ, Proctor D, Tinetti ME. Relation between Medicare screening reimbursement and stage at diagnosis for older patients with colon cancer. JAMA. 2006;296:2815-2822.
49. Robertson RH, Burkhardt JH, Powell MP, Eloubeidi MA, Pisu M, Weissman NW. Trends in colon cancer screening procedures in the U.S. Medicare and Tricare populations: 1999-2001. Prev Med. 2006;42:460-462.
50. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1365-1371.
51. Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, et al. Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-update based on new evidence. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:544-560.
52. Phillips KA, Liang SY, Ladabaum U, et al. Trends in colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. Med Care. 2007;45:160-167.
53. Jemal A, Ward E, Thun MJ. Contemporary lung cancer trends among U.S. women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:582-585.
54. Jemal A, Travis WD, Tarone RE, Travis L, Devesa SS. Lung cancer rates convergence in young men and women in the United States: analysis by birth cohort and histologic type. Int J Cancer. 2003;105:101-107.
55. Ries L, Melbert D, Krapcho M, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2004 [Based on November 2006 SEER data submission; posted to the SEER web site, 2007]. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute, 2006. Available at URL: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2004/ Accessed April 13, 2007.
56. Baade PD, Coory MD, Aitken JF. International trends in prostate-cancer mortality: the decrease is continuing and spreading. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15:237-241.
57. Oliver SE, May MT, Gunnell D. International trends in prostate-cancer mortality in the "PSA ERA." Int J Cancer. 2001;92:893-898.
58. Barry MJ. Clinical practice. Prostate-specific-antigen testing for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1373-1377.
59. Harris R, Lohr KN. Screening for prostate cancer: an update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:917-929.
60. Shaw PA, Etzioni R, Zeliadt SB, et al. An ecologic study of prostate-specific antigen screening and prostate cancer mortality in nine geographic areas of the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:1059-1069.
61. Feuer EJ, Mariotto A, Merrill R. Modeling the impact of the decline in distant stage disease on prostate carcinoma mortality rates. Cancer. 2002;95:870-880.
62. Messing EM, Manola J, Sarosdy M, Wilding G, Crawford ED, Trump D. Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1781-1788.
63. Demers RY, Tiwari A, Wei J, Weiss LK, Severson RK, Montie J. Trends in the utilization of androgen-deprivation therapy for patients with prostate carcinoma suggest an effect on mortality. Cancer. 2001;92:2309-2317.
64. Seidenfeld J, Samson DJ, Aronson N, et al. Relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methods of androgen suppression in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 1999;4:i-x,1-246,I1-36, passim.
65. Bolla M, Gonzalez D, Warde P, et al. Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:295-300.
66. Platz EA, Leitzmann MF, Visvanathan K, et al. Statin drugs and risk of advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1819-1825.
67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of Mammograms Among Women Aged > 40 Years - United States, 2000-2005. MMWR Morb Moral Weekly Rep. 2007;56:49-51.
68. Jemal A, Ward E, Thun MJ. Recent trends in breast cancer incidence rates by age and tumor characteristics among U.S. women. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9:R28.
69. Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N, et al. The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1670-1674.
70. Breen N, Cronin KA, Meissner HI, et al. Reported drop in mammography: is this cause for concern? Cancer. 2007;109:2405-2409.
71. Stewart SL, Sabatino SL, Foster SL, Richardson LC. Decline in breast cancer incidence rates in the United States, 1999-2003. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:549-553.
72. Swan J, Breen N, Burhansstipanov L, et al. Cancer screening and risk factor rates among American Indians. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:340-350.
73. Mokbel K. Contemporary treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Med Sci Monitor. 2005;11:RA86-RA93.
74. Beral V, Bull D, Green J, Reeves G. Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 2007;369:1703-1710.
75. Bray F, Loos AH, Tognazzo S, La Vecchia C. Ovarian cancer in Europe: cross-sectional trends in incidence and mortality in 28 countries, 1953-2000. Int J Cancer. 2005;113:977-990.
76. Gnagy S, Ming EE, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Whittemore AS. Declining ovarian cancer rates in U.S. women in relation to parity and oral contraceptive use. Epidemiology. 2000;11:102-105.
77. Hollingsworth JM, Miller DC, Daignault S, Hollenbeck BK. Rising incidence of small renal masses: a need to reassess treatment effect. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1331-1334.
78. Jayson M, Sanders H. Increased incidence of serendipitously discovered renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1998;51:203-205.
79. Clarke CA, Glaser SL. Changing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States. Cancer. 2002;94:2015-2023.
