Endocrine Hyperplasia and Dysplasia in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 851-865

  Rindi, Guido ^a   Solcia, Enrico ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DYSPLASIA; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GASTROINTESTINAL TUMOR; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERPLASIA; PANCREAS TUMOR; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; HYPERPLASIA; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 35748954907     PISSN: 08898553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2007.08.006     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Solcia E., Capella C., Vassallo G., et al. Endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa. Int Rev Cytol 42 (1975) 223-286
2. Simonsson M., Eriksson S., Hakanson R., et al. Endocrine cells in the human oxyntic mucosa. A histochemical study. Scand J Gastroenterol 23 9 (Nov 1988) 1089-1099
3. Solcia E., Rindi G., Buffa R., et al. Gastric endocrine cells: types, function, and growth. Regul Pept 93 1-3 (2000) 31-35
4. Rindi G., Necchi V., Savio A., et al. Characterisation of gastric ghrelin cells in man and other mammals: studies in adult and fetal tissues. Histochem Cell Biol 117 6 (2002) 511-519
5. Solcia E., Rindi G., Larosa S., et al. Morphological, molecular, and prognostic aspects of gastric endocrine tumors. Microsc Res Tech 48 6 (2000) 339-348
6. Kojima M., Hosoda H., Date Y., et al. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402 6762 (1999) 656-660
7. Modlin I.M., Lye K.D., and Kidd M. A 50-year analysis of 562 gastric carcinoids: small tumor or larger problem?. Am J Gastroenterol 99 1 (2004) 23-32
8. Mizuma K., Shibuya H., Totsuka M., et al. Carcinoid of the stomach: a case report and review of 100 cases reported in Japan. Ann Chir Gynaecol 72 1 (1983) 23-27
9. Sjoblom S.M., Sipponen P., Miettinen M., et al. Gastroscopic screening for gastric carcinoids and carcinoma in pernicious anemia. Endoscopy 20 2 (1988) 52-56
10. Rindi G., Luinetti O., Cornaggia M., et al. Three subtypes of gastric argyrophil carcinoid and the gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study. Gastroenterology 104 4 (1993) 994-1006
11. Solcia E., Fiocca R., Sessa F., et al. Morphology and natural history of gastric endocrine tumors. In: Håkanson R., and Sundler F. (Eds). The stomach as an endocrine organ (1991), Elsevier, Amsterdam 473-498
12. Hodgson N., Koniaris L.G., Livingstone A.S., et al. Gastric carcinoids: a temporal increase with proton pump introduction. Surg Endosc 19 12 (2005) 1610-1612
13. Jensen R.T. Consequences of long-term proton pump blockade: insights from studies of patients with gastrinomas. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 98 1 (2006) 4-19
14. Solcia E., Bordi C., Creutzfeldt W., et al. Histopathological classification of nonantral gastric endocrine growths in man. Digestion 41 (1988) 185-200
15. Solcia E., Capella C., Sessa F., et al. Gastric carcinoids and related endocrine growths. Digestion 35 Suppl 1 (1986) 3-22
16. Solcia E., Capella C., Buffa R., et al. Endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and related tumors. Pathobiol Annu 9 (1979) 163-204
17. Bordi C., Cocconi G., Togni R., et al. Gastric endocrine cell proliferation. Association with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Arch Pathol 98 4 (1974) 274-278
18. Bordi C., Gabrielli M., and Missale G. Pathologic changes of endocrine cells in chronic atrophic gastritis. An ultrastructural study on peroral gastric biopsy specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med 102 3 (1978) 129-135
19. Solcia E., Capella C., Buffa R., et al. Identification, ultrastructure, and classification of gut endocrine cells and related growths. Invest Cell Pathol 3 1 (1980) 37-49
