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Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 639-644

The dynamic plant stem cell niches

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PHYTOHORMONE; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

EID: 35648994273     PISSN: 13695266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2007.07.001     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (91)

References (43)
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    • ROSULATA (ROA) is the snapdragon orthologue of WUS. A mutant roa allele encodes a dominant-negative protein with a conserved C-terminal sequence deleted. A yeast two hybrid screen identified two proteins that interacted with the corresponding C-terminal region of WUS: TPL and a TPL homologue. Together, the data suggested that ROA/WUS function at least in part by repressing target genes through recruitment of the TPL co-repressor.
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    • This paper revealed a novel step in the production of active cytokinin and provided evidence that local cytokinin synthesis is essential for shoot meristem maintenance. The lonely guy (log) rice mutant showed a smaller vegetative meristem and premature termination of the floral meristems. LOG is expressed in the central region of the shoot meristem and encodes an enzyme that catalyses dephosphorybosylation of cytokinin nucleotides to produce active cytokinin. The interaction between LOG and the rice homologues of STM and WUS is not known yet.
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    • Both papers report that STM activates IPT7 and ARR5. Yanai et al. show that this causes an increase in the levels of cytokinin nucleotides. The functional relevance of the activation of cytokinin synthesis by STM was shown by experiments in which meristem development in the stm mutant was partially recovered after external application of cytokinin or after expression of IPT directly from the STM promoter. Jasinski et al. also showed that cytokinin and gibberellin have antagonistic roles in meristem maintenance: depletion of cytokinin by cytokinin oxidase, when combined with gain of gibberellin responses caused by the spindly mutation, caused frequent loss of meristem function.
    • Yanai O., Shani E., Dolezal K., Tarkowski P., Sablowski R., Sandberg G., Samach A., and Ori N. Arabidopsis KNOXI proteins activate cytokinin biosynthesis. Curr Biol 15 (2005) 1566-1571. Both papers report that STM activates IPT7 and ARR5. Yanai et al. show that this causes an increase in the levels of cytokinin nucleotides. The functional relevance of the activation of cytokinin synthesis by STM was shown by experiments in which meristem development in the stm mutant was partially recovered after external application of cytokinin or after expression of IPT directly from the STM promoter. Jasinski et al. also showed that cytokinin and gibberellin have antagonistic roles in meristem maintenance: depletion of cytokinin by cytokinin oxidase, when combined with gain of gibberellin responses caused by the spindly mutation, caused frequent loss of meristem function.
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    • WUSCHEL controls meristem function by direct regulation of cytokinin-inducible response regulators
    • This paper reported genes whose expression changed in response to ectopic activation of WUS. Of 44 repressed genes, 4 were type A ARR genes, which have been implicated in the negative regulation of cytokinin responses. Overexpression of a constitutively active form of ARR7 caused loss of organogenesis, consistent with a negative role in meristem maintenance. Combined loss of function of ARR 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9, however, resulted in smaller meristems and decreased WUS expression, suggesting that other ARRs might have a positive role meristem maintenance.
    • Leibfried A., To J.P.C., Busch W., Stehling S., Kehle A., Demar M., Kieber J.J., and Lohmann J.U. WUSCHEL controls meristem function by direct regulation of cytokinin-inducible response regulators. Nature 438 (2005) 1172-1175. This paper reported genes whose expression changed in response to ectopic activation of WUS. Of 44 repressed genes, 4 were type A ARR genes, which have been implicated in the negative regulation of cytokinin responses. Overexpression of a constitutively active form of ARR7 caused loss of organogenesis, consistent with a negative role in meristem maintenance. Combined loss of function of ARR 3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9, however, resulted in smaller meristems and decreased WUS expression, suggesting that other ARRs might have a positive role meristem maintenance.
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    • Cytokinins determine Arabidopsis root-meristem size by controlling cell differentiation
    • The authors studied how cell division and gene expression in the root meristem respond to manipulation of cytokinin levels and cytokinin signalling, and showed that cytokinin decreases root meristem size by stimulating cell differentiation at the transition zone.
    • Dello Ioio R., Linhares F.S., Scacchi E., Casamitjana-Martinez E., Heidstra R., Costantino P., and Sabatini S. Cytokinins determine Arabidopsis root-meristem size by controlling cell differentiation. Curr Biol 17 (2007) 678-682. The authors studied how cell division and gene expression in the root meristem respond to manipulation of cytokinin levels and cytokinin signalling, and showed that cytokinin decreases root meristem size by stimulating cell differentiation at the transition zone.
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    • The RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED gene regulates stem cell maintenance in Arabidopsis roots
    • Reduced RBR expression within the root meristem caused additional cell division, particularly in the columella. This was not caused by an increased division rate in initial cells but by ectopic division of daughter cells, suggesting that the latter acquired stem cell properties. Conversely, increased RBR activity caused premature differentiation of root stem cells. Overexpression of KPR2 (an inhibitor of cyclin D/kinase) had effects similar to overexpression of RBR; overexpression of cyclin D or E2F/DP had effects similar to loss of RBR function. The overall conclusion is that the canonical RBR pathway (KPR2 inhibits cyclin D/kinase, which inhibits RBR, which inhibits E2F) controls the shift from stem cell identity to differentiation in the root meristem.
    • Wildwater M. The RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED gene regulates stem cell maintenance in Arabidopsis roots. Cell 123 (2005) 1337. Reduced RBR expression within the root meristem caused additional cell division, particularly in the columella. This was not caused by an increased division rate in initial cells but by ectopic division of daughter cells, suggesting that the latter acquired stem cell properties. Conversely, increased RBR activity caused premature differentiation of root stem cells. Overexpression of KPR2 (an inhibitor of cyclin D/kinase) had effects similar to overexpression of RBR; overexpression of cyclin D or E2F/DP had effects similar to loss of RBR function. The overall conclusion is that the canonical RBR pathway (KPR2 inhibits cyclin D/kinase, which inhibits RBR, which inhibits E2F) controls the shift from stem cell identity to differentiation in the root meristem.
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    • A tetracycline-inducible system was used to express Arabidopsis RBR in the tobacco shoot meristem. RBR inhibited cell division and induced cell differentiation, on the basis of increased vacuolation and early signs of plastid development. Localised, transient RBR expression in the meristem led to long-term inhibition of leaf formation.
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    • Chromatin organization and cell fate switch respond to positional information in Arabidopsis
    • The epidermis of the Arabidopsis root meristem has alternating files of atrichoblasts, which express GLABRA2 (GL2), and trichoblasts, which do not. Using fluorescent in situ hybridisation, this paper shows that GL2 expression is associated with a more 'open' chromatin state at the GL2 locus in atrichoblasts. This chromatin state was not stably inherited; instead, it responded rapidly to changes in cell identity, which occur when misaligned cell division displaces daughter cells into an adjacent file.
    • Costa S., and Shaw P. Chromatin organization and cell fate switch respond to positional information in Arabidopsis. Nature 439 (2006) 493-496. The epidermis of the Arabidopsis root meristem has alternating files of atrichoblasts, which express GLABRA2 (GL2), and trichoblasts, which do not. Using fluorescent in situ hybridisation, this paper shows that GL2 expression is associated with a more 'open' chromatin state at the GL2 locus in atrichoblasts. This chromatin state was not stably inherited; instead, it responded rapidly to changes in cell identity, which occur when misaligned cell division displaces daughter cells into an adjacent file.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.439 , pp. 493-496
    • Costa, S.1    Shaw, P.2


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