Evaluation of photocatalysis for gas-phase air cleaning -Part 1: Process, technical, and sizing considerations

ASHRAE Transactions

Volumn 111 PART 2, Issue , 2005, Pages 60-84

  Tompkins, Dean T ^a,b   Lawnicki, Benjamin J ^d   Zeltner, Walter A ^b   Anderson, Marc A ^c  

^a ASHRAE ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c University of Wisconsin Madison   (United States)

^d INTEL CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEACTIVATION; GAS-PHASE AIR CLEANING; MOLECULAR OXYGEN; PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION (PCO);

AIR; BYPRODUCTS; CARBON DIOXIDE; CATALYSTS; CHEMICAL ACTIVATION; CLEANING; OXIDATION; OXYGEN;

PHOTOCATALYSIS;

EID: 29144434465     PISSN: 00012505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (185)

1. Aguado, M.A., J. Gimenez, and S. Cervera-March. 1992. A new continuous device to perform S-L-G photocatalytic studies. Solar Energy 49(1):47-52.
2. 2 ceramic membranes. J. Molec. Catal. 89(1-2): 165-178.
3. Ait-Ichou, I., M. Formenti, B. Pommier, and S.J. Teichner. 1985, J. Catal. 91:293-307.
4. Alberici, R.M. and W.E. Jardim, 1997. Photocatalytic destruction of VOCs in the gas-phase using titanium dioxide. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 14(1-2):55-68.
5. 2/UV photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. J. American Soc. For Mass Spectrometry 9(12): 1321-1327.
6. Alpert, D.J., J.L. Sprung, J.E. Pacheco, M.R. Praitie, H.E. Reilley, T.A. Milne, and M.R. Nimlos. 1991. Sol. Energy Mater. 24:594.
7. Ameen, M.M., and G.B. Raupp. 1999. Reversible catalyst deactivation in the photocatalytic oxidation of dilute o-xylene in air. J. Catal. 184(1):112-122.
8. 2 porous ceramic membrane. In D.F. Ollis and H. Al-Ekabi (eds.). Photocatalytic purification and treatment of water and air. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 405-420.
9. Anderson, M.A., W.A. Zeltner, X. Fu, D.T. Tompkins, and D.T. Reindl. 1996. Photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde and other VOCs in indoor air. CIAR Currents. December.
10. Annapragacla, R., R. Leet, R. Changrani, and G.B. Raupp. 1997. Vacuum photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene. Environ Sci. Technol. 31 (7): 1898-1901.
11. 2O on various titanium-oxide catalysts. J. Electroanalytical Chem. 396(1-2):21-26.
12. Anpo, M., T. Nomura, T. Kitao, E. Giamello, D. Murphy, M. Che, and M.A. Fox. 1991. Approach to de-nox-ing photocatalysis. 2. Excited-state of copper ions supported on silica and photocatalytic activity for NO decomposition. Res. Chem. Intermed. 15(3):225-237.
13. Anpo, M., Y. Ichihashi, and H. Yamashita. 1997. Developments of active titanium oxide catalyst for removal of NOx and visible sensitive second generation titanium oxide photocatalyst. Petrotech 20(1):66-72.
14. Atkinson, R., and S.M. Schmann. 1989. Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of the OH radical with a series of aromatic-hydrocarbons at 296 +/- 2°K. Int. J. Chem. Kinetics 21(5):355-365.
15. Ayoub, P.M. 1986. A transport reactor for photocatalytic reactions. Thesis. Northwestern University. Illinois.
16. 2 suspensions. Sol. Energy Mater. 24(1-4):564-583.
17. Bahnemann, D., J. Cunningham, M.A. Fox, E. Pelizzetti, P. Pichat, and N. Serpone. 1994. Photocatalytic treatment of waters. Chap. 21 in Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry (G.R. Helz, R.G. Zepp, and D.G. Crosby, eels.) Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL, p. 281.
18. Bickley, R.I., G. Munuera, and F.S. Stone. 1973. Photoadsorption and photocatalysis at rutile surfaces. II Photocatalytic oxidation of isopropanol. J. Catal. 31:398-407.
