Privileged partnership: An alternative final destination for Turkey's integration with the European union?

Perspectives on European Politics and Society

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 415-438

  Içener, Erhan ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Association; EU enlargement; Privileged partnership; Turkey

Indexed keywords

EID: 36048935650     PISSN: 15705854     EISSN: 15680258     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15705850701640777     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Aktan, G. (2005a) Privileged partnership, Turkish Daily News, 19 May. Available at http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=13574 (accessed 18 January 2007).
2. Aktan, G. (2005b) Chances for EU membership, Turkish Daily News, 20 September. Available at http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php? enewsid=23837 (accessed 18 January 2007).
3. Aydin, S. & Keyman, E. F. (2004) European Integration and the Transformation of Turkish Democracy CEPS EU-Turkey Working Papers No. 2 (Brussels: CEPS).
4. Baun, M. J. (2000) A Wider Europe: The Process and Politics of European Union Enlargement (Oxford and Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers).
5. BBC News (2002) Turkey entry 'would destroy EU', 8 November. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2420697.stm (accessed 18 January 2007).
6. BBC News (2004) Turkey 'is acid test for Europe', 23 March. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3560255.stm (accessed 18 January 2007).
7. BBC News (2005) Boost for Franco-German engine, 19 July. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4695943.stm (accessed 15 January 2007).
8. BBC Radio 4 (2005a) Today programme interview with Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, 22 September. Available at http://www.bbc.co. uk/radio4/today/listenagain/zthursday_20050922.shtml. (accessed 18 January 2007).
9. BBC Radio 4 (2005b) Today programme interview with the British Minister for Europe Douglas Alexander, 3 October. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/listenagain/zmonday_20051003. shtml (accessed 18 January 2007).
10. Brockes, E. (2005) The question: What is Austria's problem, The Guardian, 4 October. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0, 1584160,00.html (accessed 18 January 2007).
11. Bunting, M. (2005) Regime change, European-style, is a measure of our civilization, The Guardian, 26 September. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,1578131,00.html (accessed 18 January 2007).
12. Derviş, K. (2004) AB için özel statü istemeyiz, Radikal, 16 February. Available at http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php? haberno=106403 (accessed 18 January 2007).
13. Derviş, K., Emerson, M., Gros, D. & Ülgen, S. (2004) The European Transformation of Modern Turkey (Brussels: CEPS).
14. D'Estaing, V. G. (2004a) Return to reason, Zaman Online (English edition - renamed as Today's Zaman), 25 November. Available at http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=14146 (accessed 18 January 2007).
15. D'Estaing, V. G. (2004b) A better European bridge to Turkey, Financial Times, 25 November. Available at http://www.ft.com (accessed 18 January 2007).
16. Die Welt (2006) Öffnung von Märkten schafft Arbeitsplätze, Interview with Günter Verheugen, 20 February. Available at http://www.welt.de/data/2006/02/20/848679.html (accessed 18 January 2007).
17. The Economist (2002) A general speaks his mind: Turkey and the EU, 16 March, p. 47.
18. The Economist (2004) The coming crescent: Turkey and the European Union, 9 October, p. 13.
19. The Economist (2005a) Now that we're all bundled inside, let's shut the door, 28 April. Available at http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm? story_id=3909517 (accessed 15 January 2007).
20. The Economist (2005b) Bazaar bargaining: Turkey and the European Union, 3 September, p. 40.
21. EUbusiness (2005) Chirac's arch-rival sees no urgent need for EU talks with Turkey, 11 June. Available at http://www.eubusiness.com/East_Europe/ 050611160140.dvukmttr (accessed 21 March 2006).
22. EUobserver (2005) Austria moots alternative to Turkish membership, 31 August. Available at http://euobserver.com/?aid=19752&rk= l (accessed 2 September 2005).
23. EUobserver (2006) Merkel moots 'privileged partnership' for Western Balkans, 17 March. Available at http://euobse.rver.com/9/21163 (accessed 21 March 2006).
