A test of the predictions of processing efficiency theory during elite team competition using the thought occurrence questionnaire for sport

International Journal of Sport Psychology

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 245-262

  Wilson, Mark ^b   Smith, Nickolas C ^a  

^a MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Attention; Cognitive interference; Mental effort; Performance effectiveness

Indexed keywords

EID: 35648953366     PISSN: 00470767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Baddeley, A. D. (1990). The development of the concept of working memory: Implications and contributions of neuropsychology. In G. Vallar & T. Shallice, T. (Eds.), Neuropsychological Impairments of Short-Term Memory, (pp. 54-73). New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. Calvo, M. G. (1985). Effort, aversive representations and performance in test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 563-571.
3. Calvo, M. G. & Ramos, P. M. (1989). Effects of test anxiety on motor learning: The processing efficiency hypothesis. Anxiety Research, 2, 45-55.
4. Eysenck, M.W. (1992). Processing and performance. In M.W. Eysenck (Ed.), Anxiety: The Cognitive Perspective, (pp. 125-144). London: Erlbaum.
5. Eysenck, M.W. (1996). Anxiety, processing efficiency theory and performance. In W, Battman (Ed.), Processes of the Molar Regulation of Behaviour (pp. 91-104). Scottsdale, AZ: Pabst Science.
6. Eysenck, M.W. & Calvo, M.G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 409-434.
7. Eysenck, M.W, Payne, S. & Derakshan, N. (2005). Trait anxiety, visuospatial processing and working memory. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 1214-1228.
8. Hardy, L. (1997). Three myths about applied consultancy work. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 277-294.
9. Hardy, L., Jones, G. & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding Psychological Preparation for Sport. Chichester,: J. Wiley & Sons.
10. Hardy, L., Mullen, R. & Martin, N. (2001). Effect of task-relevant cues and state anxiety on motor performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92, 943-946.
11. Hatzigeorgiadis, A. & Biddle, S. J. H. (2000). Assessing cognitive interference in sport: Development of the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 13, 65-86.
12. Hatzigeorgiadis, A. & Biddle, S. J. H. (2001). Athletes' perceptions of how cognitive interference during competition influences concentration and effort. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 14, 411-429.
13. th ed.). Boston MA: PWS-Kent.
14. Hunsley, J. (1987). Internal dialogue during academic examinations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 653-664.
15. Janelle, C. M. (2002). Anxiety, arousal and visual attention: a mechanistic account of performance variability. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 237-251.
16. Jerusalem, M. (1990). Temporal patterns of stress appraisals for high and low-anxious individuals. Anxiety Research, 3, 113-129.
17. Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.
18. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
19. Krane, V. & Williams, J.M. (1987). Performance and somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, and confidence changes prior to competition. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 10, 47-56.
20. Lane, A.M., Sewell, D.F., Terry, P.C., Bartram, D. & Nesti, M. (1999). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 505-512.
21. Lane, A. M., Harwood, C. & Nevill, A. M. (2005). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport (TOQS) among adolescent athletes. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 18, 245-254.
22. Lewis, B. P. & Linder D. E. (1997). Thinking about choking? Attentional processes and paradoxical performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 937-944.
23. Mace, R. (1990). Cognitive behavioural interventions in sport. In G. Jones & L. Hardy (Eds.), Stress and Performance in Sport,( pp. 203-230). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons
24. Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R., Bump, L. & Smith, D. (1990). Development of the CSAI-2. In R. Martens, R. Vealey & D. Burton (Eds.), Competitive Anxiety in Sport, (pp. 127-140). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
25. Murray, N.P. & Janelle, C.M. (2003). Anxiety and Performance: A visual search examination of the processing efficiency theory. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 171-187.
26. Rapee, R.M. (1993). The utilisation of working memory by worry. Behaviour, Research and Therapy, 31, 617-620.
27. Parfitt, C.G., Jones, G. & Hardy, L. (1990). Multidimensional anxiety and performance. In G. Jones and L. Hardy (Eds.), Stress and Performance in Sport (pp. 43-80). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
28. Sarason, I.G. (1988). Anxiety, self-preoccupation and attention. Anxiety Research, 1, 3-7.
29. Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Keefe, D. E., Hayes, B. E. & Shearin, E. N. (1986) Cognitive interference: Situational determinants and traitlike characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 215-226.
30. Sarason, I.G., Sarason, B.R. & Pierce, G.R. (1990). Anxiety, cognitive interference and performance. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality. 5, 1-18.
31. Smith, N.C., Bellamy, M., Collins, D.J. & Newell, D. (2001). A test of processing efficiency theory in a team sport context. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 321-332.
32. Smith, R.E., Smoll, EL. & Schutz, R. W. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale. Anxiety Research, 2, 263-280.
33. Swain, A. & Jones, G. (1993). Intensity and frequency dimensions of competitive state anxiety. Journal of Sport Sciences, 11, 53-542.
34. Thomas, O., Hanton, S. & Jones, G. (2002). An alternative approach to short-form self-report assessment of competitive anxiety: A research note. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 325-336.
35. Williams, A.M., Vickers, J. & Rodrigues, S. (2002). The effects of anxiety on visual search, movement kinematics, and performance in table tennis: A test of Eysenck and Calvo's processing efficiency theory. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 438-455.
36. Wilson, M., Smith, N.C. & Holmes, P.S. (2006). The role of effort in influencing the anxietyperformance relationship: Testing the conflicting predictions of processing efficiency theory and the conscious processing hypothesis. British Journal of Psychology (Fast track Epub). DOI: 10.1348/000712606X133047.
37. Wilson, M., Smith, N.C, Chattington, M., Ford. M. & Marple-Horvat, D.E. (2007). The role of effort in moderating the anxiety-performance relationship: Testing the predictions of processing efficiency theory in simulated rally driving. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 1223-1233.
38. Woodman, T. & Hardy, L. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 443-457.