19. Blake, D.M. 1999. Bibliography of work on the heterogeneous photocatalytic removal of hazardous compounds from water and air; Update Number 3 to January 1999. Golden, CO. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-570-26797.
20. Blake, D.M., J. Webber, C. Turchi, and K. Magrine, 1991. Sol. Energy Mater. 24:584.
21. Blake, N.R., and G.L. Griffin. 1988. Selectivity control during the photo-assisted oxidation of 1-butanol on titanium dioxide. J. Phys. Chem. 92:5697-5701.
22. Blanco, J., P. Avila, A. Bahamonde, E. Alvarez, B. Sanchez, and M. Romero. 1996. Photocatalytic destruction of toluene and xylene at gas phase on a titania based monolithic catalyst. Catal. Today 29(1-4):431-442.
23. 2 (110). Surf. Sci. 415(3):L1001-L1006.
24. 2(110). J. Phys. Chem. B 102(391:7596-7605.
25. 2. Indust. Engr. Chem. Res. 38(3):892-896.
26. 2/UV-VIS. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 112(1):73-80.
27. 2 surfaces. J. Catal. 134:317-322.
28. 2 films. J. Phys. Chem. B 103(15):2912-2917.
29. Casado, J., J.M. Herrmann, and P. Pichat. 1990. Phototransformation of o-xylene over atmospheric solid aerosols in the presence of molecular oxygen and water. Phys.-Chem. Behav. Atmos. Pollut. [Proc. Eur. Symp.] 5:283-288.
30. Courbon, H., J.M. Herrmann, and P. Pichat. 1981. Photocatalytic isotopic exchange between cyclopentane and deuterium over a bifunctional platinum/titanium dioxide catalyst. J. Catal. 72(1): 129-138.
31. Courbon, H., J.M. Herrmann, and P. Pichat. 1984. Effect of platinum deposits on oxygen adsorption and oxygen isotope exchange over variously pretreated, ultraviolet-illuminated powder titanium dioxide. J. Phys. Chem. 88(22):5210-5214.
32. 2 in the normal SMSI state. J. Catal. 95:539.
33. Courbon, H., M. Formenti, F. Juillet, A.A. Lisachenko, J. Martin, and S.J. Teichner. 1973. Photocatalytic activity of nonporous titanium dioxide (anatase). Kinet. Catal. 14:110-117.
34. 2 at 348 K studied by gas chromatographic analysis. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 77:2777-2801.
35. Cunningham, J., E. Finn, and N. Samman. 1974. Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 58:160.
36. 2 pre-chlorination, mechanistic correlations, intermediates identification. Ph.D. thesis. North Carolina State and Ecole Centrale de Lyon.
37. d'Hennezel, O., and D.F. Ollis. 1996. Studies in Surf Sci. Catal. 101. Part A. J.W. Hightower, W.N. Delgass, E. Iglesia, and A.T. Bell, editors. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 435.
38. d'Hennezel, O., and D.F. Ollis. 1997. Trichloroethylene-promoted photocatalytic oxidation of air contaminants J. Catal. 167:118.
39. 2: by-products and mechanisms. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A - Chem. 118(3): 197-204.
40. Dibble, L.A., and G.B. Raupp. 1990. Kinetics of gas-solid heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene by near UV illuminated titanium dioxide. Catal. Lett. 4(4-6):345-354.
41. Dibble, L.A., and G.B. Raupp. 1992. Fluidized-bed oxidation of trichloroethylene in contaminated air-streams. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(3):492-495.
42. Dreyer, M., G.K. Newman, L. Lobban, S.J. Kersey, R. Wang, and J.H. Harwell. 1997. Enhanced oxidation of air contaminants on an ultra-low density UV-accessible aerogel photocatalyst. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 454, Advanced Catalytic Materials-1996:141-146.
43. 2. J. Phys. Chem. B 102(8):1418-1423.
44. 2 and ZnO: Influence of trichloroethylene pressure, oxygen pressure, and the photocatalyst surface on the product distribution. J. Phys. Chem. B 102(3):549-556.
