On the qualities of the air as affected by radiant energies (photocatalytic ionization processes for remediation of indoor environments)

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 329-342

  Daniels, Stacy L ^a  

^a Ingenuity IEQ Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Advanced treatment; Bioaerosols; IEQ; Indoor environmental quality; Particulate matter; PCO; Photocatalytic oxidation; TiO2; Titanium dioxide; Ultraviolet; UV; Volatile organic compounds

Indexed keywords

ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY DISSIPATION; IONIZATION; PHOTOCATALYSIS; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS; BUILDING DESIGNS; INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION; RADIANT ENERGIES;

AIR QUALITY;

EID: 35648978155     PISSN: 14962551     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/S06-072     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. American Lung Association (ALA). 1997. Online residential air cleaning devices: types, effectiveness and health impact [online]. Available from http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=39289.
2. Bahnfleth, W.P., Kowalski, W.J., and Freihaut, J. 2005. Standard and guideline requirements for UVGI air treatment systems, Proc. Indoor Air 2005, Beijing, China, pp. 3464-3468.
3. Bhatkhande, D.S., Pangarkar, V.G., and Beenackers, A.A.C.M. 2001. Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications - a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 77: 102-116.
4. Blake, D.M. 2001. Bibliography of work on the heterogeneous photocatalytic removal of hazardous compounds from water and air. p. 80, NREL Report No. TP-430-6084; Update No. 1, To June 1995, p. 107, NREL Report No. TP-473-20300; Update No. 2, to October 1996. p. 93, NREL Report No. TP-430-22197; Update No. 3 to January 1999, p. 169, NREL Report No. TP-570-26797; Update No. 4 to October 2001, p. 272, NREL Report No. TP-510-31319.
5. Bolton, J.R., Bircher, K.G., Tumas, W., and Tolman, C.A. 2001. Figures-of-merit for the technical development and application of advanced oxidation technologies for both electric- and solar-driven systems. Pure Appl. Chem. 73(4): 627-637.
6. Branson, D.J. 2004. Photocatalysis: raising the stakes for IAQ. Engineered Systems Magazine, December 2004, BNP Media, Troy, Mich.
7. Branson, D.J. 2006. Photocatalysis: considerations for IAQ-sensitive engineering designs. Engineered Systems Magazine, April 2006, BNP Media, Troy, Mich.
8. Business Communications Co., Inc. 2006. US Indoor Air Quality Market and Trends. Report ENV-003B. September 2006. Available from http://www.bccresearch. com/env/ENV003B.asp.
9. Chae, J.O., Demidiouk, V., Yeulash, M., Choi, I.C., and Jung, T.G. 2004. Experimental study for indoor air control by plasma-catalyst hybrid system. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 32(2): 403-407.
10. Chapuis, Y., Klvana, D., Guy, C., and Kirchnerova, J. 2002. Photocatalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds using fluorescent visible light. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 52: 845-854.
11. Chen, W., and Zhang, J.S. 2004. Online comparison testing of air cleaners testing of air cleaners for removing multi for removing multi-volatile organic compounds volatile organic compounds in indoor air [online]. Presented at High-Performance Green Building Design Series, Center for Economic and Environmental Partnership, Inc., Syracuse, N.Y, 7 July 2004. Available from http://eqs.syr.edu/documents/research/ Comparison%20Testing%20of%20Air%20Cleaners%20Com parison%20Testing%20of%20Air%20Cleaners.pdf.
12. Chen, W., Zhang, J.S., and Zhang, Z. 2002. Development of a standard, test method for determining the performance of gas-phase air cleaning devices. MAME BEES Lab, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Environmental Quality Systems Symposium, Syracuse, N.Y., 29-30 October 2002.
13. Chen, W., Zhang, J.S., and Zhang, Z. 2005. Performance of air cleaners for removing multiple-volatile organic compounds in indoor air. ASHRAE Trans. 111(1): 1101-1114.
14. Chou, M.-S., Huang, B.-J., and Chang, H.-Y. 2005. Decomposition of gas phase 1, 3-butadiene by ultraviolet/ozone process. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 55: 919-929.
15. Civitas Group, LLC. 2006. The Homeland Security Market, Essential Dynamics and Trends. November 2006. 36pp. Available from http://www. civitasgroup.com/reports/20061208.pdf.