24. Euractiv (2005a) Main political parties in Austria oppose Turkey joining the EU, 14 May. Available at http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/ main-political-parties-austria-oppose-turkey-joining-eu/article-117845 (accessed 15 January 2007).
25. Euractiv (2005b) Rehn: Turkey is already a 'privileged partner' of the EU, 14 July. Available at http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/rehn- turkey-privileged-partner-eu/article-142431 (accessed 18 January 2007).
26. European Commission (1989) Commission Opinion on Turkey's Request for Accession to the Community, SEC(89) 2290 final/2, 20 December (Brussels: European Commission).
27. European Commission (2004) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Recommendation of the European Commission on Turkey's Progress Towards Accession, COM (2004) 656 final, 6 October (Brussels: European Commission).
28. European Commission (2005a) Negotiation Framework for Turkey: Principles Governing Negotiations, October (Brussels: European Commission).
29. European Commission (2005b) Eurobarometer 64, December (Brussels: European Commission).
30. European Council (1997) Presidency Conclusions, Luxembourg, 12-13 December, Press Release SN400/97, 12 December.
31. European Council (1999) Presidency Conclusions, Helsinki, 10-11 December, Press Release 00300/1/99, 11 December.
32. European Council (2003) Presidency Conclusions, Copenhagen, 12-13 December 2002, 15917/02 POLGEN 84, 29 January.
33. Fierke, K. M. & Wiener, A. (1999) Constructing institutional interests: EU and NATO enlargement, Journal of European Public Policy, 6(5), pp. 721-742.
34. Financial Times (2004) Giscard lends weight to plan for Turkey's 'partnership' with EU, 25 November. Available at http://news.ft.com (accessed 18 January 2007).
35. Financial Times (2005a) Merkel calls for rethink of Turkey's EU membership, 3 June. Available at http://news.ft.com (accessed 15 January 2007).
36. Financial Times (2005b) Austria opposes Turkey's EU push, 18 July. Available at http://news.ft.com (accessed 15 January 2007).
37. Financial Times (2005c) EU seeks to resolve Austrian doubts over Turkey, 26 September. Available at http://news.ft.com (accessed 15 January 2007).
38. Financial Times (2005d) Austrian leader claims 'double standards' over Croatia talks, 29 September. Available at http://news.ft.com (accessed 15 January 2007).
39. Financial Times (2006a) Anti-west backlash is gathering pace, warns Turkish minister, 20 July, p. 11.
40. Financial Times (2006b) EU freezes parts of Turkish accession talks, 12 December. Available at http://news.ft.com (accessed 12 December 2006).
41. Gordon, P. H. (1997) Turkey overreacts, but the EU is not blameless, International Herald Tribune, 20 December. Available at http://www.iht.com/articles/1997/12/20/edphil.t.php (accessed 15 January 2007).
42. Grabbe, H. (2002) Enlargement puts EU credibility on the line: Turkey is the litmus test, The Wall Street Journal, 11 October. Available at http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/grabbe_wsj_11oct02.html. (accessed 18 January 2007).
43. The Guardian (2005a) Splendid isolation, 5 October. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/austria/article/0,1585511,00.html (accessed 15 January 2007).
44. The Guardian (2005b) Turkey says it's all or nothing on EU proposal, 3 September. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0, 12700,1561844,00.html (accessed 18 January 2007).
45. Guttenberg, K. T. zu (2004) Preserving Europe: Offer Turkey a 'privileged partnership' instead, International Herald Tribune, 15 December. Available at http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/12/15/edgutten_ed3_.php (accessed 15 January 2007).
46. Hallstein, W. (1979) Die Türkei gehört zu Europa, Speech given during the signing ceremony of the Association Agreement between the EEC and Turkey, Ankara, 12 September 1963, in: T. Oppermann (Ed.) Europäische Reden, p. 439 (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche V.-A.).