45. Driessen, M.D., T.M. Miller, and V.H. Grassian. 1998b. Photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene on zinc oxide: Characterization of surface-bound and gas-phase products and intermediates with FT-IR spectroscopy. J. Molecular Catal. A - Chem. 131 (1-3): 149-156.
46. Edwards, M.E. 1994. Kinetics and intraparticle mass transfer limitations in photocatalytic systems, PhD thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison, pp. 114-116.
47. 2 in a humidified airstream. Phys. Chem. Chemical Physics 1(20):4903-4908.
48. Formenti, M., F. Juillet, P. Meriaudeau, and S.J. Teichner. 1971. Heterogeneous photocatalysis for partial oxidation of paraffins. Chem. Technol. 1:680-686.
49. Fox, M.A. 1983. Organic heterogeneous photocatalysis: chemical conversions sensitized by irradiated semi-conductors. Acc. Chem. Res. 16:314-321.
50. Fox, M.A. 1991. Selective formation of organic compounds by photoelectrosynthesis. Top. Curr: Chem. 142:72.
51. Fox, M.A., R.B. Draper, M.T. Dulay, and K. O'Shea. 1991. Photochemical conversion and storage of solar energy. E. Pelizzetti and N. Serpone, editors. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 323.
52. Fox, M.A., and M.T. Dulay. 1993. Heterogeneous photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 93(1):341-357.
53. Fu, X., L.A. Clark, W.A. Zeltner, and M.A. Anderson. 1996a. Effects of reaction temperature and water vapor content on the heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A - Chem. 97(3): 181-186.
54. Fu, X., W.A. Zeltner, and M.A. Anderson. 1996b. Applications in photocatalytic purification of air, In Semicon ductor Nanoclusters. P.V. Kamat and D. Meisel, editors. Elsevier Science B.V., 445-461.
55. 2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(2):647-653.
56. Fu, X., W.A. Zeltner, and M.A. Anderson. 1995. The gas-phase photocatalytic mineralization of benzene on porous titania-based catalysts. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 6(3):209-224.
57. Fujishima, A., and K. Honda. 1972. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238:37-38.
58. Fukumori, I. 1998. Tendency of development of photocatalytic coatings for air purification. Toso to Toryo 575:31-36.
59. Gravelle, P.C., F. Juillet, P. Meriaudeau, and S.J. Teichner, 1971. Surface reactivity of reduced titanium dioxide. Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc. 52:140.
60. Herrmann, J.M., J. Disdier, and P. Pichat. 1981. Oxygen species ionosorbed on powder photocatalyst oxides from room-temperature photoconductivity as a function of oxygen pressure. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 77(11):2815-2826.
61. Hill, C.G., Jr. 1977. An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design. New York: John Wiley.
62. Hoffmann, M.R., S.T. Martin, W. Choi, and D.W. Bahnemann. 1995. Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 95(1):69-96.
63. x removal system. Aichi-Ken Tokoname Yogyo Gijutsu Senta Hokoku 25:1-6.
64. 2 films. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(2):562-568.
65. 2 films. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(5): 1440-1445.
66. 2. Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association 91st Annual Meeting & Exhibition, June 14-18, San Diego, CA.
67. Hwang, S.J., C. Petucci, and D. Raftery. 1998. In situ solid-state NMR studies of trichloroethylene photocatalysis: Formation and characterization of surface-bound intermediates. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 120(18):4388-4397.
68. Ibrahim, H., and H. de Lasa. 1999. Novel photocatalytic reactor for the destruction of airborne pollutants reaction kinetics and quantum yields. Industr. Engr. Chem. Res. 38(9):3211-3217.
69. 2O at ambient temperature. Atmos. Environ. 20:1711-1715.
70. Ichihashi, Y., H. Yamashita, and M. Anpo. 1997. Relationship between the local structures of titanium oxide photocatalysts and their reactivities - XAFS, UV, pliotoluminescence and photoreaction investigations. J. De Physique Iv 7(C2):883-885.
71. X or its conversion into harmless gases by charcoals and composites of metal oxides. Prepr. Pap.- Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. 41(1):289-292.
72. Isidorov, V., E. Klokova, V. Povarov, and S. Kolkova. 1997. Photocatalysis on atmospheric aerosols: Experimental studies and modeling. Catal. Today 39(3):233-242.
