Spores of two fish microsporidia (Pseudoloma neurophilia and Glugea anomala) are highly resistant to chlorine

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 205-214

  Ferguson, Jayde A ^a   Watral, Virginia ^a   Schwindt, Adam R ^a   Kent, Michael L ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chlorine toxicity; Encephalitozoon cuniculi; Fungi fluor; Glugea anomala; Pseudoloma neurophilia; SYTOX green; Viability staining

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE; CYPRINID; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FUNGUS; PARASITE; PATHOGEN; SPORE; TOXICITY;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); DANIO RERIO; ENCEPHALITOZOON CUNICULI; FUNGI; GLUGEA; GLUGEA ANOMALA; MICROSPORIDIA; PSEUDOLOMA NEUROPHILIA;

CHLORINE; DISINFECTANT AGENT; ORGANIC COMPOUND; SYTOX GREEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG EFFECT; FISH DISEASE; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; FUNGUS SPORE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROSPORIDA; MICROSPORIDIOSIS; ZEBRA FISH;

ANIMALS; CHLORINE; DISINFECTANTS; FISH DISEASES; MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE; MICROSPORIDIA; MICROSPORIDIOSIS; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; SPORES, FUNGAL; ZEBRAFISH;

EID: 35748943235     PISSN: 01775103     EISSN: 16161580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3354/dao076205     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Barnes ME, Stephenson H, Gabel M (2003) Use of hydrogen peroxide and formalin treatments during incubation of landlocked fall Chinook salmon eyed eggs. N Am J Aquacult 65:151-154
2. Canning CU, Lom J (1986) Introduction to the Microsporidia; general characteristics and development. In: Canning CU, Lom J (eds) The Microsporidia of vertebrates. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, p 11-12
3. Clark RM, Member ASCE, Eleanor RJ, Hoff J (1989) Analysis of inactivation of Giardia lamblia by chlorine. J Environ Engineer 115(1):80-90
4. Dezfuli BS, Giari L, Simoni E, Shinn AP, Bosi G (2004) Immunohistochemistry, histopathology and ultrastructure of Gasterosteus aculeatus tissues infected with Glugea anomala. Dis Aquat Org 58:193-202
5. Docker MF, Devlin RH, Richard J, Khattra J, Kent ML (1997) Sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Loma salmonae (Microsporea). Dis Aquat Org 29:41-48
6. Dyková I (1995) Phylum Microspora. In: Woo PTK (ed) Fish diseases and disorders, Vol 1, Protozoan and metazoan infections. CAB International, Wallingford, p 149-179
7. Green LC, LeBlanc PJ, Didier ES (2000) Discrimination between viable and dead Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Microsporidian) spores by dual staining with Sytox Green and Calcofluor White M2R. J Clin Microbiol 38:3811-3814
8. He Q, Leitch GJ, Visvesvara GS, Wallace S (1996) Effects of nifedipine, metronidazole, and nitric oxide donors on spore germination and cell culture infection of the microsporidia Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40: 179-185
9. Health Canada (2004) Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality: supporting documentation - Protozoa: Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Water Quality and Health Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa
10. Hoffman RM, Marshall MM, Polchert DM, Jost BH (2003) Identification and characterization of two subpopulations of Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:4966-4970
11. John DE, Nwachuku N, Pepper IL, Gerba CP. (2003). Development and optimization of a quantitative cell culture infectivity assay for the microsporidium Encephalitozoon intestinalis and application to ultraviolet light inactivation. J Microbiol Meth 52:183-196
12. Johnson CH, Marshall MM, DeMaria LA, Moffet JM, Korich DG (2003) Chlorine inactivation of spores of Encephalitozoon spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1325-1326
13. Jordan CN (2005) Encephalitozoon cuniculi: diagnostic test and methods of inactivation. MSc thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