47. Hill, F. & Taşpinar, Ö (2006) Turkey and Russia: Axis of the excluded, Survival, 48(1), pp. 81-92.
48. Hughes, K. (2004, June) Turkey and the European Union: Just Another Enlargement? Exploring the Implications of Turkish Accession, Friends of Europe Working Paper. Available at http://www.friendsofeurope.org/pdfs/ TurkeyandtheEuropeanUnion-WorkingPaperFoE.pdf
49. Huntington, S. P. (2005) Culture, power, and war: What roles for Turkey in the new global politics, Zaman Online (English edition - renamed as Today's Zaman), 26 May. Available at http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/ detaylar.do?load=detay&link=20005 (accessed 18 January 2007).
50. Kiniklioǧlu, S. (2006) Spurned by the West, Turkey looks eastward, International Herald Tribune, 7 September. Available at http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/07/opinion/edsuat.php (accessed 20 January 2007).
51. Kücükkaya, İ (2005) İmtiyazli ortakliǧi kabul etmeliydik, Interview with Hilmi Yavuz, Akşam, 17 October. Available at http://www.aksam.com.tr/haber.asp?a=9971,12 &tarih=17.10.2005 (accessed 18 January 2007).
52. Matzner, G. (2005) Austria is not a racist country, The Guardian, 13 October. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,12700,1591021, 00.html (accessed 18 January 2007).
53. Merkel, A. (2004a) The Future of Europe, Speech given in 46Discussion Forum organized by Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Ankara Office and Turkish Democracy Foundation, 16 February [own translation]. Available at http://www.kas.de/proj/home/home/44/12/webseite_id-2515/index.html (accessed 15 January 2007).
54. Merkel, A. (2004b) Für ein glaubwürdiges Angebot der EU an die Türkei, Speech given in the plenary session of German Bundestag, 16 December [own translation]. Available at http://www.cdu.de/doc/pdf/ 12_16_04_Rede_Merkel_Tuerkei_St_Bericht.pdf (accessed 15 January 2007).
55. Müftüler-Baç, M. (2005) Turkey's political reforms and the impact of the European Union, South European Society and Politics, 10(1), pp. 17-31.
56. Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy (2004) The European Union, Turkey and Islam (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press).
57. The New Anatolian (2005) France admits opposition to Turkish EU membership, 21 May. Available at http://www.turkishweekly.net/interview.php?id= 79 (accessed 18 January 2007).
58. Official Journal (1973) Agreement establishing an association between the European Economic Community and Turkey and the Additional Protocol, 16(C113), 24 December.
59. Parliament Magazine (2004) Indecent proposal, 13 December, p. 66. Available at http://www.tusiad.org.tr/haberler/basin/ab/6.pdf (accessed 18 January 2007).
60. Peel, Q. (2005) The game is stacked against Turkey, Financial Times, 30 June. Available at http://news.ft.com (accessed 15 January 2007).
61. Pflüger, F. (2004) Für ein glaubwürdiges Angebot der EU an die Türkei, Speech given during the plenary session of German Bundestag, 16 December [own translation]. Available at http://www.friedbert- pflueger.de (accessed 28 March 2006).
62. Pflüger, F. (2005) Türkei-Kurs rächt sich, Hannoversche Neue Presse, 21 June [own translation]. Available at www.friedbert- pflueger.de (accessed 28 March 2006).
63. Phinnemore, D. (1999) Association: Stepping-Stone or Alternative to EU Membership? (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press).
64. Phinnemore, D. (2006) Beyond 25 - The changing face of EU Enlargement: Commitment, conditionality and the Constitutional Treaty, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 8(1), pp. 7-26.
65. Poettering, H.-G. (2004a) Reasons for a privileged partnership between Turkey and the EU, Zaman Online (English edition - renamed as Today's Zaman), 14 December. Available at http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/ detaylar.do?load=detay&link=14731 (accessed 18 January 2007).
66. Poettering, H.-G. (2004b) Turkey's Progress Towards Accession, Speech during the debates in the European Parliament, 13 December. Available at the European Parliament's website via http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/ getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+-CRE+20041213+ITEM-010+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language= EN&query=INTERV&detail=1-061 (accessed 18 January 2007).
67. Prodi, R. (2004) The Commission's Report and Recommendation on Turkey's application: Presentation to the European Parliament, Speech/04/440, 6 October.