73. Jacoby, W.A., D.M. Blake, J.A. Fennell, J.E. Boulter, L.M. Vargo, M.C. George, and S.K. Dolberg. 1996. Heterogeneous photocatalysis for control of volatile organic compounds in indoor air. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 46(9): 891-898.
74. Jacoby, W.A., M.R. Nimlos, D.M. Blake, R.D. Noble, and C.A. Koval. 1994. Products, intermediates, mass balances, and reaction pathways for the oxidation of trichloroethylene in air via heterogeneous photocatalysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28(9): 1661-1668.
75. 2. Energy 24(1):21-30.
76. 2. J. Catal. 179(2):375-389.
77. 2 sol-gel thin films in gas phase: Effects of humidity on reaction rates, and analyses of products. Yokohama Kokuritsu Daigaku Kankyo Kaguku Kenkyu Senta Kiyo 22(1):17-21.
78. 2 sol-gel films: Analysis of products. Chemosphere 36(3):483-495.
79. Kominami, H., J. Kato, S. Murakami, M. Kohno, Y. Kera, S. Nishimoto, M Inoue, T. Inui, and B. Ohtani. 2000. Thermal treatment of titanium alkoxides in organic media: novel synthesis methods for titanium (IV) oxide photocatalyst of ultra-high activity. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 130B:1937-1942.
80. 3OH vapor. Catal. Lett.52(1-2): 109-111.
81. Larson, S.A., and J.L. Falconer. 1997. Initial reaction steps in photocatalytic oxidation of aromatics. Catal. Lett. 44(1-2):57-65.
82. Larson, S.A., J.A. Widegren, and J.L. Falconer. 1995. Transient studies of 2-propanol photocatalytic oxidation on titania. J. Catal. 157(2):611-625.
83. 2 photocatalytic oxidation of toluene and PCE vapor in air. J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 3(3):311-314.
84. 2-photocatalyzed oxidative degradation of binary mixtures of vaporized organic compounds. Solar Energy 56:377-385.
85. 2 surfaces: Principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem. Rev. 95(3):735-758.
86. 2(110). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118(22):5284-5289.
87. 2 (110). J. Phys. Chem. 100(16):6631-6636.
88. Liu, H., S.A. Cheng, J.Q. Zhang, C.N. Cao, and W.C. Jiang. 1997. The gas-photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene without water. Chemosphere 35(12):2881-2889.
89. 2: catalyst structure and reaction selectivity. J. Catal. 94(1):108-119.
90. Luo, Y., and D.F. Ollis. 1996. Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene and toluene mixtures in air: Kinetic promotion and inhibition, time-dependent catalyst activity. J. Catal. 163(1):1-11.
91. Marinangeli, R.E., and D.F. Ollis. 1977. Photo-assisted heterogeneous catalysis with optical fibers. 1 Isolated single fiber. AIChE 23(4):415-426.
92. Marinangeli, R.E., and D.F. Ollis. 1980. Photo-assisted heterogeneous catalysis with optical fibers. II Nonisothermal single fiber and fiber bundle. AIChE 26(6): 1000-1006.
93. Marinangeli, R.E., and D.F. Ollis. 1982. Photo-assisted heterogeneous catalysis with optical fibers. III Photoelectrodes. AIChE 28:946.
94. 2 containing paper: preparation and its photocatalytic activity under weak UV light illumination. Chem. Lett. 1995(9):767-768.
95. 2 as a stationary phase. Solar Energy 38:405.
96. Matthews, R.W. 1987. Photooxidation of organic impurities in water using thin films of titanium dioxide. J. Phys. Chem. 91(12):3328-3333.
97. Méndez-Román, R., and N. Cardona-Martínez. 1998. Relationship between the formation of surface species and catalyst deactivation during the gas-phase photocatalytic oxidation of toluene. Catal. Today 40(4):353-365.
98. Mills, A., and S. Morris. 1993. Photomineralization of 4-chlorophenol sensitized by titanium dioxide: A study of the initial kinetics of carbon dioxide photogeneration. J. Photochem. Photohiol. A: Chem. 71(1):75-83.