16. Daniels, S.L. 2000. Interactions of volatile organic compounds and particulates - speciation of copollutants in indoor and outdoor air environments for risk assessment. Proceedings of the Odors and VOC Emissions 2000 Conference, Water Environment Federation, Cincinnati, Ohio, Paper 5-3.
17. x, Proceedings of the 94th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Conference, Orlando, Fla., 24-28 June 2001, Paper 918.
18. Daniels, S.L. 2001b. Engineered solutions for mitigation of IAQ problems. Proceedings 2nd NSF International Conference on Indoor Air Health, Miami Beach, Fla., 29-31 January 2001, Paper 9-2, pp. 243-249.
19. Daniels, S.L. 2002. On the ionization of air for removal of noxious effluvia (airionization of indoor environments for control of volatile and particulate contaminants with nonthermal plasmas generated by dielectric barrier discharge. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 30(4): 1471-1481.
20. Daniels, S.L. 2006. Verification of IEQ technologies in the design and operation of smart "green buildings". Proceedings Indoor Environmental Quality: Problems and Engineering Solutions, A&WMA & USEPA, 17-19 July 2006, Durham, N.C. CP-148-CD.
21. Daniels, S.L., and Fox, M.T. 1999. Engineering design for indoor air environments: perception vs. reality. First NSF International Conference on Indoor Air Health - Impacts, Issues, and Solutions, Denver, Colo., 3-5 May 1999. Paper E-5, pp. 65-74.
22. x). Proceedings 2nd NSF International Conference on Indoor Air Health, Miami Beach, Fla., 29-31 January 2001, Paper 11-0, pp. 346-352.
23. Daniels, S.L., Batterman, S.A., White, W.C., Wood, A., and Klemp, M. A. 1998. Applications of high-speed gas chromatography for the analysis of VOCs and MVOCs in indoor air environments. EPA-AWMA 13th Annual International Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants, Cary, NC, 1-3 September 1998, A&WMA Publication VIP-85, Vol. II, pp. 621-632.
24. Daniels, S.L., Fox, M.T., Monticello, R.A., and White, W.C. 2003. Assessment of proactive/reactive technologies for air cleaning. Proceedings Indoor Air Quality: Problems and Engineering Solutions, A&WMA and USEPA, 21-23 July 2003, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
25. Fänger, P.O. 1998. Discomfort caused by odorants and irritants in the air. Indoor Air Suppl. 4: 81-86.
26. Fiedler, N., Laumbach, R., Kelly-McNeil, K., Lioy, P., Fan, Z.-H., Zhang, J., Ottenweller, J., Ohman-Stickland, P., and Kipen, H. 2005. Online health effects of a mixture of indoor air volatile organics, their ozone oxidation products, and stress [online]. Available from http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/ 2005/8132/8132.pdf.
27. Fink, R.G. 2004. Online photohydroionization® - an advanced oxidation technology, the history, evolution, validation, case studies, pilot plants and product lines utilizing photohydroionization® for water, food, air, laundry, and grease treatment [online]. Available from. http://www.rgf.com/documents/ PHI_article.pdf.
28. Fujishima, A., Rao, T.N., and Tryk, D.A. 2000. Titanium, dioxide photocatalysis. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C. 1: 1-21.
29. Glaze, W.H., Kang, J.W., and Chapin, D.H. 1987. The chemistry of water treatment processes involving ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation. Ozone: Sci. Eng. 9(4): 335-352.
30. Glaze, W.H., Beltran, F.J., Tuhkanen, T.A., Kang, J.-W. 1992. Chemical models of advanced oxidation processes. Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 27: 23-42.
31. Goswami, D.Y. 2003. Decontamination of ventilation systems using photocatalytic air cleaning technology. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 126: 359-365.
32. Grinshpun, S.A., Adhikari, A., Honda, T., Kim., K.Y., Toivola, M., RamchanderRao, K.S., and Reponen, T. 2006. Control of aerosol contaminants in indoor air: combining the particle concentration with microbial inactivation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(2): 606-612.
33. 2 photocatalysis: a historical overview and future prospects. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(12): 8269-8285.
34. Hodgson, A.T., Sullivan, D.P., and Fisk, W.J. 2005a. Evaluation of ultra-violet photocatalytic oxidation (UVPCO) for indoor air applications. Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory, Report LBNL-58074.