20. Bordi C., Ferrari C., D'Adda T., et al. Ultrastructural characterization of fundic endocrine cell hyperplasia associated with atrophic gastritis and hypergastrinaemia. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 409 3 (1986) 335-347
21. Bordi C., Yu J.Y., Baggi M.T., et al. Gastric carcinoids and their precursor lesions. A histologic and immunohistochemical study of 23 cases. Cancer 67 3 (1991) 663-672
22. Srivastava A., Kamath A., Barry S.A., et al. Ghrelin expression in hyperplastic and neoplastic proliferations of the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Endocr Pathol 15 1 (2004) 47-54
23. Rubin W. A fine structural characterization of the proliferated endocrine cells in atrophic gastric mucosa. Am J Pathol 70 1 (1973) 109-118
24. Feyrter F., and Klima R. [Histopathology of gastric changes in pernicious anemia]. Munch Med Wochenschr 94 4 (1952) 145-153
25. Solcia E., Capella C., and Vassallo G. Endocrine cells of the stomach and pancreas in states of gastric hypersecretion. Rendic R Gastroenterol 2 (1970) 147-158
26. Solcia E., Capella C., Fiocca R., et al. Gastric argyrophil carcinoidosis in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia. A newly recognized association. Am J Surg Pathol 14 6 (1990) 503-513
27. Creutzfeldt W. The achlorhydria-carcinoid sequence: role of gastrin. Digestion 39 2 (1988) 61-79
28. D'Adda T., Corleto V., Pilato F.P., et al. Quantitative ultrastructure of endocrine cells of oxyntic mucosa in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Correspondence with light microscopic findings. Gastroenterology 99 1 (1990) 17-26
29. Bordi C., D'Adda T., Azzoni C., et al. Hypergastrinemia and gastric enterochromaffin-like cells. Am J Surg Pathol 19 Suppl 1 (1995) S8-S19
30. Solcia E., Fiocca R., Villani L., et al. Morphology and pathogenesis of endocrine hyperplasias, precarcinoid lesions, and carcinoids arising in chronic atrophic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 180 (1991) 146-159
31. Solcia E., Fiocca R., Villani L., et al. Hyperplastic, dysplastic, and neoplastic enterochromaffin-like cell proliferations of the gastric mucosa. Classification and histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 19 Suppl 1 (1995) S1-S7
32. Solcia E., Rindi G., Fiocca R., et al. Distinct patterns of chronic gastritis associated with carcinoid and cancer and their role in tumorigenesis. Yale J Biol Med 65 6 (1992) 793-804 [discussion: 827-9]
33. Lamberts R., Creutzfeldt W., Struber H.G., et al. Long-term omeprazole therapy in peptic ulcer disease: gastrin, endocrine cell growth, and gastritis. Gastroenterology 104 5 (1993) 1356-1370
34. Langhans N., Rindi G., Chiu M., et al. Abnormal gastric histology and decreased acid production in cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 112 1 (1997) 280-286
35. Rindi G., Langhans N., Rehfeld J.F., et al. Abnormal gastric morphology and function in CCK-B/gastrin receptor-deficient mice. Yale J Biol Med 71 3-4 (1998) 347-354
36. Chen D., Zhao C.M., Al-Haider W., et al. Differentiation of gastric ECL cells is altered in CCK(2) receptor-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 123 2 (2002) 577-585
37. Richards A.T., Hinder R.A., and Harrison A.C. Gastric carcinoid tumours associated with hypergastrinaemia and pernicious anaemia-regression of tumors by antrectomy. A case report. S Afr Med J 72 1 (1987) 51-53
38. Hirschowitz B.I., Griffith J., Pellegrin D., et al. Rapid regression of enterochromaffinlike cell gastric carcinoids in pernicious anemia after antrectomy. Gastroenterology 102 4 Pt 1 (1992) 1409-1418
39. Roucayrol A.M., and Cattan D. Evolution of fundic argyrophil cell hyperplasia in nonantral atrophic gastritis. Gastroenterology 99 5 (1990) 1307-1314