99. 2 at room temperature. J Phys. Chem. 83(17):2251-2255.
100. 2. J. Catal. 187(1):230-237.
101. 2. J. Catal. 180(2):111-122.
102. Muggli, D.S., S.A. Larson, and J.L. Falconer. 1996. Photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol: Isotopic labeling and transient reaction. J. Phys. Chem. 100(39): 15886-15889.
103. Mune, T., M. Sato, H. Kawahara, T. Ando. S. Ohhara, Y. Tanigami, and S. Cho. 1996. Deodorants miscible with organic substances. Kogyo Zairyo 44(8): 114-118.
104. Muradov, N.Z., A. Traissi, D. Muzzey, C.R. Painter, and M.R. Kemme. 1996. Selective photocatalytic destruction of airborne VOCs. Solar Energy 56(5):445-453.
105. Murakami, H., and T. Ishida. 1996. Titanium oxide deodorizer filter. Kogyo Zairyo 44(6):57-61.
106. x. Shigen to Sozai 114(5):381-386.
107. 2 thin film photocutalyst and its photocatalytic activity. Chem. Lett. 1995(9):841-842.
108. Nimlos, M.R., E.J. Wolfrum, M.L. Brewer, J.A. Fennell, and G. Bintner. 1996. Gas-phase heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol: Pathways and kinetic modeling. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(10):3102-3110.
109. 2: products and mechanisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27(4):732-740.
110. Nishikata, S. 1997. Apparatus for the removal of low concentration nitrogen oxides. Kogyo Zairyo 45(10):86-88.
111. 2 film. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(23):3831-3833.
112. Obee. T.N. 1996. Photooxidation of sub-parts-per-million toluene and formaldehyde levels on titania using a glass-plate reactor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(12):3578-3584.
113. 2 photocatalysis for indoor air applications: Effects of humidity and trace contaminant levels on the oxidation rates of formaldehyde, toluene and 1,3-butadiene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29(5):1223-1231.
114. Obee, T.N., and S. Satyapal. 1998. Photocatalytic decomposition of DMMP on titania. J. Pholochem. Photohiol. A Chem. 118(1):45-51.
115. Obee, T.N., and S.O. Hay. 1997. Effects of moisture and temperature on the photooxidation of ethylene on titania. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(7):2034-2038.
116. Obee, T.N., and S.O. Hay. 1999. The estimation of photocatalytic rate constants based on molecular structure: Extending to multi-component systems. J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 4(2): 147-152.
117. 2 catalyst. Chem. Eng. Sci. 54(10): 1525-1530.
118. 2 film photocatalyst. J. Phys. Chem. B 102(10): 1724-1729.
119. 2 photocatalysis under weak UV illumination. J. Phys. Chem. B 102(15):2699-2704.
120. Ohko, Y., K. Hashimoto, and A. Fujishima. 1997. Kinetics of photocatalytic reactions under extremely low-intensity UV illumination on titanium dioxide thin films. J. Phys. Chem. A 101(43):8057-8062.
121. Ohno, T., T. Kigoshi, K. Nakabeya, and M. Matsumura. 1998. Stereospecific epoxidation of 2-hexene with molecular oxygen on photoirradiated titanium dioxide powder. Chem. Lett. 1998(9):877-878.
122. Ohtani, B., S.W. Zhang, S. Nishimoto, and T. Kagiya. 1992. Catalytic and pliotocatalylic decomposition of ozone at room temperature over titanium(IV) oxide. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 88(7): 1049-1053.
123. Ohtani, B., S.W. Zhang, T. Ogitu, S. Nishimoto, and T. Kagiya. 1993. Photoactivation of silver loaded on titanium(IV) oxide for room-temperature decomposition of ozone. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 71:195-198.
124. 2-based catalysts. Chem. Lett. 5:457-458.
125. Ollis, D.F. 1985. Contaminant degradation in water- heterogeneous photocatalysis degrades halogenated hydrocarbon contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:480-484.
126. Ollis, D.F., E. Pelizzetti, and N. Serpone. 1991. Photocatalyzed destruction of water contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1523-1529.
127. 2-coated fiber optic cable reactor: photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol. Environ, Sci. Tech. 29(12):2974-2981.