35. Hodgson, A.T., Sullivan, D.P., and Fisk, W.J. 2005b. Evaluation of ultra-violet photocatalytic oxidation (UVPCO) for indoor air applications: conversion of volatile organic compounds at low partper-billion concentrations. Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory, Report LBNL-58936.
36. Hoffmann, M.R., Martin, S.T., Choi, W., and Bahnemann, D.W. 1995. Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 95(1): 69-96.
37. IUVA. 2007. What is UV? International Ultraviolet Association, Barrie, Ontario. Available from http://www.iuva.org/public/what_is_uv.php.
38. Jacoby, W.A., Blake, D.M., Fennell, J.A., Boulter, J.E., Vargo, L.M., George, M.C., and Dolberg, S.K. 1996. Heterogeneous photocatalysis for control of volatile organic compounds in indoor air. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46: 891-898.
39. 2 catalyst: comparison of three UV sources. Chemosphere, 57: 663-671.
40. Khalifa, H.E. 2005. Effect of non-uniform UV irradiation on photocatalytic air purifier performance. ASHRAE Trans. 111(2).
41. Kim, H.-H. 2004. Nonthermal plasma processing for air-pollution control: a historical review, current issues, and future prospects. Plasma Processes Polym. 1(2): 91-110.
42. Kogelschatz, U., Eliasson, B., and Hirth, M. 1988. Ozone generation from oxygen and air: discharge physics and reaction mechanisms. Ozone: Sci. Eng. 10(4): 367-378.
43. Kogelschatz, U., Eliasson, B., and Egli, W. 1999. From ozone generators to flat television screens: history and future potential of dielectric-barrier discharges. PureAppl. Chem. 71(10): 1819-1828.
44. Kosar, D., and Freihaut, J. 2006. Online NCEMBT program on air filtration & air cleaning [online]. Available from http://www.ncembt.org/downloads/ NCEMBT-UIC-PSU-SU%20Presentation%20to%20CIAQ%204-19-06.pdf.
45. Kowalski, W.J., and Bahnfleth, W.E. 2003. Effective UVGI system design through improved design. UVGI Design Basics for Air and Surface Disinfection. ASHRAE Trans. 106(2): 4-15.
46. Kowalski, W.J., Bahnfleth, W.E., Witham, D.L., Severin, B.F., and Whittam, T.S. 2000. Mathematical modeling of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for air disinfection. Quantum. Microbiol. 2: 249-270.
47. Kujundzic, E., Matalkah, F., Howard, C.J., Hernandez, M., and Miller, S .L. 2006. UV air cleaners and upper-room air ultraviolet germidical irradiation for controlling airborne bacteria and fungal spores. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 3: 536-546.
48. Lias, S.G., and Bartmess, J.E. 2005. Gas-phase ion thermochemistry. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, June 2005 Release.
49. McGraw Hill Construction. 2006. Green Building SmartMarket Report. 44pp. Available from http://www.construction.ecnext.com/co.ms2/su.mmary_0249- 87264_ITM_analytics.
50. Meylan, W.M., and Howard, P.H. 2001. A review of quantitative structure-activity relationship methods for the prediction of atmospheric oxidation of organic compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22(8): 1724-1732.
51. Mills, A., and LeHunte, S. 1997. An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A. 108: 1-35.
52. Mo, J., Zhang, Y., and Yang, R. 2005. Novel insight into VOC removal performance of photocatalytic oxidation reactors. Indoor Air, 15: 2291-2300.
53. Morrison, G.C. 1999. Ozone-surface interactions: investigations of mechanisms, kinetics, mass transport, and implications for indoor air quality. Ph.D. dissertation, Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
54. NIOSH. 2003. Online guidance for filtration and air-cleaning systems to protect building environments from airborne chemical, biological, or radiological attacks [online]. DHHS (NIOSH), Pub No. 2003-136. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-136/pdfs/2003-136.pdf.
55. Nunez, C.M., Ramsey, G.H., Ponder, W.H., Abbott, J.H., Hamel, L.E., and Kariher, P.H. 1993. Corona destruction: an innovative control technology for VOCs and air toxics. Air Waste, 43: 242-247.
56. Oppenlander, T. 2003. Photochemical purification of water and air, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): principles, reaction mechanisms, reactor concepts. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim.