40. Lampert I.A., Thorpe P., Van Noorden S., et al. Selective sparing of enterochromaffin cells in graft versus host disease affecting the colonic mucosa. Histopathology 9 (1985) 875-886
41. Rindi G., Azzoni C., La Rosa S., et al. ECL cell tumor and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinoma of the stomach: prognostic evaluation by pathological analysis. Gastroenterology 116 3 (1999) 532-542
42. Bordi C., Azzoni C., Ferraro G., et al. Sampling strategies for analysis of enterochromaffin-like cell changes in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 114 3 (2000) 419-425
43. Solcia E., Capella C., Fiocca R., et al. Disorders of the endocrine system. In: Ming S.C., and Goldman H. (Eds). Pathology of the gastrointestinal tract (1998), Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 295-322
44. Arnold R., Hulst M.V., Neuhof C.H., et al. Antral gastrin-producing G cells and somatostatin-producing D cells in different states of gastric acid secretion. Gut 23 4 (1982) 285-291
45. Arnold R., Frank M., Simon B., et al. Adaptation and renewal of the endocrine stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 193 (1992) 20-27
46. Polak J.M., Stagg B., and Pearse A.G. Two types of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: immunofluorescent, cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies of the antral and pancreatic gastrin cells in different clinical states. Gut 13 7 (1972) 501-512
47. Friesen S.R., and Tomita T. Pseudo Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: hypergastrinemia, hyperchlorhydria without tumor. Ann Surg 194 4 (1981) 481-493
48. Keuppens F., Willems G., De Graef J., et al. Antral gastrin cell hyperplasia in patients with peptic ulcer. Ann Surg 191 3 (1980) 276-281
49. Oderda G., Fiocca R., Villani L., et al. Gastrin cell hyperplasia in childhood Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 5 (1993) 13-16
50. Rindi G., Annibale B., Bonamico M., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in children with antral gastrin cell hyperfunction. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 18 2 (1994) 152-158
51. Liu Y., Vosmaer G.D., Tytgat G.N., et al. Gastrin (G) cells and somatostatin (D) cells in patients with dyspeptic symptoms: Helicobacter pylori-associated and nonassociated gastritis. J Clin Pathol 58 9 (2005) 927-931
52. Holle G.E., Spann W., Eisenmenger W., et al. Diffuse somatostatin-immunoreactive D cell hyperplasia in the stomach and duodenum. Gastroenterology 91 3 (1986) 733-739
53. Anlauf M., Perren A., Meyer C.L., et al. Precursor lesions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-associated duodenal gastrinomas. Gastroenterology 128 5 (2005) 1187-1198
54. Merchant S.H., VanderJagt T., Lathrop S., et al. Sporadic duodenal bulb gastrin cell tumors: association with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Am J Surg Pathol 30 12 (2006) 1581-1587
55. Capella C., Riva C., Rindi G., et al. Endocrine tumors of the duodenum and upper jejunum. A study of 33 cases with clinico-pathological characteristics and hormone content. Hepatogastroenterology 37 2 (1990) 247-252
56. Anlauf M., Perren A., Henopp T., et al. Allelic deletion of the MEN1 gene in duodenal gastrin and somatostatin cell neoplasms and their precursor lesions. Gut 56 5 (2007) 637-644
57. Rindi G., Leiter A.B., Kopin A.S., et al. The normal endocrine cell of the gut. Changing concepts and new evidences. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1014 (2004) 1-12
58. Rahier J., Wallon J., and Henquin J.C. Cell populations in the endocrine pancreas of human neonates and infants. Diabetologia 20 5 (1981) 540-546
59. Solcia E. Capella C. Klöppel G. 3rd series edition. Tumours of the pancreas, volume Fascicle 7. Washington, DC: Armed Force Institute of Pathology; 1997.