128. 2-coated fiber optic cable reactor. Environ. Sci. Tech. 30(9):2806-2812.
129. Peral, J., and D.F. Ollis. 1992. Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of gas-phase organics for air purification: acetone, 1-butanol, butyraldehyde, formaldehyde and mxylene oxidation. J. Catal. 136(2):554-565.
130. Peral, J., X. Domenech, and D.F. Ollis. 1997. Heterogeneous photocatalysis for purification, decontamination and deodorization of air. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 70(2): 117-140.
131. Phillips, L.A., and G.B. Raupp. 1992. Infrared spectroscopic investigation of gas solid heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene. J. Molecular Catal. 77(3):297-311.
132. Pichat, P., J.M. Herrmann, J. Disdier, and M.N. Mozzanega. 1979. Photocatalytic oxidation of propene over various oxides at 320 K. Selectivity. J. Phys. Chem. 83(24):3122-3126.
133. Plog, B. 1988. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. National Safety Council, Chicago.
134. Rao, N.N., and P. Natarajan. 1994. Particulate models in heterogeneous photocatalysis. Current Sci. 66(10):742-752.
135. Raupp, G.B., and C.T. Junio. 1993. Photocatalytic oxidation of oxygenated air toxics. Appl. Surf. Sci. 72(4):321-327.
136. Ren, P., Z. Tan, and W. Luo. 1995. Studies of thin layer photoelectric crystal. Gongneng Cailicio 26(2); 138-140.
137. Renz, C. 1921. Photo-reactions of the oxides of titanium, cerium and earth-acids. Helv. Chim. Acta 4:961.
138. 2 membranes supported on glass. J. Catal. 127(1): 167-177.
139. 2 thin films. Zairyo Gijutsu 14(5): 133-137.
140. Sampath, S., H. Uchida, and H. Yoneyama. 1994. Photocatalytic degradation of gaseous pyridine over zeolite-supported titanium-dioxide. J. Catal. 149(1): 189-194.
141. Sauer, M.L., and D.F. Ollis. 1994. Acetone oxidation in a photocatalytic monolith reactor. J. Catal. 149(1):81-91.
142. Sauer, M.L., and D.F. Ollis. 1996. Photocatalyzed oxidation of ethanol and acetaldehyde in humidified air. J. Catal. 158(2):570-581.
143. Sauer, M.L., M.A. Hale, and D.F. Ollis. 1995. J. Photochem. Photobial. A: Chem. 88:169.
144. Schiavello, M. 1988. Photocatalysis and Environment. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
145. Sclafani, A., L. Palmisano, M. Schiavello, and V. Augugliaro. 1988. New J. Chem. 12:129.
146. Serpone, N., and E. Pelizzetti. 1989. Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: Wiley Interscience.
147. Seuwen, R., and P. Warneck. 1994. Physico-Chemical Behavior of Atmospheric Pollutants 1:137.
148. 2 supported on fiberglass cloth. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 73:264-268.
149. Sirisuk, A. 2003. Photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene over titanium dioxide supported on glass rings. PhD Thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison, pp. 253-263.
150. Sirisuk, A., G.G. Jr. Hill, and M.A. Anderson. 1999. Photocatalytic degradation of ethylene over thin films of titania supported on glass rings. Catal. Today 54(1): 159-164.
151. 2 thin films attached to glass. New J. Chem. 20(2):233-241.
152. 2 thin-film photocatalyst: Photocatalytic properties in gas-phase acetaldehyde degradation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A - Chem. 98(1-2):79-86.
153. 2 powder and film photocatalysts with rutile crystal structure, Chem. Lett. 1996(1):69-70.
154. 2 film photocatalyst. Degradation of gaseous acetaldehyde. Chem. Lett. 1994(4):723-726.
155. Sugawara, T. 1996. Application of photocatalysts for amenities. Petrotech 19(3): 199-203.
156. 2 coated honeycomb ceramics. Oenki Kagaku 59:521-523.
157. Takaoka, K., and I. Ebihara. 1995. Application of photocatalytic reaction to deodorizing sheets. Kagaku Kogyo 46(12):966-972.