80. Clarke CA, Glaser SL. Epidemiologic trends in HIV-associated lymphomas. Curr Opin Oncol. 2001;13:354-359.
81. Clarke CA, Undurraga DM, Harasty PJ, Glaser SL, Morton LM, Holly EA. Changes in cancer registry coding for lymphoma subtypes: reliability over time and relevance for surveillance and study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:630-638.
82. Morton LM, Wang SS, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Weisenburger DD, Linet MS. Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992-2001. Blood. 2006;107:265-276.
83. Davies L, Welch HG. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States, 1973-2002. JAMA. 2006;295:2164-2167.
84. Jemal A, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Tucker MA. Recent trends in cutaneous melanoma incidence among whites in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:678-683.
85. McGlynn KA, Tarone RE, El-Serag HB. A comparison of trends in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:1198-1203.
86. London WT, McGlynn KA. Liver cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, editors. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006:763-786.
87. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol. 2006;45:529-538.
88. Chen MS Jr. Cancer health disparities among Asian Americans: what we do and what we need to do. Cancer. 2005;104(12 suppl):2895-2902.
89. Swan J, Edwards BK. Cancer rates among American Indians and Alaska Natives: is there a national perspective? Cancer. 2003;98:1262-1272.
90. Lanier AP, Kelly JJ, Maxwell J, McEvoy T, Homan C. Cancer in Alaska Native people, 1969-2003. Alaska Med. 2006;48:30-59.
91. Kelly JJ, Lanier AP, Alberts S, Wiggins CL. Differences in cancer incidence among Indians in Alaska and New Mexico and U.S. whites, 1993-2002. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:1515-1519.
92. Puukka E, Stehr-Green P, Becker TM. Measuring the health status gap for American Indians/Alaska Natives: getting closer to the truth. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:838-843.
93. Gilliland FD, Mahler R, Davis SM. Non-ceremonial tobacco use among southwestern rural American Indians: the New Mexico American Indian Behavioural Risk Factor Survey. Tob Control. 1998;7:156-160.
94. Peterson E, Fenaughty A, Eberhart-Phillips J. Tobacco in the Great Land: A Portrait of Alaska's Leading Cause of Death. Anchorage, Alaska: Section of Epidemiology, Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services; 2004. Available at URL: http://www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/pubs/tobacco04/ t04_complete.pdf Accessed May 19, 2007.
95. Key CR. Cancer incidence and mortality in New Mexico, 1973-77. In: Young JL Jr, Percy CL, Asire AI, editors. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results: Incidence and Mortality Data, 1973-77. NCI Monograph 57, NIH Publication No. 81-2330. Bethesda, Md: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute; 1981.
96. Nutting PA, Freeman WL, Risser DR, et al. Cancer incidence among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1980 through 1987. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1589-1598.
97. Sievers ML. Cigarette and alcohol usage by southwestern American Indians. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1968;58:71-82.
98. DeStefano F, Coulehan JL, Wiant MK. Blood pressure survey on the Navajo Indian reservation. Am J Epidemiol. 1979;109:335-345.
99. Samet JM, Kutvirt DM, Waxweiler RJ, Key CR. Uranium mining and lung cancer in Navajo men. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:1481-1484.
100. Gilliland FD, Hunt WC, Pardilla M, Key CR. Uranium mining and lung cancer among Navajo men in New Mexico and Arizona, 1969 to 1993. J Occup Environ Med. 2000;42:278-283.
101. Akhter M, Nishino Y, Nakaya N, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of colorectal cancer among men: a prospective study in Japan. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007;16:102-107.
102. Chao A, Thun MJ, Jacobs EJ, Henley SJ, Rodriguez C, Calle EE. Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1888-1896.
103. Zisman AL, Nickolov A, Brand RE, Gorchow A, Roy HK. Associations between the age at diagnosis and location of colorectal cancer and the use of alcohol and tobacco: implications for screening. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:629-634.
104. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1679-1687.
105. Larsson SC, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. Diabetes and colorectal cancer incidence in the cohort of Swedish men. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1805-1807.
106. Limburg PJ, Vierkant RA, Fredericksen ZS, et al. Clinically confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer risk: a population-based, retrospective cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1872-1879.
107. Acton KJ, Burrows NR, Moore K, Querec L, Geiss LS, Engelgau MM. Trends in diabetes prevalence among American Indian and Alaska native children, adolescents, and young adults. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1485-1490.
108. Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Engelgau MM, Acton KJ. Prevalence of diabetes among Native Americans and Alaska Natives, 1990-1997: an increasing burden. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1786-1790.