57. Penetrante, B.M., and Schulthesis, S.E. Editors. 1993. Non-thermal plasma techniques for pollution control: part A. overview, fundamentals, and supporting technologies, part B. electron bean and electrical discharge processing. Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
58. Peral, J., Domènech, X., and Ollis, D.F 1997. Heterogeneous photocatalysis for purification, decontamination and deodorization of air. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 70(2): 117-140.
59. Persily, A. 2004. Building ventilation & pressurization as a security tool. ASHRAE J. 46(9): 18-20, 22-24, and 26.
60. 2 photocatalysis. Catal. Today, 63: 363-369.
61. Priest, J., McLaughlin, J., Christiansen, L., Zhivov, A., McCulley, M., Chamberlin, G., Tumbleson, M., Maghirang, R., Shaw, B., Li, Z., Arogo, J., and Zhang, R. 1995. Ventilation technology systems analysis. USEPA Report EPA-600/R-95-065.
62. Rubin, M.B. 2001. The history of ozone: the Schönbein period, 1839-1868. Bull. Hist. Chem. 26(1): 40-56.
63. Sattler, M.L., and Liljestrand, H.M. 2003. Method, for predicting photocatalytic oxidation rates of organic compounds. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 53(1): 3-12.
64. Sutter, J.L. 2005. Application and protection against airborne chemical and biological threats, white paper. Genesis Air Inc., Lubbock, Tex.
65. Tompkins, D.T. 2003. Evaluation of photocatalytic air cleaning capability -a literature review and engineering analysis. ASHRAE Research Project. RP-1134, ASHRAE, Pittsburgh, Penn.
66. Tompkins, D.T., Lawnicki, B.J., Zeltner, W.A., Anderson, M.A. 2005a. Evaluation of photocatalysis for gas-phase air cleaning part 1: process, technical and sizing considerations. ASHRAE Trans. 111(2).
67. Tompkins, D.T., Lawnicki, B.J., Zeltner, W.A., and Anderson, M.A. 2005b. Evaluation of photocatalysis for gas-phase air cleaning, part 2: economics and utilization. ASHRAE Trans. 111(2).
68. USEPA. 1998. Online handbook: advanced photochemical oxidation processes [online]. Available from http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/Pubs/1998/625R98004.pdf.
69. USEPA. 1990a. Online residential air cleaning devices: a summary of available information [online]. Available from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ airclean.html.
70. USEPA. 1990b. Online ozone generators that are sold as air cleaners, an assessment of effectiveness and health consequences [online]. Available from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ozonegen.html.
71. USEPA. 2004. Online homeland security strategy [online]. Available from http://www.epa.gov/homelandsecurity/pdfs/EPA-HS-Strategy.pdf.
72. USEPA. 2005. Online program needs for indoor air environments research (PNIER) [online]. Available from http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/pnier.pdf.
73. US Green Building Council (USGBC). 2005. Online leadership in energy & environmental design (LEED™), reference guide for new construction & major renovations [online]. Available from https://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile. aspx?DocumentID=1095.
74. VanVeldhuizen, E.M. 1999. Electrical discharges for environmental purposes: fundamentals and applications. Nova Science, New York, N.Y.
75. Weschler, C.J., and Wells, R. 2004. Reactions among indoor pollutants. Indoor Air, 14: 373-375.
76. White, W.C., and Gettings, R.L. 1986. Evaluating the antimicrobial properties of silane modified surfaces. In Silanes, Surfaces, and Interfaces. Edited by D.E. Leyden. Gordon and Breach, New York, N.Y. pp. 107-140
77. Wu, C.C. and Lee, G.W.M. 2004. Oxidation of volatile organic compounds by negative air ions. Atmos. Environ. 38: 687-695.
78. Yu, K.-P., Lee, G.W.-M., Huang, W.-M., Wu, C.-C., and Lou, C.-I. 2006a. Effectiveness of photocatalytic filter for removing volatile organic compounds in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56: 666-674.
79. Yu, K.-P., Lee, G.W.-M., Huang, W.-M., Wu, C.-C., and Yang, S. 2006b. The correlation between photocatalytic oxidation performance and chemical/physical properties of indoor volatile organic compounds. Atmos. Environ. 40: 375-385.
80. Zeltner, W. A., and Tompkins, D.T. 2005. Shedding light on photocatalysis. ASHRAE Trans. 111(2).
81. Zhang, Y., Yang, R., and Zhao, R. 2003. A model for analyzing the performance of photocatalytic air cleaner in removing volatile organic compounds. Atmos. Environ. 37: 3395-3399.