158. Takeda, N., M. Ohtani, T. Torimoto, S. Kuwabata, and H. Yoneyama. 1997. Evaluation of diffusibility of adsorbed propionaldehyde on titanium dioxide-loaded adsorbent photocatalyst films from its photodecomposition rate. J. Phys. Chem. B 101(14):2644-2649.
159. Takeda, N., T. Torimoto, S. Sampath, S. Kuwabata, and H. Yoneyama. 1995. Effect of inert supports for titanium dioxide loading on enhancement of photodecomposition rate of gaseous propionaldehyde. J. Phys. Chem. 99(24):9986-9991.
160. Takeuchi, K. 1995. Air-purifying sheets for cleaner streets. Look Japan December:24-25.
161. Takeuchi, K. 1996. Air cleaning materials functioning by natural energy. Kogyo Zairyo 44(8): 106-109.
162. Takeuchi, K., and S. Kutsuna. 1996. Removal of chemical substances from the atmosphere by photocatalysis. Shigen to Kankyo 5(1):43-50.
163. Toshiaki, F., T. Suzuki, and K. Sakamoto. 1997. Simultaneous removal of gases and particulates by photocatalyst and UV/photoelectron method. Kuki Seijo 35(3): 169-176.
164. Toshiaki, F., T. Suzuki, K. Sakamoto, S. Yokoyama, and M. Hirose. 1998a. Simultaneous removal of gaseous and particulate contaminants by a UV/photoelectron method - Super-cleaning of mini-environments. Ebara Jiho 180:3-14.
165. Toshiaki, F., T. Suzuki, K. Sakamoto, S. Yokoyama, and M. Hirose. 1998b. Super cleaning of closed space by UV/photoelectron method using photocatalyst. Earozoru Kenkyu 13(2): 110-118.
166. Toth, Z., P. Penzeli, and E. Posan. 1995. Heterogeneous photoeatalytic reduction of NO in the presence of conjugated polymers. Read. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 56(1): 185-190.
167. Trivedik, D. 1994. Photocatalytic disinfection of airborne microorganisms, Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
168. Vergnon, P., J.M. Herrmann, and S.J. Teichner. 1978. Effect of particle sizes and doping on the catalytic activity of highly dispersed titanium dioxide. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 52(12):3021-3024.
169. 2 deactivation during gaseous acetone photocatalytic oxidation. J. Catal. 186(2):318-324.
170. 2. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 62(1):83-88.
171. 2. Catal. Today 39(3):207-218.
172. Wallington, T.J., L.M. Skewes, and W.O. Siegl. 1988. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 45:167.
173. Wang, K.H., and Y.H. Hsieh. 1998. Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene in vapor phase by titanium dioxide. Environ. Inter. 24(3):267-274.
174. 2 photocatalyst. Chemosphere 36(13):2763-2773.
175. 2 supported on glass bead. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 17(4):313-320.
176. 2 and adsorbents. Chem. Oxid. 1995:5289-5302.
177. 2 using high-flux radiation. Solar Energy 52(3):253-263.
178. Wolfrum, E.J., R. Rabago, and A.S. Jassal. 1997. Destruction of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by photocatalytic oxidation (PCO): Final Report (ESHCOO3). Austin, TX. Sematech, Inc. 97013236A-ENG.
179. 2 photocatalyst. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A - Chem. 121(1):55-61.
180. Yamazaki-Nishida, S., K.J. Nagano, L.A. Phillips, S. Cervera-March, and M.A. Anderson. 1993, Photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene in the gas phase using titanium dioxide pellets. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 70(1):95-99.
181. Yamazaki-Nishida, S., S. Cervera-March, K.J. Nagano, M.A. Anderson, and K. Hori. 1995. Experimental and theoretical study of the reaction mechanism of
182. 2 pellets. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 97(3): 175-179.
183. 2 solid solutions for the photocatalytic degradation of acetone in air. J. Phys. Chem. B 102:5094-5098.
184. 2 thin films. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 23:1-8.
185. Zorn, M.E., D.T. Tompkins, W.A. Zeltner, and M.A. Anderson. 2000. Catalytic and photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene on titania-based thin-films. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34:5206-5210.