60. Hazelwood R. The endocrine pancreas (1989), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (NJ)
61. Ray M.B., and Zumwalt R. Islet-cell hyperplasia in genetic deficiency of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor. Am J Clin Pathol 85 6 (1986) 681-687
62. Weidenheim K.M., Hinchey W.W., and Campbell Jr. W.G. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in adults with islet cell hyperplasia and degranulation of exocrine cells of the pancreas. Am J Clin Pathol 79 1 (1983) 14-24
63. Stefan Y., Bordi C., Grasso S., et al. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: a quantitative, immunohistochemical study of pancreatic islet cell populations. Diabetologia 28 12 (1985) 914-919
64. Rosenberg A.M., Haworth J.C., Degroot G.W., et al. A case of leprechaunism with severe hyperinsulinemia. Am J Dis Child 134 2 (1980) 170-175
65. Laidlaw G. Nesidioblastoma, the islet tumor of the pancreas. Am J Pathol 14 (1934) 125-134
66. Sempoux C., Guiot Y., Jaubert F., et al. Focal and diffuse forms of congenital hyperinsulinism: the keys for differential diagnosis. Endocr Pathol 15 3 (2004) 241-246
67. Anlauf M., Wieben D., Perren A., et al. Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in 15 adults with diffuse nesidioblastosis: diagnostic criteria, incidence, and characterization of beta cell changes. Am J Surg Pathol 29 4 (2005) 524-533
68. Goossens A., Gepts W., Saudubray J.M., et al. Diffuse and focal nesidioblastosis. A clinicopathological study of 24 patients with persistent neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Am J Surg Pathol 13 9 (1989) 766-775
69. Rahier J., Falt K., Muntefering H., et al. The basic structural lesion of persistent neonatal hypoglycaemia with hyperinsulinism: deficiency of pancreatic D cells or hyperactivity of B cells?. Diabetologia 26 4 (1984) 282-289
70. Rindi G., Bishop A.E., Murphy D., et al. A morphological analysis endocrine tumour genesis in pancreas and anterior pituitary of AVP/SV40 transgenic mice. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 412 3 (1988) 255-266
71. Rindi G., Grant S.G., Yiangou Y., et al. Development of neuroendocrine tumors in the gastrointestinal tract of transgenic mice. Heterogeneity of hormone expression. Am J Pathol 136 6 (1990) 1349-1363
72. Rindi G., Efrat S., Ghatei M.A., et al. Glucagonomas of transgenic mice express a wide range of general neuroendocrine markers and bioactive peptides. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 419 2 (1991) 115-129
73. Vortmeyer A.O., Huang S., Lubensky I., et al. Nonislet origin of pancreatic islet cell tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 4 (2004) 1934-1938
74. Perren A., Anlauf M., Henopp T., et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1): loss of one MEN1 allele in tumors and monohormonal endocrine cell clusters but not in islet hyperplasia of the pancreas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 3 (2007) 1118-1128
75. Cross S.S., Hughes A.D., Williams G.T., et al. Endocrine cell hyperplasia and appendiceal carcinoids. J Pathol 156 4 (1988) 325-329
76. Moyana T.N., and Satkunam N. A comparative immunohistochemical study of jejunoileal and appendiceal carcinoids. Implications for histogenesis and pathogenesis. Cancer 70 5 (1992) 1081-1088
77. Hock Y.L., Scott K.W., and Grace R.H. Mixed adenocarcinoma/carcinoid tumour of large bowel in a patient with Crohn's disease. J Clin Pathol 46 2 (1993) 183-185
78. Nascimbeni R., Villanacci V., Di Fabio F., et al. Solitary microcarcinoid of the rectal stump in ulcerative colitis. Neuroendocrinology 81 6 (2005) 400-404
79. Gledhill A., Hall P.A., Cruse J.P., et al. Enteroendocrine cell hyperplasia, carcinoid tumours, and adenocarcinoma in long-standing ulcerative colitis. Histopathology 10 5 (1986) 501-508
80. Matsumoto T., Jo Y., Mibu R., et al. Multiple microcarcinoids in a patient with long-standing ulcerative colitis. J Clin Pathol 56 12 (2003) 963-965