68. Quaisser, W. & Reppegather, A. (2004, January) EU-Beitrittsreife der Türkei und Konsequenzen einer EU-Mitgliedschaft, Osteuropa-Institutut München Working Papers No. 252 (München: Osteuropa-Institut München).
69. Radikal (2004) Özel statü'ye net yanit: Hayir, 17 February. Available at http://www.radik.al.com.tr/haber.php?haberno= 106505 (accessed 18 January 2007).
70. Repa, J. (2005) Analysis: EU views on Turkish bid, BBC News, 30 September. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4298408.stm (accessed 15 January 2007).
71. Rehn, O. (2005) Values define Europe, not borders, Financial Times, 4 January, p. 15.
72. Rehn, O. (2006a) Europe's Next Frontiers Lecture at Bilkent University, Ankara, Speech/06/561, 4 October.
73. Rehn, O. (2006b) The EU Accession Process, An Effective Tool of the European Foreign and Security Policy, Speech given at NATO Parliamentary Assembly, Brussels, Speech/06/112, 21 February.
74. Report of the Independent Commission on Turkey (2004) Turkey in Europe: More than a promise? (Brussels: British Council Belgium).
75. Schäuble, W. & Phillips, D. L. (2004) Talking Turkey: Is Europe ready for a Muslim, member?, Foreign Affairs, 83(6), pp. 134-137.
76. Schimmelfennig, F. (2001) The Community trap: Liberal norms, rhetorical action, and the Eastern enlargement of the European Union, International Organization, 55(1), pp. 47-80.
77. Sjursen, H. (2002) Why expand? The question of legitimacy and justification in the EU's enlargement policy, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(3), pp. 491-513.
78. Spiegel Online (2005) Will Turkish Delight Turn into Disappointment?, 30 September. Available at http://www.spiegel.de/international/ 0,1518,377555,00.html (accessed 15 January 2007).
79. Stephens, P. (2005) The time has come for Europe to open the gates to Islam, Financial Times, 7 October. Available at http://news.ft.com (accessed 18 January 2007).
80. Transatlantic Trends (2005) Key Findings 2005, The German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Compagnia di San Paolo, with additional support provided by Fundação Luso-Americana and Fundación BBVA. Available at http://www.transatlantictrends.org/index. cfm?year=2005 (accessed 15 January 2007).
81. Transatlantic Trends (2006) Key Findings 2006, The German Marshall. Fund of the United States and the Compagnia di San Paolo, with additional support provided by Fundação Luso-Americana and Fundación BBVA. Available at http://www.transatlantictrends.org/index. cfm?id=37 (accessed 20 January 2007).
82. Turkish Daily News (2005) Sarkozy's formula: Turkey's EU bid vs. EU integration, 26 February. Available at http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/ article.php?enewsid=6908 (accessed 18 January 2007).
83. Ünal, H. (2004) Turkey would be better off outside the EU, Financial Times, 17 December. Available at http://news.ft.com (accessed 18 January 2007).
84. Verheugen, G. (1999) Enlargement: Speed and Quality, Speech at 'The Second Decade Towards a New and Integrated Europe' conference, Den Haag, Speech/99/151, 4 November.
85. Verheugen, G. (2000) Enlargement is Irreversible, Speech given during the debate on Enlargement in the European Parliament, Speech/00/351, 3 October.
86. Wissmann, M. (2004) Europapolitik: Beitrittsverhandlungen mit Türkei nicht nur ergebnisoffen, sondern auch optionsoffen führen, 15 December. Available at http://www.cdu.de/archiv/2370_6040.htm (accessed 18 January 2007).
87. Yavuz, H. (2005) Niçin 'imtiyazli ortaklik'i savundum?, Zaman, 23 October. Available at http://www.zaman.com.tr/webapp-tr/yazar. do?yazino=222621 (accessed 18 January 2007).
88. Yüksel, A. S. (2005) Türkiye bugün de imtiyazli, Radikal, 14 July. Available at http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php? haberno= 158567 (accessed 18 January 2007).