109. Acton KJ. The Many Voices of the Special Diabetes Program for Indians: Reflections on the Past, Directions for the Future, 2006. Presentation for the 2006 IHS Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention Regional Meetings. Available at URL: http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/diabetes/ [regional_mtg_kaps2006.asp Accessed June 14, 2007.
110. Schraag J. She'll do - quite well! Pioneering the murky waters of nurse practitioner-led screening colonoscopies [electronic resource]. EndoNurse 2006. Available at URL: http://www.endonurse.com/articles/6clfeat3. Accessed May 10, 2007.
111. Meltzer W. Nurses doing flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonscopy [electronic resource]. Outpatient Surg. Available at URL: http://www. outpatientsurgery.net/2004/os05/nurses_flexible_sigmoidoscopy_colonoscopy.php Accessed May 10, 2007.
112. Yip R, Limburg PJ, Ahlquist DA, et al. Pervasive occult gastrointestinal bleeding in an Alaska native population with prevalent iron deficiency. Role of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. JAMA. 1997;277:1135-1139.
113. Kaur JS, Roubidoux MA, Sloan J, Novotny P. Can the Gail model be useful in American Indian and Alaska Native populations? Cancer. 2004;100:906-912.
114. Moore LE, Wilson RT, Campleman SL. Lifestyle factors, exposures, genetic susceptibility, and renal cell cancer risk: a review. Cancer Invest. 2005;23:240-255.
115. Farivar-Mohseni H, Perlmutter AE, Wilson S, Shingleton WB, Bigler SA, Fowler JE Jr. Renal cell carcinoma and end stage renal disease. J Urol. 2006;175:2018-2020; discussion 2021.
116. Narva AS. The spectrum of kidney disease in American Indians. Kidney Int. 2003;83(suppl):S3-S7.
117. Shaffer EA. Gallstone disease: epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20:981-996.
118. Everhart JE, Yeh F, Lee ET, et al. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in American Indian populations: findings from the Strong Heart Study. Hepatology. 2002;35:1507-1512.
119. Hsing H, Rashid A, Devesa SS, Fraumeni J.Biliary tract cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, editors. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2006.
120. Barakat J, Dunkelberg JC, Ma TY. Changing patterns of gallbladder carcinoma in New Mexico. Cancer. 2006;106:434-440.
121. Wiggins CL, Becker TM, Key CR, Samet JM. Stomach cancer among New Mexico's American Indians, Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic whites. Cancer Res. 1989;49:1595-1599.
122. Alberts SR, Kelly JJ, Lanier AP, Sacco F. Occurrence of esophageal and gastric cancer in Alaska Natives, 1969-2003. Alaska Med. 2006;48:2-11.
123. Correa P. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12:238s-241s.
124. Bernstein CN, McKeown I, Embil JM, et al. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori, incidence of gastric cancer, and peptic ulcer-associated hospitalizations in a Canadian Indian population. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:668-674.
125. Gammon M, Schoenberg J, Ahsan H, et al. Tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic status and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1277-1284.
126. Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsugane S. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and subsequent gastric cancer risk by subsite and histologic type. Int J Cancer. 2002;101:560-566.
127. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Nyren O. Association between body mass and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:883-890.
128. Indian Health Service. Trends in Indian Health, 1998-1999. Rockville, Md: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service; 2000.
129. Bialek S, Redd JT, Lynch ACF, et al. Chronic liver disease among 2 American Indian patient populations in the Southwestern United States: 2000-2003. J Clin Gastroenterol. In press.
130. Rawls RA, Vega KJ. Viral hepatitis in minority America. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39:144-151.
131. Anderson RN, Smith BL. Deaths: leading causes for 2002. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2005;53:1-89.
132. Dennis TD. Cancer stage at diagnosis, treatment, and survival among American Indians and non-American Indians in Montana. Cancer. 2000;89:181-186.
133. Bleed DM, Risser DR, Sperry S, Hellhake D, Helgerson SD. Cancer incidence and survival among American Indians registered for Indian health service care in Montana, 1982-1987. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84:1500-1505.
134. Brown MO, Lanier AP, Becker TM. Colorectal cancer incidence and survival among Alaska Natives, 1969-1993. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27:388-396.
135. Lanier AP, Holck P, Kelly J, Smith B, McEvoy T. Alaska Native cancer survival. Alaska Med. 2001;43:61-69, 83.
136. Clegg LX, Li FP, Hankey BF, Chu K, Edwards BK. Cancer survival among US whites and minorities: a SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) Program population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1985-1993.
137. Frost F, Tollestrup K, Hunt WC, Gilliland F, Key CR, Urbina CE. Breast cancer survival among New Mexico Hispanic, American Indian, and non-Hispanic white women (1973-1992). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5:861-866.