14. Kent ML, Bishop-Stewart JK (2003) Transmission and tissue distribution of Pseudoloma neurophilia (Microsporidia) of zebrafish Danio rerio. J Fish Dis 26:1-4
15. Kent ML, Fournie JW (2007) Parasites of fishes. In: Baker DG (ed) Flynn's parasites of laboratory animals. Blackwell, New York, p 69-117
16. Kent ML, Kieser D (2003) Avoidance of introduction of exotic pathogens with Atlantic salmon reared in British Columbia. In: Lee CS, O'Bryen PJ (eds) Biosecurity in aquaculture production systems: exclusion of pathogens and other undesirables. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, p 43-50
17. Keohane EM, Weiss LM (1999) The structure, function, and composition of the microsporidian polar tube. In: Wittner M, Weiss LM (eds) The Microsporidia and microsporidiosis. American Society of Microbiology Press, Washington, DC, p 196-224
18. Khalifa AM, El Temsahy MM, Abou El Naga IF (2001) Effect of ozone on the viability of some protozoa in drinking water. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 31:603-616
19. Li X, Fayer R (2006) Infectivity of microsporidian spores exposed to temperature extremes and chemical disinfectants. J Eukaryot Microbiol 53:S77-S79
20. Leiro J, Cano E, Ubeira FM, Orallo F, Sanmartin L (2004) In vitro effects of resveratrol on the viability and infectivity of microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:2497-2501
21. Lom J, Dyková I (1992) Protozoan parasites of fishes. Developments in aquaculture and fisheries science, Vol 26. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam
22. Matthews JL, Brown AMV, Larison K, Bishop-Stewart JK, Rogers P, Kent ML (2001) Pseudoloma neurophilia n.g., n.sp., a new genus and species of Microsporidia from the central nervous system of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Eukaryot Microbiol 48:229-235
23. Narushin VG (2005) Egg geometry calculations using the measurements of length and breadth. Poult Sci 84:482-484
24. Santillana-Hayat M, Sarfati C, Fournier S, Chau F, Porcher R, Molina JM, Derouin F (2002) Effects of chemical and physical agents on viability and infectivity of Encephalitozoon intestinalis determined by cell culture and flow cytometry. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:2049-2051
25. Shaw RW, Kent ML (1999) Fish Microsporidia. In: Wittner M (ed) Microsporidia and microsporidiosis. American Society of Microbiology Press, Washington, DC, p 418-446
26. Shaw RW, Kent ML, Adamson ML (1999) Iodophor treatment is not completely efficacious in preventing Loma salmonae (Microsporidia) transmission in experimentally challenged Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum). J Fish Dis 22:311-313
27. Shaw RW, Kent ML, Adamson ML (2001) Viability of Loma salmonae (Microsporidia) under laboratory conditions. Parasitol Res 12:978-981
28. Summerfelt RC, Warner MC (1970) Geographical distribution and host parasite relationships of Pleistophora ovariae (Microsporida, Nosematidae) in Notemigonus crysoleucas. J Wildl Dis 6:457-465
29. van der Sar AM, Appelmelk BJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Bitter W (2004) A star with stripes: zebrafish as an infection model. Trends Microbiol 12:451-457
30. Vaney C, Conte A (1901) Sur une nouvelle microsporidie, Pleistophora mirandellae, parasite de l'ovaire d'Alburnus mirandella Blanch. C R Acad Sci 133:644-646
31. Weir SC, Pokorny NJ, Carreno RA, Trevors JT, Lee H (2002) Efficacy of common laboratory disinfectants on the infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cell culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2576-2579
32. Westerfield M (2000) The zebrafish book: a guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Danio rerio), 3rd edn. University of Oregon Press, Eugene, OR
33. Wolk DM, Johnson CH, Rice EW, Marshall MM, Grahn KF, Plummer CB, Sterling CR (2000) A spore counting method and cell culture model for chlorine disinfection studies of Encephalitozoon syn. Septata intestinalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:1266-1273