138. Becker SA, Affonso DD, Beard MB. Talking circles: Northern Plains tribes American Indian women's views of cancer as a health issue. Public Health Nurs. 2006;23:27-36.
139. Burhansstipanov L. Community-driven Native American cancer survivors' quality of life research priorities. J Cancer Educ. 2005;20(1 suppl):7-11.
140. Burhansstipanov L, Tenney M, Russell S, Bad Wound D, Plomer K. Overview of the Native American Cancer Conference III. Risk factors, outreach and intervention strategies. Cancer. 1996;78(7 suppl);1527-1532.
141. Cunningham-Sabo L, Davis SM. Pathways to health. A health promotion and cancer prevention project for American Indian youth. Alaska Med. 1993;35:275-278, 296.
142. Gorin SS, Heck JE, Cheng B, Smith SJ. Delays in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment by racial/ethnic group. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2244-2252.
143. Allgar VL, Neal RD. Delays in the diagnosis of six cancers: analysis of data from the National Survey of NHS Patients: Cancer. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:1959-1970.
144. Chao A, Becker TM, Jordan SW, Darling R, Gilliland FD, Key CR. Decreasing rates of cervical cancer among American Indians and Hispanics in New Mexico (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7:205-213.
145. Indian Health Service. Indian Health Service fact sheet. Available at URL: http://www.ihs.gov/PublicInfo/PublicAffairs/Welcome_Info/ThisFacts.asp, 2006 Accessed May 8, 2007.
146. Allison MT, Rivers PA, Fottler MD. Future public health delivery models for Native American tribes. Public Health. 2007;121:296-307.
147. Sievers ML, Cohen SL. Lung cancer among Indians of the southwestern United States. Ann Intern Med. 1961;54:912-915.
148. Lee BJ. The incidence of cancer among the Indians in the southwest Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1930;50:4:196-199.
149. Palmer EP. Incidence of cancer among Indians of the United States and Canada with specific reference to Arizona. Acta Unio Int Cancrum. 1953;9:373-391.
150. Johnson M.Lung cancer among the Alaska Natives. In: Science in Alaska, Proceedings of the 15th Alaskan Science Conference (1964). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Alaska Division; 1965:110-114.
151. Waxman AG. Colposcopy training for IHS providers: a strategy for improving cervical cancer screening in Native Americans. IHS Provider. 1992;17:41-43.
152. Waxman AG, Inkret W. Teaching colposcopy on the Navajo Indian Reservation. Colposcopist. 1991;23:1-2.
153. Hampton JW, Keala J, Luce P. Overview of National Cancer Institute networks for cancer control research in Native American populations. Cancer. 1996;78(7 suppl):1545-1552.
154. Becker TM, Joe JR, Cobb N, et al. Training for cancer control research: a curriculum for Native researchers. J Cancer Edu. 1999;14:233-237.
155. Kaur JS, Dignan M, Burhansstipanov L, Baukol P, Claus C. The "Spirit of Eagles" legacy. Cancer. 2006;107(8 suppl):1987-1994.
156. Becker TM, Lambert L, Puukka E, Stehr-Green P, Johnson CJ. Survival after cancer diagnosis among North-west American Indians/Alaska Natives. J Registry Manage. 2005;32:76-78.
157. Given LS, Black B, Lowry G, Huang P, Kerner JF. Collaborating to conquer cancer: a comprehensive approach to cancer control. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16(Suppl 1):3-14.
158. Gomez SL, Glaser SL. Misclassification of race/ethnicity in a population-based cancer registry (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2006;17:771-781.
159. Clegg LX, Reichman ME, Hankey BF, et al. Quality of race, Hispanic ethnicity, and immigrant status in population-based cancer registry data: implications for health disparity studies. Cancer Causes Control. 2007;18:177-187.
160. Link MW, Battaglia MP, Frankel MR, Osborn L, Mokdad AH. Address-based versus random-digit-dial surveys: comparison of key health and risk indicators. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:1019-1025.
161. Wilson-Stronks A, Galvez E. Hospitals, Language and Culture: A Snapshot of the Nation. The Joint Commission, 2007. Available at URL: http://www.jointcommission.org/NR/rdonlyres/E64E5E89-5734-4D1D-BB4D- C4ACD4BF8BD3/0/hlcpaper.pdf Accessed May 10, 2007.
162. Rosenberg HM, Maurer JD, Sorlie PD, et al. Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic origin: a summary of current research, 1999. Vital Health Stat 2. 1999;128:1-13.
163. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Tobacco use among adults-United States, 2005. MJWWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55:1145-1148.